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93-533: UKADGE was developed in response to concerns about its predecessor, Linesman/Mediator . Linesman started in the 1950s, when it was assumed that any air attack on the UK would be by hydrogen bomb so no effort was made to "harden" the radars or its main control centre as such effort would be futile. By the mid-1960s, with the Soviet Union reaching strategic parity with NATO , such an attack no longer seemed likely; it

186-411: A BMEWS "signature analysis program" on scale models by January 1963. Operations transferred from civilian contractors (RCA Government Services) to ADC on January 5, 1962 (renamed Aerospace Defense Command in 1968.) Fylingdales became operational on September 17, 1963, and Site III transferred to RAF Fighter Command on January 15, 1964. Remaining BMEWS development responsibilities transferred to

279-536: A BMEWS communications outage to Ent and Offutt – a B-52 near Thule confirmed the site still remained. Training for civilian technicians included a February 1961 RCA class in New Jersey for a Tracking Radar Automatic Monitoring class. The "Clear Msl Early Warning Stn, Nenana, AK " was assigned to Hanscom Field , Massachusetts, by the JCA on April 1, 1961. By May 16, 1961, Ent's "War Room at NORAD" had

372-715: A BMEWS display facility with "austere and economical construction with minimum equipment" was planned in an "annex to the current COC building". In late 1959, ARPA opened the 474L System Program Office, and BMEWS' " 12th Missile Warning Squadron at Thule...began operating in January 1960." Following a Nike ABM intercept of a test missile, the planned Cheyenne Mountain mission was expanded in August 1960 to "a hardened center from which CINCNORAD would supervise and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack" (NORAD assumed "operational control of all space assets with

465-676: A ballistic missile defense system display facility...brought renewed action...for a new command post" (the JCS approved the nuclear bunker on February 11, 1959). On January 14, 1958, the US announced its decision to establish a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System with Thule to be operational in 1959—total Thule/Clear costs in a May 1958 estimate were ~$ 800 million (an October 13, 1958, plan for both estimated completion in September 1960.) The Lincoln Laboratory 's radar at Millstone Hill , Massachusetts,

558-422: A contract to rebuild the command and communications portions of the system, which emerged as the current Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS), which is in the process of being replaced by the new Project Guardian. In 1957, Duncan Sandys introduced his Defence White Paper which, among other topics, considered the effect of the introduction of ballistic missiles on the UK's defensive posture. Continuing

651-477: A formal proposal and liaise with industry during construction. In the mid-1970s, Plessey won a contract to consider new layouts for the network. Their reports suggested that advances in computers and communications made a flexible system possible. After five years, ADET received Air Force Board approval and the organization moved to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 1977. In 1979, a formal Air Staff Requirement 888

744-554: A glass map for plotting aircraft and had a "map [that] lights up" to show multiple impact ellipses and times "before the huge missile[s] would burst" (separate from Ent's BMEWS CC&DF building, the two-story blockhouse had a war room with, left of the main NORAD region display, a BMEWS display map and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles.) The Trinidad Test Site transferred from Rome AFB to Patrick AFB on July 1, 1961 (closed as "Trinidad Air Station" in 1971) and

837-440: A large radome . These radars provided high-resolution angular and ranging information that was fed to a computer for rapid calculation of the probable impact points of the missile warheads. The systems were upgraded several times over their lifetime, replacing the mechanically scanned systems with phased array radar that could perform both roles at the same time. BMEWS equipment included: To predict when parts might break down,

930-450: A replacement for the earlier network of AMES Type 80 radars, using fewer but longer-ranged radars. The main goal was to counter the carcinotron jammer, which rendered the Type 80 almost useless. Another problem was the ever-increasing civilian air traffic, which confused the picture seen by the Type 80 operators. Plan Ahead would send all of its information to two underground locations where

1023-506: A similar report that suggested L1 be used for nothing more than the compilation of the recognized air picture and that several new radar stations be added. In November, RAF Strike Command called for the complete reformation of the entire network. Their plan devolved track assembly to a series of control centres which would forward that data to the Air Defence Centre where the recognized air picture would be assembled, along with

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1116-630: A tracking radar station at Cape Clear to close the BMEWS gap with Thule for low-angle missiles (versus those with the 15-65 degree angle for which BMEWS was designed.) By mid-1962, BMEWS "quick fixes" for ECCM had been installed at Fylingdales Moor, Thule and Cape Clear AK and by June 30, integration of BMEWS and SPADATS at Ent AFB was completed. During the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Moorestown AN/FPS-49 radar on October 24

