129-463: For the Misplaced Pages U1 criterion for speedy deletion, see Misplaced Pages:Criteria for speedy deletion § U1 . U1 , U.I or U-1 may refer to: Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness , a 1981 video game Yuvan Shankar Raja (stage name: U1; born 1979), a Tamil musician and film composer U1 Technology ,
258-641: A "youthful character to it", with his compositions in particular appealing to the younger generation. Yuvan Shankar Raja started the "era of remixes "; "Aasai Nooru Vagai" from Kurumbu (2004) is considered as the first remix in a Tamil film, following which several composers began remixing Tamil film songs from the 1970s and 80s. He has experimented with the fusion of old songs with his own original compositions, mixing and incorporating parts of them into his songs, e.g., "Theepidikka" from Arinthum Ariyamalum (2005) and "Enga Area" from Pudhupettai (2005). In 2010, he and his friend and fellow actor Silambarasan released
387-667: A Danish submarine SM U-1 , an Austro-Hungarian submarine, lead ship of the U-1 class Rail [ edit ] Locomotives [ edit ] LNER Class U1 , a 1924 British solitary loco SR U1 class , a class of 2-6-0 locos U-Bahn lines [ edit ] U1 (Berlin U-Bahn) U1 (Frankfurt U-Bahn) U1 (Hamburg U-Bahn) U1 (Munich U-Bahn) U1 (Nuremberg U-Bahn) U1 (Vienna U-Bahn) Other uses [ edit ] U1, unemployment figure released by Bureau of Labor Statistics U1 spliceosomal RNA ,
516-564: A Filmfare nomination for the Best Male Playback Singer Award . Aside from scoring film music and soundtracks, he also produces personal music albums from time to time. In 1999, he made the Tamil pop album The Blast , that contained 12 tracks, featuring vocals by Kamal Haasan , P. Unnikrishnan and Nithyashree Mahadevan . However, the album went downright unnoticed. In 2008, he started working on his second album,
645-401: A critic from The New Indian Express citing that his "absolutely enchanting musical score [...] bears testimony to his "Raja" surname." The album became very popular, particularly songs such as "Irava Pagala" and "Chudithar Aninthu", gaining him first time notice, especially among young people and children. The album would make possible his first breakthrough in the industry and proved to be
774-602: A departure from solely religious texts. Publications include Encyclopédie (1751–72) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert . The Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and Letters on the English (1733) written by Voltaire spread the ideals of the Enlightenment. Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the scientific revolution , spearheaded by Newton. This included
903-623: A fan at a music cultural program in London and both fell in love later. Sujaya was a London-based singer and the daughter of Dr. C. R. Velayutham and Dr. Sarojini Chandran. They had a secret registered marriage in September 2003 in London, before the formal public wedding was held in 2005 with the consent of their parents. In August 2007, they filed for divorce with mutual consent, which was granted in February 2008, after 6 months. The reason for
1032-783: A foundation embraced and built upon by the Roman Empire as it swept up Europe and the Mediterranean world , including the Hellenistic world in its conquests in the 1st century BCE. Following the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world, the concept of a "West" arose, as there was a cultural divide between the Greek East and Latin West . The Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire consisted of Western Europe and Northwest Africa, while
1161-429: A global culture that could ignore national frontiers. Literacy became almost universal, encouraging the growth of books, magazines and newspapers. The influence of cinema and radio remained, while televisions became near essentials in every home. By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide, and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as transatlantic cable and
1290-624: A leading light for the West's democracy and rapid economic development. Joseph Schumpeter , an economist of the twentieth century, referring to the Scholastics , wrote, "it is they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics." The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of
1419-466: A major role in the film's great success, while his background score in the film was also well appreciated. In 2001, he had three album releases, the first being Thulluvadho Ilamai , collaborating with Selvaraghavan for the first time. The film was directed by Kasthuri Raja , but his son Selvaraghavan wrote the script and worked with Yuvan Shankar Raja for the film's soundtrack album. The soundtrack album of Thulluvadho Ilamai particularly appealed to
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#17327650089651548-466: A major success, following the film's outstanding run at the box office. The film, Ameer's third feature film as well as Karthi 's debut venture, received universal critical acclaim after its release in February 2007 and became a blockbuster, while particularly the song "Oororam Puliyamaram" was a chartbuster number in Tamil Nadu . In 2007, he had a record ten album releases in one year. The first
1677-432: A major turning point in his career. After working for two Sundar C films, Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga (1999) and Rishi (2000), he got to work for A. R. Murugadoss 's directorial debut in 2000, the action flick Dheena , starring Ajith Kumar , which went on to become a blockbuster and Yuvan Shankar Raja's first major successful film. Yuvan Shankar's songs were equally successful, which are considered to have played
1806-551: A place changes and what is meant by the terminology changes. It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Globalization has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Western culture. Stereotypical views of "the West" have been labeled " Occidentalism ", paralleling " Orientalism "—the term for
1935-430: A profession, Yuvan Shankar Raja started composing tunes for an album. T. Siva , the producer of the Tamil language film Aravindhan , after hearing some of the tunes, asked him to compose a trailer music score. As Siva was impressed by the music, he gave Yuvan Shankar the assignment to compose the entire film score, including a soundtrack for that film. After consulting and getting consent from his parents, he accepted
2064-516: A region with fixed members or geographical confines. It generally refers to the classical era cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome that expanded across the Mediterranean basin and Europe , and later circulated around the world predominantly through colonization and globalization . Historically, scholars have closely associated the idea of Western culture with the classical era of Greco-Roman antiquity . However, scholars also acknowledge that other ancient cultures, like Ancient Egypt ,
