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38-538: The weapon consists of a cruciform tail, streamlined body and folding wings, which are stowed before launch, lying flush with the body. The weapon is attached inverted to the aircraft, rotating itself after launch. The weapon's overall appearance is more streamlined compared to the UMPK bomb kit also in service with the Russian Air Force. It uses a GLONASS system and an inertial navigation unit for guidance, with

76-407: A Kometa-M satellite receiver providing improved jam resistance. The Kometa receiver significantly improves ECCM capability, reducing supression radius by 100-300 times. According to Oleksii Hetman, the accuracy of the system is claimed to be 7–8 meters, however "in practice, it turns out to be around 15" The weapon may also be equipped with an additional engine to enhance its range. The weapon

114-403: A FAB-250 bomb integrated into the guidance-and-glide kit, with inertial and satellite navigation systems, ailerons, and actuators at its aft end, with a jet engine and fuel tank inside the weapon as well. Russian milblogger Fighterbomber identified this weapon as UMPB D-30SN ( Russian : УМПБ; Универсальный межвидовой планирующий боеприпас , Versatile intermediate gliding munition). According to

152-591: A distance of tens of kilometers on targets in the front-line zone without entering the Ukrainian air defense range. In April 2023, an Su-34 accidentally dropped a bomb on the Russian city of Belgorod . Some news outlets quoted Russian milblogger Fighterbomber that the bomb was an UMPK-upgraded one. The UMPK was first publicly acknowledged by Russian MoD in May 2023. According to a November 2023 investigation by

190-532: A photo of the FAB-500 M-62 with an attached kit resembling a JDAM. The "artisan" quality of the kit may have indicated it was a prototype. At the end of March 2023, the spokesman of the Ukrainian Air Force , Yuriy Ignat , reported that the Russian military began to use winged modified aerial bombs with a warhead weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) more often. Russian planes drop them from

228-433: A possible rocket booster or a jet engine. The UMPK aerial bomb glide kit is designed to convert traditional unguided bombs into guided bombs to provide greater strike accuracy. The maximum attack range depends on the altitude and trajectory of the aircraft before being dropped. The current manufacturer of the module is not officially named. Perhaps there are several companies producing them, as well as several variants of

266-947: A range of weapons, ammunition, and related materiel in the hands of various armed groups. Armed groups in Mali have received supplies sourced from Libya and captured from military stockpiles in Mali. Weapons confiscated from armed groups in northern Mali include 7.62 x 39 mm to 14.5 x 114 mm calibre ammunition, mortar rounds, rocket-propelled grenades, and air-to-ground rockets. Between 2012 and 2013 CAR reported and identified 41 different types of weapons and ammunition types from small caliber ammunition and small arms weapons, light weapons and light ammunition, mortars , rockets , IED's and grenades . There were also larger conventional weapons such as rocket launchers , cannons , grenade launchers and launch rocket systems. Armored military vehicles were also documented in Northern Mali by

304-595: A remote-controlled ' drone boat ' that had been reportedly seized in Yemen's coastal waters, providing a breakdown of how the water-borne IED had been constructed. From the beginning of the Yemen conflicts, Houthi forces have deployed increasingly intelligent weapon and surveillance systems against their enemies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). They are used to target and identify Saudi Arabian coalition missile defense systems which can be referred to kamikaze drone attacks. Between October 2016 through February 2017

342-787: A robust chain of supply." Turkish territory was the main, but not only, source of chemical explosive precursors for IEDs made by IS. CAR has also documented attempts by IS forces to develop weaponised drones, including a visit to a drone workshop in Ramadi, Iraq. CAR has provided information on how rebel groups in Yemen are getting weapons, including assault rifles and anti-tank guided weapons that were seized from dhows in February and March 2016 by Combined Maritime Forces , and that were "suspected to have originated in Iran and were destined for Somalia and Yemen ." In December 2017, CAR reported on

380-607: A stash of weapons that may have been supplied to a rebel group by Khartoum , which says it is not involved in the conflict. Research from the CAR investigation team discovered that there were a small number of international weapons and defense systems suppliers that were traced to the Sudan People's Liberation Army including China , Israel , Ukraine and the United Arab Emirates . In contrast to their findings

418-491: A supermarket, where 200 people were present, resulting in 60 deaths and 40 injuries. On 30 August, five UMPB D-30SN bombs were dropped on Kharkiv. Five people were killed, and 59 others were injured. Ten residential buildings and an educational institution were damaged. The attack was condemned by the United States ambassador to Ukraine, Bridget Brink On 5 October 2024, an out of control Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B drone

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456-636: A third of recovered weapons having first been produced by EU member states that were former Warsaw Pact countries. Some of these items had been re-exported by the US and Saudi Arabia to Syrian opposition groups before ending up in IS hands. CAR found that one Bulgarian-made anti-tank missile sold to the US Army made its way to IS forces in just 59 days. The report also found that IS "has been able to manufacture their own weapons and IEDs on an industrial scale thanks to