1209-402: A very wide horizontal front at two narrow vertical angles. These were used to provide wide-front coverage of missiles rising into their radar horizon , and by tracking them at two points as they climbed, enough information to determine their rough trajectory. The second type of radar was used for fine tracking of selected targets, and consisted of a very large steerable parabolic reflector under

1302-632: The Beale AFB PAVE PAWS became operational. By 1976, BMEWS included IBM 7094 , CDC 6000 , and Honeywell 800 computers. On October 1, 1979, Thule and Clear transferred to Strategic Air Command when ADCOM was broken up then to Space Command in 1982. By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain had been averaging 6,700 messages per hour compiled via sensor inputs from BMEWS, the JSS , the 416N SLBM "Detection and Warning System, COBRA DANE , and PARCS as well as SEWS and PAVE PAWS " for transmission to

1395-560: The Canadian Automated Air Traffic System . By the time the system was complete, US$ 1.6 billion had been spent, against initial estimates of US$ 240 million. Ultimately about half of the funding came from the NATO pool, including 80% of the cost of the radars. By the time the system was finally delivered, IUKADGE was seen as obsolete. The Warsaw Pact had been falling apart through the late 1980s, and in 1991

1488-665: The Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code. Thus, the AN/FPS-49 represents the 49th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device. On June 2, 1955, a General Electric AN/FPS-17 "XW-1" radar at Site IX in Turkey that had been expedited

1581-608: The Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) for radar operators migrating from Linesman to UKADGE. It operated in this role until 1 October 1993, when the School of Fighter Control moved from RAF West Drayton to Boulmer and the OCU moved with it. Ultimately Ash was never used as an operational UKADGE SOC, and the bunker was left half-converted with much of its equipment abandoned in a pile at the site. Ash closed in 1995 and

1674-526: The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist. As the Russian economy faltered, the number of intruder flights plummeted, from about five a week in 1980, to zero. The system, designed to track long-range, low-flying aircraft and their cruise missile weapons, no longer had a credible target. Addressing even an all-out attack would require a system much less extensive than IUKADGE, and the need for significant redundancy no longer seemed pressing. Moreover, many of

1767-611: The "Space Track SPO (496L)" when the BMEWS SPO closed on February 14, 1964 —e.g., the AN/FPS-92 with "66-inch panels" was added to Clear in 1966 (last of the five tracking radars), and in 1967, BMEWS modification testing was complete on May 15, when the system cost totaled $ 1.259 billion, equivalent to $ 8.78 billion in 2023. In 1968, Ent's 9th Division HQ had a Spacetrack/BMEWS Maintenance Section. In 1975, SECDEF told Congress that Clear would be closed when Cobra Dane and

1860-449: The 11/795, ran at 18 MHz rather than the 780's 5 or the 785's 7.5, offering well over twice the performance. Problems keeping the three sites in sync disappeared, along with the crashes, and this also allowed a reduction in the number of machines at each site. By the middle of 1991, the MoD was increasingly confident the system was finally ready for operation. Buchan SOC was handed over to

1953-636: The 1950s that the Soviet Union was developing ICBMs, the US was already building an early-warning radar system in the Arctic, the DEW line , but it was designed to detect bombers and did not have the capability of tracking ICBMs. The challenges of designing a system that could detect and track a massive strike of hundreds of ICBMs were formidable. The radar sites were located as far north in the Arctic as possible, to give maximum warning time of an attack. However,

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2046-796: The GE592 systems, which was awarded to Plessey in 1994 with a further updated version of the AR-320, the AR-327. In June 1996 the MoD announced the IUKADGE system would be replaced outright. This was formalized in Staff Requirement (Air) 1303, which called for a single Joint Force Air Component Headquarters that would run the RAF in both the UK and also be deployable overseas, and a separate Tactical Air Control Centre to direct fighter operations. The JFAC

2139-552: The ICCS network through a public interface. Serious consideration was also given to simply cancelling the entire system outright, writing off the approximately $ 600 million US spent to date. It was at this time that Hughes sent in Nancy Price, a corporate troubleshooter, to get things moving again. She put the problems squarely on the organizational structure, "UKSL fought about whether it was my fault or your fault - we had to change