2193-527: A result of the Christian revival of Greek philosophy, and the long Christian medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities. This period is commonly referred to as the Renaissance . In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and scholars to Italian cities such as Florence and Venice after
2322-765: A score that drew influence from several world music styles for the critically acclaimed independent gangster film Aaranya Kaandam , winning high praise from critics. He went on to work in Venkat Prabhu's action thriller Mankatha , his biggest project till date, and Vishnuvardhan 's first Telugu venture Panjaa . His last two releases of 2011 were the soundtrack albums to the action-masala films Rajapattai and Vettai , both of which received mixed responses and failed to reach success. His 2012 works include Billa II , starring Ajith Kumar , Ameer's long-delayed Aadhi Bhagavan and Vasanth's Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal . In 2013, Yuvan Shankar Raja's music played
2451-459: A significant role in five films, showcasing his ability to blend different styles. His collaboration with M.S. Viswanathan in Thillu Mullu combined nostalgic elements with modern sounds. Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga featured upbeat and catchy tracks that were well-received, while Thanga Meenkal highlighted emotional themes, especially through the song "Aanandha Yaazhai". He reached
2580-420: A small nuclear RNA component of the spliceosome involved in pre-mRNA splicing See also [ edit ] UI (disambiguation) 1U (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
2709-789: A video game publisher U-1, protagonist of the Gitaroo Man video game Computing and mathematics [ edit ] U(1), in abstract algebra, the unitary group of degree one U1, a speed class for Secure Digital (SD) cards Apple U1 , a mobile system-on-a-chip Military [ edit ] U-1, the USAF and US Military 's designation for the De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter light transport aircraft U-1, Soviet designation for Avro 504 trainer Multiple German U-boats named U-1 Oberursel U.I , an early German aircraft engine HDMS U-1 ,
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#17327650089652838-552: Is affiliated to Trinity College in London, UK. Yuvan Shankar Raja stated that he always wanted to become a pilot and travel "all around the world", but as he grew up "with music around him", he eventually became a musician. He admires the work of his father and other composers such as S. D. Burman , R. D. Burman , M. S. Viswanathan and Naushad Ali and the voices of singers Lata Mangeshkar , Asha Bhosle , P. B. Sreenivas , S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , and P. Susheela . In 1996, following his mother's suggestion to take up music as
2967-760: Is also known for his frequent collaboration with film's featuring Silambarasan , Suriya , Vishal , and Ajith Kumar in the lead roles. Western culture#Music Western culture , also known as Western civilization , European civilization , Occidental culture , or Western society , refers to the diverse culture of the Western World . The term "Western" encompasses the social norms , ethical values , traditional customs , belief systems , political systems , artifacts and technologies primarily rooted in European and Mediterranean histories. A broad concept, "Western culture" does not relate to
3096-467: Is an Indian composer and playback singer, who continues to use his birth name professionally. He mainly scores music for Tamil films along with few Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi films. Considered a versatile composer, he is particularly known for his use of Western music elements and often credited with having introduced hip hop to the Tamil film and music industry and started the "era of remixes " in Tamil Nadu which included mixed EDM and jazz . He
3225-399: Is better known as a singer of his own compositions. Films, featuring some of his most popular songs as a singer, include Thulluvadho Ilamai , April Maadhathil , Pudhupettai , Pattiyal , Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu (in which he had sung all songs), Deepavali , Kattradhu Thamizh , Siva Manasula Sakthi , Sarvam , Paiyaa and Naan Mahaan Alla , the latter earning him
3354-518: Is especially valued. Photography and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West. The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. The ballroom dance is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. The polka , the square dance , the flamenco , and the Irish step dance are very well known Western forms of folk dance . Greek and Roman theatre are considered
3483-415: Is frequently referred to as the "BGM King" and the "Young Maestro" of Tamil Film Music. Yuvan has won two Filmfare Awards South , five Mirchi Music Awards South , three Vijay Awards and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards . Within a span of 25 years, Yuvan has worked on over 190 films. Being the youngest son of composer Ilaiyaraaja , he began his musical career in 1996, at the age of 16, when he composed
3612-430: Is the life of the film". Furthermore, both films went on to become very successful ventures, both commercially and critically. His subsequent releases that year include Silambarasan's directorial debut Vallavan and the action entertainer Thimiru . Yuvan Shankar Raja was cited as the "real hero" of the former, which featured some of the year's most listened-to tracks such as "Loosu Penne" and "Yammadi Aathadi", while
3741-474: The Byzantine Empire) , or those countries heavily influenced by its legacy, should be counted as "Western" is an example of the possible ambiguity of the term. These questions can be traced back to the affiliation between the culture of ancient Rome and that of Classical Greece , a persistent Greek East and Latin West language-split within the Roman Empire , and an eventual permanent splitting of
3870-754: The Catholic Church , remained a dominant force in Western culture for many centuries to follow. Western culture continued to develop during the Middle Ages as reforms triggered by the medieval renaissances , the influence of the Islamic world via Al-Andalus and Sicily (including the transfer of technology from the East, and Latin translations of Arabic texts on science and philosophy by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), and
3999-585: The Greek East and Latin West divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. Until the Age of Enlightenment, Christian culture took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. Movements in art and philosophy, such as the Humanist movement of the Renaissance and the Scholastic movement of
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4128-697: The High Middle Ages , were motivated by a drive to connect Catholicism with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims. However, due to the division in Western Christianity caused by the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment, religious influence—especially the temporal power of the Pope—began to wane. From the late 15th century to the 17th century, Western culture began to spread to other parts of
