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41-565: In 1979, responding to an ever-growing campus and the resulting increase in demand for emergency services, UCLA created the Emergency Medical Services out of the UCLA Police Department. Originally, the ambulance was staffed by police officers who had received medical training. When a medical aid call came in, the police officers would respond back to the police station, jump in the ambulance, and respond to

82-488: A bystander, early use of a defibrillator, and early advanced life support once more qualified medical help arrives. Qualified bystanders with training in BLS are encouraged to perform the first three steps of the five-link chain of survival. High Quality CPR High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and early defibrillation using an automated external defibrillator (AED) are the most important aspects of BLS to ensure

123-652: A densely populated response area that includes the UCLA campus as well as surrounding areas of Westwood . UCLA EMS operates on a tiered response system. If needed, Advanced Life Support (ALS) assistance is provided by the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) (the UCLA campus falls within the first-in area of stations 37 and 71). UCLA EMS operates one primary response ambulance ("EMS-1") 24/7 - additional units (either fully staffed ambulances or response teams) are staffed during special events or emergencies on

164-425: A foreign body obstructs the trachea. Rescuers should only intervene in patients who show signs of severe airway obstruction, such as a silent cough, cyanosis, or inability to speak or breathe. If a patient is coughing forcefully, rescuers should not interfere with this process and encourage the patient to keep coughing. If a patient shows signs of severe airway obstruction, anti-choking maneuvers such as back slaps or in

205-608: A patient survives. CPR involves a rescuer or bystander providing chest compressions to a patient in a supine position while also giving rescue breaths. The rescuer or bystander can also choose not to provide breaths and provide compression-only CPR. Depending on the age and circumstances of the patient, there can be variations in the compression to breath ratio given. European Resuscitation Council According to 2015 guidelines published by European resuscitation council , early initiation of resuscitation and coordination of lay people with medical personnel on helping an unconscious person

246-426: A rigorous 6-month training program designed to enhance the skills and knowledge learned in basic EMT education. The program consists of three phases. Phase I exposes new EMTs to the job via ride-alongs, and Phases II and III put the trainee on EMS-1 and provided him or her with extensive on-the-job training. Shifts are supplemented by simulation sessions, classroom lectures, and campus geography lessons to further prepare

287-444: A student must take an online or in-person course. However, an online BLS course must be followed with an in-person skills session in order to obtain a certification issued by The American Heart Association. Chain of survival The American Heart Association highlights the most important steps of BLS in a "five-link chain of survival." The chain of survival includes early recognition of an ongoing emergency, early initiation of CPR by

328-666: A wide range of topics that exceed their basic training as a BLS provider. UCLA EMS is responsible for providing medical coverage to events on the UCLA campus, which frequently bring thousands or tens-of-thousands of people onto the campus. For these events, UCLA EMS will staff another ambulance in addition to the in-service response unit (EMS-1). Some events are recurring, such as UCLA home basketball games in Pauley Pavilion, Mercedes Benz Tennis Cup, Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards, IM and other NCAA Conference sports events, and Commencement ceremonies. Notable non-recurring events include

369-412: Is a non-profit organization founded to promote and advocate for campus-based emergency medical services . The organization was founded in 1993 (31 years ago)  ( 1993 ) with the goal of facilitating the exchange of information amongst collegiate EMS agencies. In 1994, NCEMSF held the first of its annual conferences, which have since become a cornerstone of the organization. Since 1994,

410-484: Is a level of medical care which is used for patients with life-threatening condition of cardiac arrest until they can be given full medical care by advanced life support providers (paramedics, nurses, physicians or any trained general personnel). It can be provided by trained medical personnel, such as emergency medical technicians , qualified bystanders and anybody who is trained for providing BLS and/or ACLS . The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR)

451-402: Is essential during resuscitation. Defibrillation during the first 3 to 5 minutes during resuscitation can produce survival rates as high as 50 to 70%. Placing AEDs in public places where there is one cardiac arrest in five years is cost-effective. Although the adult CPR sequence can be safely used in children, a modified sequence of basic life support that entails less forceful chest compression

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492-620: Is even more suitable in children. United Kingdom Adult BLS guidelines in the United Kingdom were published in 2015 by the Resuscitation Council (UK), based on the 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) published in November 2005. The newest guidelines for adult BLS allow a rescuer to diagnose cardiac arrest if

533-428: Is the most common indication of BLS in infants and toddlers. The most critical factor in restoring breathing in the patient is to provide high quality rescue breaths. Shock , also known as Inadequate Tissue Perfusion, is a life-threatening condition that occurs as a result of the disruption to 3 major components of the cardiovascular system : Heart Function, Blood Vessel Function, and Blood Volume. Perfusion describes

574-477: Is the next step in emergency situations as continuing with other forceful methods of BLS could exacerbate the patient's condition and can be seen as assault. AVPU (Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unconscious) is the commonly used acronym for quickly assessing the level of consciousness in a patient. Pain stimulus in particular should be used with caution as many methods if done incorrectly can leave bruises (sternal rub for example) commonly used methods for central stimulus are