2232-545: The Linesman half of the Linesman/Mediator system. As part of this change, the civilian and military sides would have the share data, which resulted in the military centre being moved to London so it could be as close as possible to its civilian counterpart. In the era of a three-day war and attacks by hydrogen bombs , any attempt to harden the centre seemed futile, so the building was located aboveground. The RAF

2325-664: The MoD cancelled the Nimrod in favour of the Boeing E-3 Sentry . This required the Shackletons to remain in service until the Sentries arrived. In 1987 the decision was made to add a passive tracking system for anti-jammer support. This had been an important part of the Linesman concept, where the Type 85 radars operated as one-half of two-station triangulation systems. With the Type 85s due to pass out of service with

2418-697: The NATO-funded sites would make use of the US-built AN/TPS-59 in its GE592 guise. The selection of the corresponding S-band system was more contentious, with Plessey offering to merge their somewhat dated AR-3D receiver and display electronics with a new transmitter and antenna from ITT-Gilfillan to produce the AR-320 , which competed against the Hughes Air Defense Radar . Political wrangling, and Hughes' self-interest, delayed

2511-640: The Nimrod AEW3 had been selected. Individual "blips" on the radars would be forwarded over the UK-developed Link 11 system to the CPRs, where they would be injected into the system as if they were data from any other radar. The blips would then be sent into the processors for track extraction. The system also needed to be able to receive data from the NATO AEW aircraft, also E-3 Sentry's, which used

2604-634: The Pact forces and high-value targets. If this failed to stop the war, a " massive retaliation " using strategic weapons would be launched against the USSR. NATO's massive air superiority ensured the attack would succeed. In July 1964, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff admitted that the Soviet nuclear forces would survive in enough number to guarantee their own massive retaliation. The US could no longer risk

2697-454: The RAF on 27 September 1991. During early development, a backup site for Neatishead had been added to the original plans, whereas previously Boulmer had been the backup to both SOCs. After several abandoned bunkers from the ROTOR programme were examined, the complex from RAF Sandwich was selected and became the new RAF Ash . Construction work to enlarge the bunker began in 1984. This also became

2790-496: The Sentries were arriving, the first all-up tests of the ICCS system were being carried out at the Sector Operations Centre at Buchan. These went relatively smoothly until they attempted to network other SOCs into the system, at which point all of the machines crashed. A key improvement was realized by replacing the now-outdated VAX 11/780 and 11/785 machines with the newer VAX 8650 . The 8650, originally known as

2883-511: The Soviets using their strategic force and began emphasising their conventional weapons. The UK's own Exercise Hell Tank suggested a 45-to-1 kill ratio for helicopters over tanks, upsetting the entire concept of how to stop a Warsaw Pact invasion. Now it was believed the war would remain conventional for some time, or its entirety. In this scenario, an air attack on the UK could no longer be assumed to be nuclear and would no longer be deterred by

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2976-518: The UKADGE members stated that the ICCS was "currently in the pre-technical transfer phase", with reports stating that it was far short of its requirements and could not be available before mid-1992. Other members of the consortium debated this and stated it would be available in 1990, but in April 1989 the MoD made it official and stated it was not expected to be fully operational until 1992. At least some of

3069-519: The USAF Wizard and/or Army Nike Zeus ABMs became operational), and the basement of the 1954 ADC blockhouse was considered for the interim center. A " satellite prediction computer " could be added to the planned missile warning center if Cheyenne Mountain's "hardened COC slipped considerably beyond January 1962" (tunneling began in June 1961.) In early 1959 for use at Ent in September 1960,

3162-488: The V bombers. There was nothing to stop the Soviets from attacking the Linesman sites and leaving the UK airspace entirely unprotected. Moreover, new Soviet aircraft with longer range allowed the UK to be approached from across the North Atlantic, where radars had been run down in keeping with Linesman's tripwire concept. This "back door" would allow the west coast to be attacked without any recourse. Other aircraft had

3255-755: The WIZARD system ) and on February 4, 1958; the USAF informed Air Defense Command (ADC) that BMEWS was an "all-out program" and the "system has been directed by the President , has the same national priority as the ballistic missile and satellite programs and is being placed on the Department of Defense master urgency list." By July 1958 after NORAD manning began, ADC's 1954 blockhouse for the Ent AFB command center had inadequate floor space; and Ent's "requirement for