494-470: Is uploaded to CAR's iTrace system. Data is used to map the global chain of supply of arms, from the place of manufacture, to the point of capture or recovery. In December 2017, CAR published a report documenting more than 40,000 items recovered from Islamic State (IS) forces between 2014 and 2017. The group reported that the majority of arms and ammunition were originally made in China and Russia, with almost

532-907: The Central African Republic : A six-month investigation that different types and sources of weapons, ammunition and military vehicles in the Central African Republic. Distribution of Iranian ammunition in Africa: A six-year collaborative investigation which portrays evidence of Iranian ammunition distributed in nine different African countries. Supplies were distributed to rebel forces, foreign insurgents, Islamist armed groups and different civilian communities. Rebel forces in Northern Mali: A one-year investigation that documented 41 different types of weapons, ammunition and military vehicles that were supplied to

570-571: The Russian Air Force during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . A guided glide kit for Soviet/Russian bombs was first proposed by NPO Bazalt in 2003 as a cheap device that can be fitted to bombs to increase range and accuracy. Its prototype was first displayed at the "Aero India 2003" exhibition. The upgrade, back then called MPK, continued being proposed in 2008. At the beginning of January 2023, Russian users on social networks shared

608-658: The Sahel region which has been increasing the armed violence in Sahel. Some of the weaponry that has been flowing into Sahel are Sudanese small arms ammunition that has been cycling through Southern Libya and Mali, Russian and Chinese small arm ammunition, and ammunition that have been used by Islamist combatants. Joint investigations by CAR and the Small Arms Survey in Mali following the Tuareg rebellion in 2012 identified

646-543: The Ukrainian Air Force announced a similar program to create an analog of the UMPK bombs. Serhii Golubtsov, commander of the Ukrainian Air Force, told Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in an interview, that the wings, command module and GPS had to be worked out. In August, the Ukrainian Air Force released footage of a Su-24M testing a similar bomb. This weapon appears to have X shaped control fins and an outlet for

684-483: The middle east CAR documented weapons that had a high chance of originating in the Libyan stockpiles . The weapons that were documented were Russian manufactured SA-7b MANPADS, North Korean manufactured 40 mm F7 type rockets m79 90 HEAT rockets, Polish style assault rifles, and Belgium and French style assault rifles. Outside of Libya there has been an increased weapon and ammunition flow that has been traveling into

722-566: The British NGO Conflict Armament Research , the new UMPK has, among other things, a more complex electronic system including SMART navigation controller and Kometa satellite navigation module. In March 2024, photos of the wreckage of a previosly unseen Russian ordnance with the "UMPB" marking surfaced in Ukraine. Preliminary analysis of the wreckage told that UMPB is a type of air-launched weapon that has

760-888: The CAR investigation team are; Weapon supplies into South Sudan's civil war: A three-year investigation on how military equipment has reached all aspects of the civil war. Weapons of the Islamic State: A three-year investigation that was conducted in Iraq and Syria that focused on the Islamic supply chains. Between 2014 and 2017 more than 40,000 items including improvised explosive devices (IED), ammunition and weapons have been recovered from those areas. Sudanese stockpiles and regional weapon diversion: Sudan People's Liberation Army were investigated and analyzed because they were in possession of captured equipment recovered by CAR. Investigation of cross-border weapon transfers in

798-504: The CAR investigation team but it is unknown to them where the vehicles came from. Between April and September 2014 the Conflict Armament Research investigation team conducted a six-month field investigation that presented identifications of weapons, ammunition and armed vehicles that were used by non state armed groups that happened to be located within the Central African Republic . These materials were supplied to

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836-453: The Conflict Armament Research investigation team located and documented more than seven UAVs in which the United Arab Emirates were in possession of. On February 26, 2017, Houthi forces presented four types of UAVs in which they designed and manufactured themselves. In one of the seven UAVs that the Conflict Armament Research investigation team discovered, the Qasef (Striker 1), was identical to

874-684: The Russian Bazalt Design Bureau for converting unguided Soviet bombs into precision-guided munitions . This kit is an aerial bomb glide range extension kit, similar to the American Joint Direct Attack Munition Extended Range (JDAM-ER) and thus it was sometime nicknamed "JDAMski" or "Russian JDAM". The guidance system and gliding function of the UMPK kit can provide ordinary aerial bombs with longer-range and more accurate strike capabilities. They have been widely used by

912-599: The Sahel: A ten-month investigation that was conducted in over eight countries and uncovered sources of weapons for armed groups and also different trafficking routes for weapon transfers. Tracing the supply of components used in Islamic State IEDs. A 20-month investigation that was conducted in Iraq and Syria and uncovered over 700 components to manufacture improvised explosive devices. Non-state armed groups in

950-632: The Seleka rebel forces from Sudan and also European suppliers. The group have reported on weapons and ammunition used in the Central African Republic on all sides. Stockpiles held by the Séléka included small arms produced in Sudan and China. Reporting is the information given on a particular matter in the form of an official document, after a thorough investigation has been overseen by a person or an organization. The current reports that have been conducted by

988-667: The South Sudan's Government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army argued that there have been no evidence of new shipments of weapons and ammunition from China or Israel since December, 2013. They apparently have been relying on old weapons and ammunition that have cycled among civilians and throughout the county and neighboring countries. Since 2014 the CAR investigation team have documented that China had supplied 99% of ammunition and 37% of weapons that have cycled through multiple African conflicts, especially in South Sudan. 5% of