615-426: Is typically advised to give CPR for a short time before leaving the patient to call emergency medical services. Since the primary cause of cardiac arrest and death in drowning and choking patients is hypoxemia, it is recommended to start with rescue breaths before proceeding to chest compressions (if pulseless). If the patient presents in a shockable rhythm, early defibrillation is still recommended. Choking occurs when

656-448: Is very helpful in increasing the chance of survival of the patient. When a person is unconscious and is not breathing normally, emergency services should be alerted and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (rescue breaths) should be initiated. High quality CPR is important. An adequate ratio of high quality chest compressions and rescue breaths are crucial. An automated external defibrillator (AED) machine

697-770: The 1984 Olympics, movie premiers, film shoots, and the Special Olympics. UCLA Emergency Medical Services is a division of the Police Community Services section of the UCLA Police Department, along with Crime Prevention and CSO Programs. UCLA EMS operates under a team management system. "Team Management" consists of the EMS Manager, Medical Director, Supervisors, Coordinators, and Team Representative - it meets monthly to discuss organizational and operational issues. Organizational structure In February 2012, five members of UCLA EMS participated in

738-629: The 19th annual NCEMSF Conference and won 1st Place in the MCI simulation, finishing sixth overall in the Skills Competition based on total points. Over 90 collegiate EMS teams from around the country were in attendance. In February 2022, five members of UCLA EMS participated in the 29th annual NCEMSF Conference and won 1st place in the Stryker EMS Skills Classic. Basic Life Support Basic life support ( BLS )

779-650: The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) protocols, in addition to BLS protocols. However, the American Heart Association 's BLS protocol is designed for use by laypeople, as well as students and others certified first responder , and to some extent, higher medical function personnel. BLS for Healthcare Providers Course According to the American Heart Association, in order to be certified in BLS,

820-547: The COSTR methodology, ILCOR also started to conduct yearly reviews and published updates on the latest evidence in resuscitation, changing it from the previous 5-yearly review on resuscitation. CPR provided in the field increases the time available for higher medical responders to arrive and provide ALS care. An important advance in providing BLS is the availability of the automated external defibrillator or AED. This improves survival outcomes in cardiac arrest cases. One of

861-661: The Department's police reports. Membership is open to full-time UCLA students who are certified as EMTs in California and who have a minimum of one year left in school and a 2.0 GPA. Typically, hiring occurs twice a year during the Fall and Spring academic quarters. Hiring is a competitive process involving a battery of exams which evaluate medical and campus geography knowledge, physical agility, interpersonal skills, and performance under hypothetical scenarios. All hirees enter

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902-576: The UCLA campus. Patients are typically transported to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , located on campus. UCLA EMS currently owns one Chevy type III ambulance from Wheeled Coach and two Type II Ford ambulances outfitted by Leader Industries in El Monte, CA. It also has an electric cart for special events, specially outfitted to accommodate a gurney and other medical equipment. EMTs are trained as EMT-D's and utilize

943-600: The Zoll E-series Semi-Automatic Defibrillator for defibrillation, 3-lead EKG , Capnography (EtCO 2 ), NIBP , and pulse oximetry . The Zoll AED-Pro is used at special events due to its portable size. While 911 emergency medical response is their first priority, EMTs also staff the front desk of the UCLA Police Station. They assist visitors, maintain the campus central Lost & Found program, and take over 40% of

984-518: The body diverts blood to organs that cannot tolerate the lack of blood, such as the heart and the brain, resulting in widespread vasoconstriction , or thinning of the blood vessels. Consequently, blood is prevented from reaching organs that can tolerate the lack of perfusion, or hypoperfusion, in organs such as the skin, resulting in the typical presentation of pale and clammy skin conditions during shock . Moreover, disruptions may present specifically to each component or multiple systems may be affected at

1025-478: The chance of survival. It is also acknowledged that rescuers may either be unable, or unwilling, to give effective rescue breaths; in this situation, continuing chest compressions alone is advised, although this is only effective for about 5 minutes. For choking, the guidelines in the United Kingdom first call for assessing the severity of the situation. If the patient is able to speak and cough effectively,

1066-428: The committee has provided materials for regional resuscitation providers such as European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association to write their own guidelines. Since 2015, ILCOR has used a new methodology called Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations (COSTR) to evaluate the quality of latest evidence available and to reach a conclusion on the best treatments available in resuscitation. Using

1107-453: The first checks done in emergency response is to assess the situation for any danger. If the person does not remove themselves or others from the danger then they are liable to become a patient and require emergency assistance themselves or become unable to render assistance for the other patient. Examples of dangerous situations which should cease before BLS is administered are electrocution, assault, drowning, burning etc. Checking for response