4257-479: The Hindi film Raja Natwarlal , which marked Yuvan's Bollywood debut. The other releases that year, which included Thirudan Police , Anjaan and Poojai proved to be commercially successful, whereas Vanavarayan Vallavarayan released with positive reviews from critics. In Vadacurry , he has done only one song in the album. In 2015 Vai Raja Vai , Masss and Yatchan , which were released. whereas
4386-585: The Italian Renaissance as Greek scholars fleeing the fall of Constantinople brought ancient Greek and Roman texts back to central and western Europe. Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the modern university, the modern hospital system, scientific economics, and natural law (which would later influence the creation of international law ). European culture developed a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism , mysticism and Christian and secular humanism , setting
4515-804: The Ottoman Empire . The process was accompanied and reinforced by the Age of Discovery and continued into the modern period. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened, including lack of government intervention, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions. The Age of Discovery faded into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, during which cultural and intellectual forces in European society emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It challenged
4644-691: The Phoenician city-states , and several Near-Eastern cultures stimulated and fostered Western civilization. The Hellenistic period also promoted syncretism , blending Greek, Roman, and Jewish cultures. Major advances in literature, engineering, and science shaped the Hellenistic Jewish culture from which the earliest Christians and the Greek New Testament emerged. The eventual Christianization of Europe in late-antiquity would ensure that Christianity , particularly
4773-487: The Renaissance of the 12th century and 13th century. Medieval Christianity is credited with creating the first modern universities. The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman valetudinaria and Greek healing temples. These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age," according to
4902-489: The Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include
5031-472: The decline of religious authority marked significant cultural shifts. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of political pluralism , individualism , prominent subcultures or countercultures , and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and immigration . The West as a geographical area is unclear and undefined. There is some disagreement about which nations should or should not be included in
5160-530: The decline of the Ottoman Empire occurred simultaneously in the Near East. The term "Middle East" in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the Ottoman Empire but west of China— Greater Persia and Greater India —but is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages. The earliest civilizations which influenced the development of Western culture were those of Mesopotamia ;
5289-506: The radiotelephone ) played a decisive role in modern globalization. The West has contributed a great many technological, political, philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international culture: having been a crucible of Catholicism , Protestantism , democracy, industrialisation; the first major civilisation to seek to abolish slavery during the 19th century, the first to enfranchise women (beginning in Australasia at
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5418-471: The 100th movie milestone with Biryani which was directed by Venkat Prabhu , saw notable commercial success, with hit songs. Aarambam topped various music charts and strong CD sales, reinforcing Yuvan’s reputation as a leading composer in the Tamil film industry. In 2014, nine movies, featuring Yuvan's music were released, two of them non-Tamil movies; the Telugu film Govindudu Andarivadele and
5547-467: The 19th-century stereotyped views of "the East". Some philosophers have questioned whether Western culture can be considered a historically sound, unified body of thought. For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah pointed out in 2016 that many of the fundamental influences on Western culture - such as those of Greek philosophy - are also shared by the Islamic world to a certain extent. Appiah argues that
5676-642: The 1st time in Love Today , which received a huge response from audience and positive mention from critics. Viruman , Naane Varuvean , 1945 , Veeramae Vaagai Soodum , Coffee with Kadhal , Agent Kannayiram and Laththi released in 2022. In 2023, Custody released. He composed music for Amazon web-series Modern Love Chennai . He will compose music for The Greatest of All Time directed by Venkat Prabhu , which will release in 2024. Besides Tamil films , he has also scored music for films in other South Indian languages. Around 35 of
5805-692: The Americas and the development of modern democratic institutions. Enlightenment thinkers advanced ideals of political pluralism and empirical inquiry , which, together with the Industrial Revolution , transformed Western society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the influence of Enlightenment rationalism continued with the rise of secularism and liberal democracy , while the Industrial Revolution fueled economic and technological growth. The expansion of rights movements and
5934-717: The Catholic west and were rediscovered by Italians from scholars fleeing the 1453 fall of the Eastern Roman Empire . The subsequent Renaissance , a conscious effort by Europeans to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of the Greco-Roman world, eventually encouraged the Age of Discovery , the Scientific Revolution , Age of Enlightenment , and the subsequent Industrial Revolution . Similarly, complicated relationships between virtually all
6063-537: The European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere. Secularism (separating religion from politics and science) increased. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians. The West went through a series of great cultural and social changes between 1945 and 1980. The emergent mass media (film, radio, television and recorded music) created
6192-701: The Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the Balkans , Asia Minor , Egypt and Levant . The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West. With the exception of Italia , the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in
6321-713: The Mediterranean such as Ancient Carthage , Ancient Greece , Etruria , and Ancient Rome . The Greeks contrasted themselves with both their Eastern neighbours (such as the Trojans in Iliad ) as well as their Northern neighbours (who they considered barbarians ). Concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the West were formed by