1026-500: The blogger, "intermediate" means its standing between different types of ordnance and the fact it can be launched from various platforms, such as Tornado-S multiple launch rocket systems, as well as from aircraft. No other specifications were mentioned. In May 2024, a high-quality image of the UMPB D-30SN long-range glide bomb has appeared for the first time. The picture showed a Su-34 releasing four UMBP bombs. The location of

1064-706: The chain of supply. Investigators photograph all markings and distinguishing characteristics, GPS-record all recovery sites and use in-field interviews with local stakeholders to build a case for each item documented. CAR does not rely on photographs sourced from social media. Their main priority are in countries such as Syria , South Sudan , Iraq , Libya and Somalia . CAR also has many partnerships with different agencies, trusts and governments such as UNMAS , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Foreign and Commonwealth Office , UNSCAR, European Union External Action , German Cooperation, UK Aid , European Commission , United States Department of State and UNIDIR . All verified data

1102-670: The civil war in 2011 had fuelled armed actors in Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, and Syria. CAR also discovered a new set of weapons used in a series of attacks against hotels and security forces by Islamist armed groups in the Sahel that were "unlike any previously documented in the sub-region." These matched with weapons found in Iraq and Syria, and suggest, according to CAR, possible links in supply sources between groups active in Iraq and Syria and in West Africa. Throughout six different countries in Africa and

1140-463: The conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile state. Sudan has used foreign imports to build up its own domestic production capabilities. CAR says that since 2014 newly manufactured Sudanese military materiel has been found in the hands of armed groups in South Sudan, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Libya, Mali, and Niger. In 2015 CAR reported that South Sudan's military has seized

1178-968: The documented weapons that were found by the Car investigation team in South Sudan were Israeli made, and had markings on the weapons that were labeled ISB and NSS, which indicates that they were originally intended for the International Security Bureau of the National Security Service. These findings support the hypothesis conducted by the CAR investigation team that there was a third party from those countries that were trying to smuggle weapons and ammunition into South Sudan. Based on field investigations carried out in eight countries during 2015 and early 2016, CAR found evidence of widespread circulation of illicit arms between armed groups in West Africa. The group documented how weapons looted or leaked from Libyan stockpiles after

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1216-627: The four UAVs that the Houthi forces had displayed. Upon this discovery, the CAR investigation team concluded that Houthi forces were not the ones producing these UAVs, in fact they predicted that the United Arab Emirates were the ones designing and manufacturing them. Reports from CAR show that despite active UN and EU arms embargoes, the Sudanese government has continued to import military and dual-use goods, some of which it has used in

1254-509: The iTrace Global Weapon Reporting system, which is funded by the EU and the Government of Germany. CAR also provides technical support services including training and capacity-building. CAR works around the world using weapons tracking methods in over 34 countries. Teams embed with national security and defence forces to document weapons at the point of use, and track their sources back through

1292-442: The kit: Conflict Armament Research Conflict Armament Research (CAR) is a UK-based investigative organization that tracks the supply of conventional weapons, ammunition, and related military materiel (such as IEDs) into conflict-affected areas. Established in 2011, CAR specializes in working with governments to find out how weapons end up in war zones, and in the hands of terrorists and insurgent groups. The group maintains

1330-737: The module itself. A unit costs 2 million rubles, according to the Fighterbomber Telegram channel, which is equivalent to 24,460 USD and is cheap for such a weapon. During its invasion of Ukraine, Russia is unlikely to run out of bombs to which it can be fitted, as it has a very large inventory of unguided aerial bombs . The heavy use of civilian-grade electronics allows kits to be mass produced cheaply but also makes them unreliable compared to western equivalents resulting in bombs falling within Russia, although safeguard systems mean detonations are rare. There are several variants of

1368-529: The release point allowed to estimate that the attack range of the UMPB could be up to 90 km (56 mi), which is 20 to 30 km (12 to 19 mi) higher than the UMPK. In October 2024, a piece of an UMPB was found in the wreckage of an S-70 UAV which was shot down by Russians after losing control and entering the Ukrainian airspace, indicating that the UAV was used as a carrier for UMPB bombs. In June 2024,

1406-462: Was deliberately shot down by a Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and crashed on the Ukrainian side of the front line. The wreckage included a D-30SN nose cone, indicating that the S-70 was performing operational bombing trials in the region. UMPK (bomb kit) UMPK ( Russian : УМПК; Унифицированный модуль планирования и коррекции , Unified gliding and correction module) is a guidance kit first developed by

1444-580: Was first seen in public in March 2024. From March 27 to May 7th, an estimated 671 bombs were produced. Now established in Russian service, the bomb exerts additional pressure on already strained Ukrainian air defence systems, with strikes occurring outside of the range of most Ukrainian anti-air systems. The weapons were first used on March 26, 2024, to attack the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv . The strike resulted in one fatality and 19 injuries. On 25 May, two UMPB D-30SN bombs were dropped on Kharkiv. One bomb stuck

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