3348-584: The ability to control interceptions by themselves, while the overall recognised air picture was compiled and directed at Strike Command headquarters. To complicate the use of radar jammers , several new radars were introduced that operated across a wide band of frequencies from L to S (C to F in NATO terms). Peacetime radars were located at existing radar sites re-used from Linesman, while additional radars were ready to be set up at pre-surveyed locations. Like Linesman before it, UKADGE soon ran into major delays. It

3441-471: The area covered by radar to that around the air and missiles bases in the Midlands. Meanwhile, the level of civilian air traffic was growing rapidly and badly needed new radars and automation. Studies began to see if Plan Ahead could be combined with the air traffic control (ATC) network, allowing both users to share their radar coverage. This concept was accepted, and on 22 February 1961, Plan Ahead became

3534-435: The attack came by missiles, and it seemed unlikely the detection of a bomber attack would not also indicate missiles were on the way. The V bombers would have to launch on any credible sign of an attack in either case. The only clear role for the radars appeared to be to indicate an attack was coming and give time for the V force to launch; actually plotting a response seemed superfluous as the V force would (hopefully) be gone by

3627-634: The commissioning of the AR-320s, a new system would be needed to fill this role. Additionally, a requirement for decoy transmitters was added, both to further confuse jammer systems as well as to provide multiple targets to anti-radiation missiles . Meanwhile, the TPS-592 radars, which should have been easily adapted from their US counterparts, ran into extensive delays due to the need to meet more stringent operational requirements, and ultimately took five years to pass tests. In late 1988, statements from one of

3720-572: The console into the main UKADGE consoles manually. With the cancellation of the Nimrod AEW, the UK also moved to the Sentry. In October 1989, the RAF announced it would be installing the JTIDS/ Link 16 system on their Sentry and Tornado aircraft, as well as their air tanker fleet. The idea was that the tankers would be used as relay stations for the distant Tornado interceptors. Unfortunately,

3813-840: The contractor also installed RCA 501 computers with 32k high-speed memory, 5-76KC 556 bpi 3/4" tape drives, and 200-track random-access LFE drums. The initially replaced portions of BMEWS included the Ent CC&;DF by the Burroughs 425L Missile Warning System at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex ( FOC July 1, 1966.) The original Missile Impact Predictors were replaced ( IOC on August 31, 1984), and BMEWS systems were entirely replaced by 2001 (e.g., radars were replaced with AN/FPS-120 SSPARS) after Satellite Early Warning Systems had been deployed (e.g., 1961 MIDAS , 1968 Project 949 , and 1970 DSP satellites). Under

Improved United Kingdom Air Defence Ground Environment - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-462: The counter. While the system was being brought up, there were already discussions about its future. The UKSL consortium members were invited to submit bids on maintaining the systems, either individually or as the UKSL group. The MoD eventually decided to abandon the UKSL given its poor performance before the arrival of Price, who had since left. In the meantime, in January 1993 bids were taken to replace

3999-455: The culture of the organization." Significant progress was seen in 1990 when deliveries of the Sentries began. The first arrived at RAF Waddington on 4 July 1990, a month ahead of schedule, and the last in March 1992. Enough had arrived by June 1991 that the Shackletons were finally retired. A force of six active Sentries with another as a hot spare took over most of the air control duty. While

4092-587: The date of an Atlas II B firing from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 11 (lunar reflection was tested January–June 1960). On June 30, 1958, NORAD emphasized that the BMEWS could not be considered as a self-contained entity separate from the Nike Zeus , or vice versa. On March 18, 1959, the USAF told the BMEWS Project Office to proceed with an interim facility for the " AICBM control center " with an anti-ICBM C computer (e.g., for when

4185-591: The existing ASR.894 design was not capable of relaying the number of messages this would require, and it was estimated this could not be added before 2005. By 1988, the system was already eighteen months behind schedule. All three key technologies of the system were missing; the Nimrod AEW had been cancelled, whist the ICCS and Foxhunter radar for the interceptor version of the Panavia Tornado , Tornado ADV were non-functional. As had occurred with Linesman, chatter in government circles started about cancelling