6450-567: The Reformation and Enlightenment, the ideas of civil rights , equality before the law, procedural justice , and democracy as the ideal form of society began to be institutionalized as principles forming the basis of modern Western culture, particularly in Protestant regions. In the 14th century, starting from Italy and then spreading throughout Europe, there was a massive artistic, architectural, scientific and philosophical revival, as
6579-512: The Roman Empire and eclipsing its antecedents and influences. The Greek and Roman paganism was gradually replaced by Christianity, first with its legalisation with the Edict of Milan and then the Edict of Thessalonica which made it the State church of the Roman Empire . Catholic Christianity, served as a unifying force in Christian parts of Europe, and in some respects replaced or competed with
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#17327650089656708-705: The Roman Empire in 395 into Western and Eastern halves. And perhaps, at its worst, culminating in Pope Leo III's transfer of the Roman Empire from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Frankish King Charlemagne in the form of the Holy Roman Empire in 800, the Great Schism of 1054, and the devastating Fourth Crusade of 1204. Conversely, traditions of scholarship around Plato , Aristotle , and Euclid had been forgotten in
6837-659: The Tamil and Kannada remakes of Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule , titled Yaaradi Nee Mohini and Anthu Inthu Preethi Banthu , respectively, which partly featured the original score and songs. The Tamil version, in particular, was able to repeat the success of the original film, emerging as a high commercial success, while yielding Yuvan his second Filmfare nomination. The other releases that year include Seeman's Vaazhthugal , Venkat Prabhu 's comedy-thriller Saroja , Ajith Kumar 's action thriller Aegan and Silambarasan 's masala flick Silambattam , out of which, Saroja and Silambattam proved to be successful at
6966-413: The Tamil film industry, despite having worked predominantly with newcomers and in low-budget productions. Yuvan Shankar's 2004 releases, 7G Rainbow Colony , another Selvaraghavan film, and Silambarasan 's Manmadhan , were both critically and commercially successful films, featuring acclaimed as well as popular music by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which also contributed to the films' successes. His work in
7095-491: The Tamil films, for which he had composed music, were afterwards dubbed into Telugu , Kannada or Malayalam languages as were the respective soundtracks. Apart from these ones, he also worked "straightly" on Telugu projects such as Seshu , Malli Malli Chudali , Happy , Raam , Raju Bhai and Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule and Oy! , making him well-known and popular in Telugu cinema also. He also worked on
7224-839: The Telugu film Oxygen , Semma Botha Aagathey and Balloon released. 2018 saw the release of Irumbu Thirai which notably became his 125th project. and Raja Ranguski , Peranbu , Pyaar Prema Kaadhal , Genius , Sandakozhi 2 , Maari 2 . The song " Rowdy Baby " from Maari 2 garnered a billion views on YouTube. Rowdy Baby became the first south Indian song to have garnered 1 billion+ views on YouTube. In 2019, Kanne Kalaimaane , Super Deluxe , NGK , Sindhubaadh , Kazhugu 2 , Nerkonda Paarvai and Hero released. In 2021, he had seven releases namely Koozhangal , Kalathil Santhippom , Chakra , Nenjam Marappathillai , Dikkiloona , Maanaadu and Plan Panni Pannanum . Yuvan had ten album releases in 2022. He collaborated with Pradeep Ranganathan for
7353-563: The United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the 20th century. Musical theatre was developed in the West in the 19th and 20th Centuries, from music hall , comic opera , and Vaudeville ; with significant contributions from the Jewish diaspora , African-Americans , and other marginalized peoples. Western literature encompasses
7482-443: The West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the guitar, violin, piano, pipe organ , saxophone, trombone, clarinet, accordion , and the theremin . In turn, it has been claimed that some European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were adopted from the medieval Islamic world . The solo piano, symphony orchestra , and the string quartet are also significant musical innovations of
7611-474: The West in certain characteristic ways. In Western dance, music, plays and other arts, the performers are only very infrequently masked. There are essentially no taboos against depicting a god, or other religious figures, in a representational fashion. In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through
7740-535: The West. Jan van Eyck , among other renaissance painters, made great advances in oil painting , and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence . In art, the Celtic knot is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. Realistic portraiture
7869-560: The ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical music and its many derivatives. The Baroque style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor. The symphony , concerto, sonata , opera, and oratorio have their origins in Italy. Many musical instruments developed in
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#17327650089657998-442: The ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet Caecilius Statius ), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their Coligny Calendar ). For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the Greek East and consolidated a Latin West, but an east–west division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. Eventually,
8127-423: The antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as medieval theatre , Passion Plays , morality plays , and commedia dell'arte are considered highly influential. Elizabethan theatre , with playwrights including William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , and Ben Jonson , is considered one of the most formative and important eras for modern drama. The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in
8256-615: The area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system , largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq , northeastern Syria , southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran : the cradle of civilization . Ancient Egypt similarly had a strong influence on Western culture. Phoenician mercantilism and the introduction of the Alphabetic script boosted state formation in the Aegean and current-day Italy and current-day Spain, spawning civilizations in
8385-820: The authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and skepticism . Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon , René Descartes , John Locke , Baruch Spinoza , Voltaire (1694–1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau , David Hume , and Immanuel Kant , who influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as enlightened absolutism . New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to