1148-438: The most severe cases abdominal thrusts should be applied until the obstruction is relieved. If a patient becomes unresponsive he should be lowered to the ground, and the rescuer should call emergency medical services and initiate CPR. When the airway is opened during CPR, the rescuer should look into the mouth for an object causing obstruction, and remove with a finger sweep it if it is evident however many organisations state that

1189-812: The obstruction is mild. If the patient is unable to speak or cough effectively, or is unable to breathe or is breathing with a wheezy sound, the airway obstruction is severe. It is then recommended to perform back blows until the obstruction clears. If the patient becomes unresponsive, CPR is started. The term BLS is also used in some non-English speaking countries (e.g. in Italy ) for the education of first responders . Terms with similar meanings for similar skill sets are also common. When performing BLS, laypeople and medical personnel are encouraged to remember that some groups of people have certain conditions that need to be taken into considerations. To relieve choking, chest thrusts should be used instead of abdominal thrusts when

1230-462: The patient is in late pregnancy. If a patient of choking is obese and a rescuer cannot perform adequate abdominal thrusts, they are encouraged to instead perform chest thrusts. To relieve choking, abdominal thrusts should not be used in infants under 1 year of age due to risk of causing injury. A sequence of back slaps and chest compressions are used instead. NCEMSF The National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation ( NCEMSF )

1271-424: The patient is unresponsive and not breathing normally. The guidelines also changed the duration of rescue breaths and the placement of the hand on the chest when performing chest compressions. These changes were introduced to simplify the algorithm , to allow for faster decision making and to maximize the time spent giving chest compressions; this is because interruptions in chest compressions have been shown to reduce

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1312-418: The patient's heart back to a normal rhythm. When a defibrillator is not readily available, a rescuer or bystander should keep the blood flowing by performing chest compressions and rescue breaths at an age-appropriate rate until it is. Respiratory arrest is when there is no measurable breathing in a patient. It tends to occur in conjunction with cardiac arrest, but this is not always the case. Respiratory arrest

1353-503: The person is in danger of pulmonary aspiration then they should be placed in the recovery position or more advanced airway management should be used. Once the airway has been opened checking for breathing should begin, if the respiratory rate is below 12-20 breaths per minute then CPR should begin, however if the patient is breathing normally then the rescuer should place them in the recovery position and summon an ambulance. Once an automated external defibrillator (AED) has been acquired

1394-438: The process of adequate blood flow to the organs, where the waste and reactants that are involved in cellular respiration are removed or transported throughout the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system for metabolism to be processed effectively. However, if one part were to fail, important resources for cellular respiration such as oxygen would not be able to reach the organs that needs it function. In an attempt to compensate,

1435-498: The rescuer should not try to remove the foreign object as they might worsen the situation (either pushing it further down the trachea or initiating vomiting). Basic Life Support Emergency Medical Services in the United States are generally identified with Emergency Medical Technicians-Basic (EMT-B). EMT-B is the highest level of healthcare provider that is limited to the BLS protocol; higher medical functions use some or all of

1476-465: The rescuer should then finish the round of CPR, use the AED and then begin another round of CPR. However the AED will usually notify the rescuer of any impediments to continued CPR (such as a sinus rhythm or asystole ) in which case the rescuer may be prompted to cease CPR. Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops pumping in a regular rhythm. In this situation, early defibrillation is the key to returning

1517-490: The same time, which generally results in the 3 designated types of shock: Obstructive , Distributive , Hypovolemic . Typically, patients would have a presentation of shock at the Compensated , Decompensated, and Irreversible Stage. In cases of drowning, rescuers should provide CPR as soon as an unresponsive patient is removed from the water. In particular, rescue breathing is important in this situation. A lone rescuer

1558-451: The scene. Beginning in the early 1980s, student employees (community service officers, or CSOs) of the police department began to staff the ambulance. Eventually, EMS would break off to become its own division at UCPD. UCLA EMS is a primary, "first-in" Basic Life Support (BLS) emergency medical unit dispatched by the UCPD 9-1-1 Communications Center to over 1,700 medical aid calls annually in

1599-505: The trainee for the demands of a UCLA EMT. Passing of multiple written and simulation examinations are required to test out of training into Probationary status. Additionally, Continuing Education (CE) lectures taught by the Medical Director or an appropriate guest are conducted on a monthly basis for all EMTs. The CE's are highly interactive and are designed to create a well-informed team of EMS personnel that have been exposed to

1640-407: The trapezius squeeze and for peripheral stimulus it is squeezing the side of the finger. Sending for help allows much more assistance to be rendered upon the patient and increases their chances of receiving ALS. Opening of the airway via the jaw-thrust maneuver is the preferred method as the head-tilt maneuver is thought to be more risky for people with suspected spinal injury or inconveniency. If

1681-553: Was formed in 1992 to coordinate the efforts of resuscitation worldwide. The ILCOR representatives come from various countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and from the European, Asian, and African continents. In 2000, the committee published the first resuscitation guideline. In 2005, the committee published International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Science with Treatment Recommendations. Since 2010,

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