4278-531: The existing L1 site. The direct control of the aircraft and missiles would be handled at two Sector Operations Centres (SOCs) and their two backup Control and Reporting Centres (CRCs). Additional control consoles would be placed at four of the radar stations to form the Control and Reporting Posts (CRPs) while a further two radar sites lacking control posts would be known as Reporting Posts (RPs). The SOCs and CRCs would each have five VAX computers, two for processing

4371-770: The existing radar sites other than the replacement of outdated systems like the AMES Type 13 with their modern replacements like the Decca HF200 . The "back door" approach over the North Sea and Norwegian coast would be closed with radars at Buchan and in the Hebrides, and the southern area at Burrington, while another new radar would replace the Type 80 at Saxa Vord but officially be part of NADGE and paid for by NATO funds. Data from NADGE, Royal Navy ships and newly purchased airborne radar aircraft would also be injected into

4464-651: The first production versions were delivered to No. 8 Squadron RAF in 1984, by this time the aircraft was already several years late and had missed its chance to be used in the Falklands War . Instead, No. 8 was flying surplus Avro Shackletons hastily equipped for the AEW role using the electronics from the Fairey Gannet . As the delays mounted, and with the ground radars already being delivered, in December 1986

4557-514: The formation of" SPADATS in October 1960.) The 1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron (1st Aero) was activated at Ent AFB on February 14, 1961; and Ent's Federal Building was completed c.  1960-1 . Clear AFS construction began in August 1958 with 700 workers and was completed July 1, 1961, and Thule Site J construction began by May 18, 1960, with radar pedestals complete by June 2. Thule testing began on May 16, 1960, IOC

4650-568: The graphics display, and the digital communications switching systems. ASR.888 described a system with twelve main locations. Strike Command headquarters would host the Air Defence Operations Centre (ADOC), while ROC headquarters at RAF Bentley Priory would host the backup Standby ADOC. The ADOCs were in charge of the overall command of the defence response and the maintenance of the recognized air picture, which would be fed data on civilian flights and jammer activity from

4743-496: The ground and land-based US ICBMs to be launched, to reduce the chances that a preemptive strike could destroy US strategic nuclear forces. The shortest ( great circle ) route for a Soviet ICBM attack on North America is across the North Pole , so the BMEWS facilities were built in the Arctic at Clear Air Force Station in central Alaska , and Site J near Thule Air Force Base , Thule, Greenland . When it became clear in

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4836-554: The input/output from the network, one for processing radar data into tracks, one for processing jammer tracking, and the last for "general housekeeping" and as a warm-failover if any of the others failed. Data from the systems was sent to the Marconi consoles, which were based around a 22 inches (560 mm) round four-colour display with two smaller monochrome text displays, "totes", one on either side. Each station also had four wall-sized four-colour displays, used primarily for presenting

4929-507: The interception task was now moved to a single building, it had to grow much larger. Eventually nine major contractors were working on the system, adding coordination problems. While the Linesman installation dragged on, the strategic situation was once again changing. Previously, NATO assumed a tripwire force concept where conventional forces were not expected to actually stop Warsaw Pact forces. Instead, any attack on these forces would be responded to with tactical nuclear weapons against

5022-403: The low-level problem, examining solutions in the form of over-the-horizon radars , radars on oil platforms , and distributed systems run by the Royal Observer Corps . They ultimately concluded that the only practical solution was airborne early warning . The final report, referring to the existing system as UKADGE, was published in August 1972. This suggested that there should be no changes to

5115-403: The network by radio links, and distributed over various telecommunications systems. On 18 December 1972, the Air Force Board accepted the reports and decided "that Phase 1 of the LINESMAN project should be completed but that, after commissioning, the L1 building should be operated and manned on only a limited basis ... Emphasis was to be placed on keeping expenditure to a minimum and high priority

5208-400: The new JTIDS communication system. The Sentry had onboard computer equipment which did track identification, forwarding only the processed tracks, not the individual "blips" on the radar screens. Under Project Cheek, formalized as Air Staff Requirement 894, a Thorn-EMI system would receive data from either aircraft and display it on a separate console. The operator would then copy data from

5301-484: The prevailing notion that any attack on the UK would be nuclear, the paper suggested that future attacks would likely be made by ballistic missiles. As there was no defence against these weapons, the only possible way to stop them would be to deter them. This meant the V bomber force had to be able to launch with extreme rapidity. At the time, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had been planning a new nationwide anti-bomber radar network known as Plan Ahead. This was, conceptually,