8514-402: The box office, with Yuvan Shankar's score in the former and his songs in the latter garnering accolades and several awards at the 2009 Isaiyaruvi Tamil Music Awards. In 2009, nine of his soundtrack albums released. Excluding the romantic comedy Siva Manasula Sakthi , featuring his most popular song of the year " Oru Kal Oru Kannadi ", all other films failed at the box office. Besides "Oru Kal",
8643-501: The box office. In 2003, Selvaraghavan's first independent directorial, the drama- thriller film Kaadhal Kondein released, which is considered a milestone for Yuvan Shankar Raja. His work in the film, particularly his background score, was unanimously praised, leading to the release of a separate CD consisting of several film score pieces, à la "Hollywood-style", which was reportedly the first film score CD release in India. Furthermore,
8772-618: The box office; Yuvan Shankar's songs, "Theepidikka", "Panithuli" and "Dhavani Potta" from the respective soundtracks enjoyed popularity and were said to have played an important role in the films's successes. After the release of the soundtrack for the S. J. Suryah -starring romantic comedy Kalvanin Kadhali , that also enjoyed popularity after the film's release, his final album of 2005, Pudhupettai , released, which saw him once again collaborating with director Selvaraghavan. The ten-track experimental album, receiving high critical acclaim,
8901-526: The category, when, and why. Certainly related conceptual terminology has changed over time in scope, meaning, and use. The term "western" draws on an affiliation with, or a perception of, a shared philosophy , worldview , political, and religious heritage grounded in the Greco-Roman world , the legacy of the Roman Empire , and medieval concepts of Christendom . For example, whether the Eastern Roman Empire (anachronistically/controversially referred to as
9030-470: The concept of political pluralism , individualism , prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements) and increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and immigration. Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of Discovery and Enlightenment and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions . In the 20th century, Christianity declined in influence in many Western countries, mostly in
9159-417: The concepts of Latin Christendom and the Holy Roman Empire . What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from Greco-Roman and Christian traditions, with varying degrees of influence from the Germanic , Celtic and Slavic peoples, and includes the ideals of the Middle Ages , the Renaissance , Reformation and the Enlightenment . While the concept of a "West" did not exist until
9288-769: The concert had been postponed eventually, with Yuvan Shankar stating that he was working on novel ideas to make the show memorable and hence, postponed the concert. In October 2009, he announced that a world tour , titled "Oru Naalil", is planned with a three-hour stage show to be held in various cities all over the world. The tour began with a show on 1 December 2009 at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Dubai , United Arab Emirates, featuring performances by singers such as Shankar Mahadevan, Hariharan, Karthik , Harish Raghavendra and Silambarasan and professional dancers from Mumbai , which
9417-419: The countries and regions within a broadly defined "West" can be discussed in the light of a persistently fragmented political landscape resulting in a lack of uniformity and significant diversity between the various cultures affiliating with this shared socio-cultural heritage. Thus, those cultures identifying with the West and with what it means to be "western" change over time as the geopolitical circumstances of
9546-818: The divorce was cited to be "irreconcilable differences". On 1 September 2011, he married Shilpa at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple , Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. The marriage was held in a simple ceremony with only family members and close friends being present. Shilpa was revealed to be a B.Pharm graduate from Australia. A wedding reception was arranged a day later in Chennai. Later they divorced. In 2014, Yuvan announced that he had converted to Islam . He legally changed his name to Abdul Haliq, but continues to use his original name professionally. On 1 January 2015, he got married for
9675-542: The emergence of modern science , during which developments in mathematics , physics , astronomy , biology (including human anatomy ) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus 's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) is often cited as marking the beginning of
9804-661: The emergence of a Hellenistic civilization , representing a synthesis of Greek and Near-Eastern cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The Near-Eastern civilizations of Ancient Egypt and the Levant , which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was Ptolemaic Egypt , which attracted Greek, Egyptian , Jewish, Persian , Phoenician and even Indian scholars. Hellenistic science, philosophy, architecture , literature and art later provided
9933-671: The emergence of the Roman Republic , the roots of the concept can be traced back to Ancient Greece . Since Homeric literature (the Trojan Wars ), through the accounts of the Persian Wars of Greeks against Persians by Herodotus , and right up until the time of Alexander the Great , there was a paradigm of a contrast between Greeks and other civilizations. Greeks felt they were the most civilized and saw themselves (in
10062-489: The empire became increasingly split into a Western and Eastern part, reviving old ideas of a contrast between an advanced East, and a rugged West. From the time of Alexander the Great (the Hellenistic period ), Greek civilization came in contact with Jewish civilization. Christianity would eventually emerge from the syncretism of Hellenic culture , Roman culture , and Second Temple Judaism , gradually spreading across
10191-590: The end of the 19th century) and the first to put to use such technologies as steam , electric and nuclear power . The West invented cinema, television, the personal computer, the Internet and video games; developed sports such as soccer, cricket , golf , tennis , rugby , basketball , and volleyball ; and transported humans to an astronomical object for the first time with the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon Landing . While dance, music, visual art, story-telling, and architecture are human universals, they are expressed in
10320-568: The end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople. From Late Antiquity , through the Middle Ages, and onwards, while Eastern Europe was shaped by the Eastern Orthodox Church , Southern and Central Europe were increasingly stabilized by the Catholic Church which, as Roman imperial governance faded from view, was the only consistent force in Western Europe. In 1054 came the Great Schism that, following
10449-429: The ensemble soundtrack of the film Striker , starring his close friend Siddharth , which received thoroughly positive reviews. In 2011, he teamed up with Silambarasan again for the anthology film Vaanam , with the song " Evan Di Unna Pethan " from the album, that was released as a single, gaining popularity. His next film was Bala 's Avan Ivan ; Yuvan's songs generally fetched positive reviews. He next composed
10578-695: The field of sports and entertainment, will feature in the video as well. The album was made as a trilingual, produced in the three languages Tamil , Hindi and English, and remains also unreleased. In January 2009, Yuvan had announced his first live performance, which was planned to be held at the Rogers Centre in Toronto , Canada on 25 April 2009. According to Yuvan, the show would have featured around 30 songs, sung by well-known singers and his father Ilaiyaraaja , as well as some stage dances in between, by actresses Sana Khan and Meenakshi . However,
10707-540: The film failed to evoke the interest of the audience and did not enjoy much popularity. His final release of 2007 was Billa , a remake of the 1980 Rajinikanth -starrer of the same title . This film, remade by Vishnuvardhan , starring Ajith Kumar in the title role, also featured two remixes from the original version. The film emerged one of the top-grossers of the year, while also fetching positive reviews for Yuvan Shankar's stylish musical score. In 2008, five films, featuring Yuvan's music were released, two of them being
10836-655: The film score for Aravindhan . He got his breakthrough with the Thulluvadho Ilamai (2002) soundtrack, and established himself as one of Tamil cinema's most sought-after composers by the mid-2000s. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil in 2004 for his score in the drama 7G Rainbow Colony . In 2006, he became the only Indian composer to win the Cyprus International Film Festival Award for
10965-487: The film went on to become a blockbuster, cementing the film's lead artist Dhanush and Yuvan Shankar in the Tamil film and music industry. The same year, he worked in Vishnuvardhan's debut film Kurumbu , which featured the first remix song in a Tamil film. By that time, in a career spanning less than a decade, Yuvan Shankar Raja had established himself as one of the leading and most-sought after music directors in
11094-497: The films Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (1998), Ullam Kollai Poguthae (2001) and Veyilodu Vilayadu (2012). He had also performed a song for the film Siddu +2 (2010), composed by his friend Dharan , and had lent his voice for the theme song for the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 , set to tune by A. R. Rahman . In 2013, he sang a song for Rahman in the film Maryan . However, he
11223-529: The former, in particular, got critically acclaimed and eventually led him to win the Best Music Direction Award at the 2004 Filmfare Awards South; receiving the award at the age of 25, he was the youngest winning music composer of the award at that time. For the next several years, he would have nine to ten releases every year on average, making him one of the most prolific film composers of India. His first of nine album releases of 2005
11352-541: The formulation of Aristotle ) as something between the advanced civilizations of the Near East (who they viewed as soft and slavish) and the wild barbarians of most of Europe to the north. During this period writers like Herodotus and Xenophon would highlight the importance of freedom in the Ancient Greek world, as opposed to the perceived slavery of the so-called barbaric world. Alexander's conquests led to
11481-522: The historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse. Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice, slavery, infanticide and polygamy. Francisco de Vitoria , a disciple of Thomas Aquinas and a Catholic thinker who studied the issue regarding the human rights of colonized natives, is recognized by the United Nations as a father of international law, and now also by historians of economics and democracy as
11610-499: The history of Tamil film music. The film itself became one of the highest earners of the year, particularly supported by Yuvan's score and songs. Along with Paiyaa , songs from three more films for which he composed music that year – Naan Mahaan Alla , Baana Kaathadi and Boss Engira Bhaskaran – featured among the Top 10 chartbusters of the year. In early 2010, he composed his first Bollywood song; "Haq Se", as part of
11739-759: The inaugural Kuala Lumpur International Indian Music Festival 2012 held at the Bukit Jalil Stadium , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 15 December 2012. A pre-launch event to promote the concert was held in Brickfields , Kuala Lumpur in the first week of September, where Yuvan Shankar Raja sang a couple of songs. He has explored various genres, and experimented with new sounds. Yuvan Shankar Raja has not learnt Indian classical music , although he has used complex swara patterns and carnatic rāgas in several films, including Nandha and Thulluvadho Ilamai . Critics have noted that Yuvan Shankar Raja's music has
11868-500: The increasing use of steam power , and the development of machine tools . These transitions began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that
11997-501: The integration and reshaping of Roman ideas through Christian thought. The Eastern Orthodox Church founded many cathedrals , monasteries and seminaries , some of which continue to exist today. After the fall of the Roman Empire , many of the classical Greek texts were translated into Arabic and preserved in the medieval Islamic world . The Greek classics along with Arabic science , philosophy and technology were transmitted to Western Europe and translated into Latin , sparking
12126-416: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U1&oldid=1149119209 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yuvan Shankar Raja Abdul Haliq (born Yuvan Shankar Raja ; 31 August 1979)
12255-474: The latter film ranked amongst the year's highest-grossing films. In November 2006, the Paruthiveeran soundtrack album got released, which saw the composer foraying into pure rural folk music, using traditional musical instruments. Though initially releasing to mixed reviews, with critics doubting whether the songs could attract a modern youth audience, his first attempt at rural music turned out to be
12384-565: The literary traditions of Europe, as well as North America, Oceania and Latin America. While epic literary works in verse such as the Mahabharata and Homer's Iliad are ancient and occurred worldwide, the prose novel as a distinct form of storytelling, with developed, consistent human characters and, typically, some connected overall plot (although both of these characteristics have sometimes been modified and played with in later times),
12513-439: The major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. GDP per capita
12642-434: The music and background score in the latter as "cacophony" and "poor". The failures of his first projects meant that he was not offered any film projects and assignments subsequently. During this time of struggle, he was approached and assigned by director Vasanth to compose the music for his film Poovellam Kettuppar (1999). The soundtrack received a very positive response, being described as "fresh" and "different", with