5394-492: The problem was identified as the system using three different programming languages , CORAL , FORTRAN and RTL/2 , which led to a study into the feasibility of replacing all of these with the newly introduced Ada . This study concluded it would be extremely expensive and could only be contemplated as part of a mid-1990s mid-life upgrade. One of the key aspects of the system was the incorporation of data from airborne early warning aircraft. After considering several alternatives,

5487-444: The radar data would be compared to known civilian flight plans , targets separated out, and directions sent to the interceptor aircraft . It was felt this could only be accomplished at centralised stations that had all of the data on both military and civilian aircraft. As part of ongoing discussions, brought to a head with the release of the White Paper, Plan Ahead was put in doubt. There was no purpose in defending against bombers if

5580-661: The radar stations were: In addition to the radar stations, several other stations were included: UKADGE was linked to a number of similar networks as well. These included: A total of twelve ground radars were purchased as part of the network. These included four Martello S723s, known as AMES Type 91 in the RAF's radar numbering scheme, two GE592 as Type 92, and six AR320 as Type 93. The GE592s were used at Boulmer and Benbecula. Linesman Lineman or linesman may refer to: In personal roles : In other uses : BMEWS The RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System ( BMEWS , 474L System , Project 474L )

5673-410: The radar systems were complete by 1968, the computerized systems used to collate the information from them was repeatedly delayed. Much of the blame was laid on Plessey , whose previous experience in telephone switching left them unprepared for the level of programming support needed. Eventually, programmers from the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment had to be sent to help. Meanwhile, because all of

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5766-433: The range to operate from Europe and approach the UK at low altitude, where they could not be seen by the Linesman radars, allowing them to be easily attacked. By 1971 the Linesman software was still nowhere near completion and there were murmurs that the project might be cancelled outright. In 1972, Labour MP Leslie Huckfield described the system as "one of the biggest confidence tricks ever perpetrated in Britain". Further,

5859-432: The recognized air picture and the status of available defences. After some time, the data and voice system was spun off to its own project, Uniter, which moved to GEC . Uniter was an early implementation of a nationwide packet switching system based on the concepts recently introduced by the NPL network in the early 1970s. GEC had produced a commercial implementation for British Telecom known as "System X" and proposed

5952-466: The resulting signal to L1 using wideband microwave relays . Operators at L1 would then see the radar signals as they were at the stations, and use them to extract "tracks" of interest. Strike Command noted that if the track extraction was being carried out at the radar stations, the resulting information, essentially an ID number, location and direction, could easily be sent in digital format over conventional telephone lines or narrow-band microwave links, as

6045-450: The same basic concept for Uniter. In addition to the land links, the SOCs and CRCs also had microwave links into the British Army 's Boxer network . In addition to the network itself, numerous additional Requirements followed for other parts of the system. ASR.894 described the network interface that would connect ICCS the UK's Link 11 being used by the Nimrod AEW3 aircraft. ASR.1585 called for transportable L-band radars, while ASR.1586

6138-414: The same month, the 1st Aero began using Ent's Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS) operation center in building P4's annex (Cheyenne Mtn's Space Defense Center became fully operational in 1967.) The BRCS undersea cable was cut "presumably by fishing trawlers" in September, October, and November 1961 (the BMEWS teletype and backup SSB substituted); and in December 1961, Capt. Joseph P. Kaufman

6231-416: The selection for months, before it was ultimately won by the AR-320 based on hopes for additional export sales to NATO. The Martello systems had a relatively easy development and all four were delivered in 1986. The AR-320s were new, and the six systems were not delivered until 1988/89. By this time, the Nimrod AEW3 was running into significant problems. While the first example was delivered in March 1982, and

6324-415: The status of the various defensive systems. The Air Defence Commander would then send commands back to the control centres, who would carry out the interceptions. They further suggested abandoning the entire transmission system built for Linesman. This worked by capturing the entire "video" signal being sent to a cathode ray tube display, using it to frequency modulate a microwave signal, and then sending

6417-494: The system would never work as the computers were too overloaded and that the interception task should be moved to the radar sites. Non-essential systems, like digital communications with the fighters, should be abandoned. In September 1971, Air Commander John Nicholls published a report on Linesman outlining its many problems, notably the lack of coverage in the north and south, and its inability to deal with low-flying targets. The same month, Air commodore John Ellacombe published