12771-548: The offer; his music career started. His entry into the Tamil film and music industry had happened at age 16, thus he became one of the youngest composers ever in the industry, which he says, was "purely accidental". However, both the soundtrack album as well as the film itself failed to attract audiences and do well, and Yuvan Shankar Raja's following projects Velai (1998) and Kalyana Galatta (1998) were not successful either; his compositions for these films did not receive good reviews or responses, with one reviewer labelling
12900-597: The origin of the Western and European identity can be traced back to the 8th-century Muslim invasion of Europe via Iberia , when Christians would start to form a common Christian or European identity. Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain referred to the victors in the Frankish victory over the Umayyads at the 732 Battle of Tours as "Europeans" according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity. A former, now less-acceptable synonym for "Western civilisation"
13029-505: The re-forming boundaries between East and West. In the Catholic or Frankish west, Roman law became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Its influence is found in all Western legal systems, although in different manners and to different extents. The study of canon law , the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis of the refounding of Western legal scholarship. During
13158-477: The rights of which had been acquired by Sony BMG . Reportedly a bilingual album, produced in both Tamil and Hindi, the album was never released. In 2010, he joined hands with former President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam for a grand music video album titled " Song of Youth ". The popular song of the same title, based on which the album is made, was written by Kalam and is set to tunes by Yuvan Shankar Raja, who, along with Kalam and many other celebrities from
13287-432: The romantic comedies Happy and Azhagai Irukkirai Bayamai Irukkirathu and the gangster film Pattiyal , which all released in early 2006. His Happy songs and score received positive reviews, with critics labelling the "youthful music" as "excellent", and the film's "main strength", while his score for Pattiyal was highly praised by critics; a Sify reviewer wrote: "Yuvan Shankar Raja's music and background score
13416-419: The scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Newton's 1687 Principia . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power ,
13545-546: The secular authorities. The Jewish Christian tradition out of which it had emerged was all but extinguished, and antisemitism became increasingly entrenched or even integral to Christendom. Much of art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church. In a broader sense, the Middle Ages , with its fertile encounter between Greek philosophical reasoning and Levantine monotheism
13674-607: The song "Evan Di Unna Pethan" from the film Vaanam (2011) as a single, which generated the trend of releasing single tracks from film soundtracks in Tamil cinema several months prior to the actual release, although the first single in Tamil cinema had been released in 2001 already. Yuvan Shankar Raja married his girlfriend Sujaya Chandran on 21 March 2005, at the Mayor Sri Ramanathan Chettiyar Hall in Chennai , India. Yuvan had met her in 2002 as
13803-584: The songs "Siragual" ( Sarvam ) and "Aedho Saigiral" ( Vaamanan ) also became popular. He had provided a rural score again in Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum and a sarangi -based score for the urban action drama of Ameer's Yogi . His score for his Telugu romantic musical Oy! fetched him the Special Jury Award at the 2010 South Filmfare Awards . In late 2009, the soundtrack album of Paiyaa released, which
13932-733: The soundtrack for Panjaa . Yuvan's Oxygen , was released in 2017. Besides scoring, Yuvan Shankar Raja is a noted playback singer as well. As of August 2011, he has sung over 80 songs, mostly his own compositions, and several times he recorded for his father Ilaiyaraaja and his brother Karthik Raja . He lent his voice first in 1988, when he was eight years old for a song in the film En Bommukutty Ammavukku , composed by his father. Since then, he frequently sang for his father in films such as Anjali (1990), Chatriyan (1990), Thalattu Ketkuthamma (1991), Friends (2001), Kaathal Jaathi (2002), Ramana (2003) and Neethane En Ponvasantham (2012). Under his brother's direction, he had sung in
14061-608: The soundtrack of Raam . He also won the Filmfare Special Award – South in 2009 for his Telugu musical Oy! . In 2015, Yuvan created his own music label, U1 Records and in 2017, he started his own film production studio, YSR Films. Yuvan Shankar Raja was born on 31 August 1979. He is the third and youngest child of musician and film composer Ilaiyaraaja . He is the younger brother of music director Karthik Raja and playback singer-music director Bhavatharini . Yuvan once confessed that his brother Karthik Raja
14190-585: The stage for the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, which fundamentally altered religious and political life. Led by figures like Martin Luther , Protestantism challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and promoted ideas of individual freedom and religious reform , paving the way for modern notions of personal responsibility and governance. The Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries shifted focus to reason , science , and individual rights , influencing revolutions across Europe and
14319-500: The third time to Zafroon Nisa. Yuvan and his wife had a baby girl on 7 April 2016. Yuvan Shankar Raja has frequently collaborated with several film directors such as Selvaraghavan , Ameer , Vishnuvardhan , Venkat Prabhu , Ram , and Thiagarajan Kumararaja . Likewise, he has often worked with noted Tamil poet Vaali and young Tamil lyricists including Na. Muthukumar , Pa. Vijay, Snehan, and Madhan Karky . Additionally, he has worked with Vairamuthu , Thamarai, and Kabilan . He
14448-481: The visuals of Idam Porul Eval remain unreleased. His next film was Dharmadurai , which marked the second collaboration with lyricist Vairamuthu and director Seenu Ramasamy after Idam Porul Eval . and Chennai 600028 II , Nenjam Marappathillai , Yaakkai and Taramani were the movies scored by him in 2016. In 2017, seven films, namely Sathriyan , Kadamban , Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan , Gowdru Hotel (his straight Kannada debut),
14577-534: The western part of the old empire. However, this would become the center of a new West. Europe fell into political anarchy, with many warring kingdoms and principalities. Under the Frankish kings, it eventually, and partially, reunified, and the anarchy evolved into feudalism . Much of the basis of the post-Roman cultural world had been set before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, mainly through