6510-400: The system. Donald Spiers , the MoD's controller of aircraft, called for an internal audit of the programme. In June 1989, the MoD formed a new project known as TRIAD, short for Techniques for Realizing an Integrated Air Defence, in an effort to get the system up and running as quickly as possible. Plessey, Ferranti and Thorn-EMI all won contracts to study the idea of connecting new processors to

6603-438: The systems had been designed for the civilian traffic levels of the 1950s and was now "less than half" what was required, leaving them overwhelmed. One programmer suggested that the system might work properly for about 10 minutes a week. Starting in 1969, as the full scope of the Linesman disaster became clear, various groups in the RAF called for a major reorganization of the system. The Moulton Report of December 1969 stated that

6696-514: The systems used in the ICCS, notably the VAX computers, were no longer available. These machines, which filled small rooms, had been replaced by ever-smaller systems, and eventually by emulators running on desktop platforms. The networking systems of ICCS, which initially required entire computers of their own, could now be implemented in small boxes, while the underlying network system was being outperformed by commercial networks that could be purchased over

6789-470: The time between when a Soviet missile would rise above the horizon and be detected and when it would reach its target in the US was only 10 to 25 minutes. BMEWS consisted of two types of radars and various computer and reporting systems to support them. The first type of radar consisted of very large, fixed rectangular partial-parabolic reflectors with two primary feed points. They produced two fan-shaped microwave beams that allowed them to detect targets across

6882-474: The time the attack landed. What was really needed was a new radar dedicated to detecting a missile launch. After rapidly completed negotiations, the United States agreed to move one of their new BMEWS radars to the UK, initially to Scotland, but later to Yorkshire at RAF Fylingdales where it could be better protected. This led to a new concept for Plan Ahead that removed most air defences, and shrunk

6975-496: Was "withdrawn from SPADATS and realigned to provide missile surveillance over Cuba." 1962 "strikes and walkouts" delayed Fylingdales' planned completion from March until September 1963 and on November 7, the Pentagon BMEWS display subsytem installation was complete. At the end of 1962, NORAD was "concerned over BMEWS' virtual inability to detect objects beyond a range of 1500 nautical miles." The Moorestown FPS-49 completed

7068-474: Was a United States Air Force Cold War early warning radar , computer, and communications system, for ballistic missile detection. The network of twelve radars, which was constructed beginning in 1958 and became operational in 1961, was built to detect a mass ballistic missile attack launched on northern approaches [for] 15 to 25 minutes' warning time also provided Project Space Track satellite data (e.g., about one-quarter of SPADATS observations). It

7161-418: Was a similar bid led by Thomson-CSF which included International Computers Limited . The formal signing took place in 1981. Development overall was directed by Hughes, who selected the recently introduced VAX-11/780 minicomputer as the basis of the system. Marconi was to supply the display consoles and the voice communications systems. Plessey was to deliver a processor for the consoles which would handle

7254-495: Was a similar requirement for S-band systems. As had been the case in Linesman, widely separated bands would be used in order to make the jamming task more difficult. At the time, the system was to be delivered in five years, in September 1986, at an estimated price of US$ 240 million. The L-band radar component was quickly awarded to the Marconi Martello system, a recently introduced design of some sophistication, while

7347-420: Was adamantly opposed to this change, stating that control over the interceptor force should take place at the radar stations so the failure of the centralized centre would not render the system useless at a stroke. The Treasury was unwilling to release any funds for the equipment needed to plot at the radars. Linesman quickly ran into problems and it was clear by 1964 that it would not be completed on time. Whilst

7440-422: Was assumed a war would have a protracted conventional stage, perhaps never going nuclear. In this environment, the highly exposed Linesman system was a target for attack by conventional weapons. UKADGE was intended to be highly survivable in this sort of war. It replaced Linesman's fixed communication links with a packet switching network sending data to multiple command centres around the country. Radar sites had

7533-534: Was being done in NADGE. Finally, they called for the replacement of the huge and costly radars like the AMES Type 85 with a greater number of simpler and cheaper systems. In January 1972, before Linesman was even operational, the ADGE System Study Group was organized to replace it. Their first report was delivered on 1 May 1972, and was largely a list of the problems in Linesman; low-level coverage

7626-603: Was built and provided data to a 1958 for trajectory estimates, e.g., Cape Canaveral missiles, and an adjunct high-power UHF test facility employed the Millstone transmitter to stress-test the components that were candidates for the operational BMEWS. (A twin of the Millstone Hill radar was dedicated at Saskatchewan 's Prince Albert Radar Laboratory on June 6, 1959.) A prototype AN/FPS-43 BMEWS radar completed at Trinidad in 1958 went operational on February 4, 1959,

7719-544: Was charged "with giving [BMEWS] defense data to ... East German Communists." The 71st Surveillance Wing, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System , was activated on December 6, 1961, at Ent AFB (renamed 71st Missile Warning Wing on January 1, 1967, at McGuire AFB July 21, 1969 – April 30, 1971). Syracuse's BMEWS Test Facility at GE's High-Power Radar Laboratory became the responsibility of Rome Air Development Center on April 11, 1962 (Syracuse's Eagle Hill Test Annex closed in 1970) and on July 31, 1962, NORAD recommended

7812-480: Was completed by the US in proximity to the ballistic missile launch test site at Kapustin Yar in the Soviet Union for tracking Soviet rockets and to demonstrate the feasibility of advanced Doppler processing, high-power system components, and computerized tracking needed for BMEWS [ sic ]. The first missile tracked was on June 15, and the radar's parabolic reflector was replaced in 1958, and its range

7905-624: Was completed on September 30, and the initial operational radar transmission was in October 1960 (initially duplex vacuum tube IBM 709s occupied two floors). On October 5, 1960, when Khrushchev was in New York, radar returns during moonrise at Thule produced a false alarm . On January 20, 1961, CINCNORAD approved two-second FPS-50 frequency hoping to eliminate reception of echoes beyond artificial satellite orbits. On November 24, 1961, an AT&T operator failure at their Black Forest microwave station northeast of Colorado Springs caused

7998-502: Was estimated to be running by 1998 and the entire system by 2003. This programme also ran into significant delays, this time mostly due to a lack of interest as Russian activity remained low. It eventually emerged as the Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS). The main portion of the UKADGE network consisted of a group of transportable radar systems and a computer network to transmit data between them. From north to south,

8091-419: Was extended from 1000 to 2000 nautical miles after the 1957 Gaither Commission identified that because of expected Soviet ICBM development, there would be little likelihood of SAC's bombers surviving since there was no way to detect an incoming attack until the first warhead landed. BMEWS' General Operational Requirement 156 was issued on November 7, 1957 (BMEWS was designed to go with the active portion of

8184-537: Was issued for bids. ASR.888 defined the Improved Command and Control System, or ICCS, the network and computer systems that would connect together the various radar sites and control centres. It also defined the consoles that would be used to display that data. Two major bids were received, and in September 1980 the contract was won by the newly formed UKADGE Systems Limited, a consortium of Hughes Aircraft , Marconi and Plessey. The only significant competition

8277-481: Was largely nonexistent, high-level coverage was limited in the north and south, L1 was highly vulnerable, and the data L1 collected was not available at Air Defence headquarters at RAF High Wycombe , only at L1 itself. The report also contained a longer consideration of the methods of sending track data around the system. They felt that advances in technology were making automatic track extraction possible and would significantly reduce total manpower. They also considered

8370-410: Was later sold. Extensive remedial changes to the software of the ICCS continued and a major update was officially delivered in September 1992. The other SOCs and CRCs followed, and the entire system was declared fully operational on 1 June 1993, "a mere six years behind schedule". The MoD credited the final competition of the system to Price, who went on to become the president of Hughes Canada, building

8463-496: Was not declared operational until 1 June 1993, six years late, by which time the ending of the Cold War had led to a loss in interest in the programme. Even at that date, the system was missing a number of components and required considerable remedial work. By the 2000s, the system was increasingly difficult to maintain as many of the equipment vendors had since gone out of business or abandoned their product lines. In 2001, IBM won

8556-522: Was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System in 2001. The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was a radar system built by the United States (with the cooperation of Canada and Denmark on whose territory some of the radars were sited) during the Cold War to give early warning of a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) nuclear strike , to allow time for US bombers to get off

8649-482: Was to be given to the development of an alternative - less vulnerable - air defence system." Linesman was effectively being killed off. Several more commissioning dates came and went, until it was finally declared operational, in a limited form, on 21 March 1974. With the acceptance of the need for a new system, in 1972 Strike Command formed the Air Defence Environment Team, or ADET, to define

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