14706-503: The world through explorers and missionaries during the Age of Discovery , and by imperialists from the 17th century to the early 20th century. During the Great Divergence , a term coined by Samuel Huntington the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization of the time, eclipsing Qing China , Mughal India , Tokugawa Japan , and
14835-455: The year's most successful films in Tamil and Telugu, respectively. In late 2007, the film Kattradhu Thamizh and its soundtrack got released. The soundtrack album, which was released as Tamil M. A. , as well as the film itself, had been met with positive reviews and critical acclaim. The music was called a "musical sensation" and was noted to be a "proof" of Yuvan Shankar Raja's "composing skills". However, despite positive reviews by critics,
14964-438: The younger generation. The film itself, marking the debut of Selvaraghavan's brother Dhanush , released one year later and became a sleeper hit at the Chennai box office. This was followed by Bala's Nandha (2001), for which he received rave reviews. He then gained notice by churning out "youthful music" in the college-life based April Maadhathil (2002), the romantic comedy films Kadhal Samrajyam (2002) (The film
15093-539: Was Raam . His score for the Ameer-directed thriller, labelled as "soul-stirring", fetched him further accolades and eventually yielded a win at the 2006 Cyprus International Film Festival for Best Musical score in a Feature Film, the first such award for an Indian composer. His successful streak continued with his following releases of that year, the low-budget films Arinthum Ariyamalum , Kanda Naal Mudhal and Sandakozhi becoming successful ventures at
15222-535: Was "the white race ". As Europeans discovered the extra-European world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient ("the East") became the Near East as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time in the 19th century. Thus the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the " Far East " while troubles surrounding
15351-444: Was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants and fire. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into
15480-563: Was considered Yuvan Shankar Raja's finest work till then and a "musical masterpiece". The soundtrack and score of the film featured a traditional orchestral score played by the "Chapraya Symphony" of Bangkok , for the first time in a Tamil film. Critics felt that this project, in particular, proved his abilities and talent to produce innovative and experimental scores as well. The film itself, releasing only in May 2006, did average business, despite opening to outstanding reviews. He next worked on
15609-422: Was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople, and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as Venice in the West for centuries. Classical Greek learning was also subsumed, preserved, and elaborated in the rising Eastern world, which gradually supplanted Roman-Byzantine control as a dominant cultural-political force. Thus, much of the learning of classical antiquity
15738-694: Was expected to be followed by shows in Canada, the US and South Africa. Also, it was planned to conduct the shows in Muscat, Oman and Kuwait , but following the Dubai concert, the tour was cancelled. In October 2010, Yuvan Shankar Raja disclosed that he had signed for his first live concert in Chennai. The event, named Yuvan – Live in Concert , which was sponsored, organized and later telecasted on STAR Vijay ,
15867-544: Was held at the YMCA Grounds, Nandanam , Chennai, on 16 January 2011. Additionally, a promotional music video, "I'll Be There for You", composed and sung by Yuvan Shankar himself, directed by Vishnuvardhan and shot by Nirav Shah was made, while STAR Vijay aired a 3-week, 14 episode serial on Yuvan Shankar Raja as a run-up to the concert. On 16 February 2012, Techofes organized a live-in tribute concert for Yuvan Shankar Raja, where he also performed. He performed at
15996-749: Was more talented than him, but he did not get a successful break into the music business since he did not get a "good team to work with". His father as well as his siblings have sung many songs under his direction. Film director and film composer Gangai Amaran and R. D. Bhaskar are his uncles and their sons Venkat Prabhu , Premgi Amaren and Parthi Bhaskar, who are working in the Tamil film industry as well, are his cousins. Yuvan Shankar did his schooling at St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School in Chennai, and discontinued his education after his tenth class. He started learning music from Jacob Master, attending piano classes at "Musee Musical" in Chennai, which
16125-557: Was never released theatrically, the soundtrack was released in 2002) and Mounam Pesiyadhe (2002), Ameer's directorial debut film, and the triangular love story Punnagai Poove (2002), in which he also made his on-screen debut, appearing in some scenes and one song sequence. At the same time, he made his Telugu debut with Seshu and Malli Malli Chudali and also composed for the Tamil films Junior Senior and Pop Carn , starring Malayalam actors Mammootty and Mohanlal , respectively, though all of which performed poorly at
16254-570: Was not confined to the West but also stretched into the old East. The philosophy and science of Classical Greece were largely forgotten in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, other than in isolated monastic enclaves (notably in Ireland, which had become Christian but was never conquered by Rome). The learning of Classical Antiquity was better preserved in the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis Roman civil law code
16383-466: Was regarded as a "blockbuster album" and a "magnum opus", as it went on to become highly popular, much prior to the film's release, and one of Yuvan Shankar Raja's biggest successes of his career. The song " Thuli Thuli " had become the first Tamil song to be featured in the India Top 20 list for April 2010, indicating that it was the most frequently played Tamil song on all Indian FM radio stations in
16512-512: Was slowly reintroduced to European civilization in the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during Charlemagne 's reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire. After the fall of Rome , much of Greco-Roman art, literature, science and even technology were all but lost in
16641-612: Was the soundtrack of the romantic drama film Deepavali , following which the audios of the sports comedy film Chennai 600028 , the Telugu family entertainer Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule , Vasanth 's thriller film Satham Podathey and the romantic films Thottal Poo Malarum and Kannamoochi Yenada released, with the former three being well-received besides garnering positive reviews. The films Chennai 600028 , Venkat Prabhu's directorial debut, and Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule , Selvaraghavan 's Telugu debut, in particular, were great commercial successes and became some of
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