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131-719: She was sold by the government in 1862 and sailed along the West Coast for a number of private companies until June 5, 1870. In a dense fog she hit a rock near the shore in Humboldt County , California and had to beach to prevent sinking in deep water. Her passengers and crew were saved, but the ship was lost. The ship was built at the Westervelt & MacKay shipyard in New York and launched in September 1849. She

262-748: A low-powered station operated as part of a duopoly with KIEM, sharing the same studios. Fox affiliate KBVU , a semi-satellite of KCVU , is based in Chico and ABC affiliate KAEF , a semi-satellite of KRCR-TV , is based in Redding. In previous decades all major networks had production capacity in Eureka. Community broadband networks and public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channels provide air time for local voices on Access Humboldt . Cable TV channels are carried by Suddenlink Communications and local programs are provided online through

393-529: A rigged election . In 1941, during the Second World War , Nicaragua declared war on Japan (8 December), Germany (11 December), Italy (11 December), Bulgaria (19 December), Hungary (19 December) and Romania (19 December). Only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day (19 December 1941). No soldiers were sent to the war, but Somoza García confiscated properties held by German Nicaraguan residents. In 1945, Nicaragua

524-855: A branch of Nahuas who spoke the Nawat dialect and also came from Chiapas, around 1200 CE. Prior to that, the Nicaraos had been associated with the Toltec civilization. Both Chorotegas and Nicaraos originated in Mexico's Cholula valley, and migrated south. A third group, the Subtiabas , were an Oto-Manguean people who migrated from the Mexican state of Guerrero around 1200 CE. Additionally, there were trade-related colonies in Nicaragua set up by

655-614: A country later known as the Federal Republic of Central America. Nicaragua definitively became an independent republic in 1838. The early years of independence were characterized by rivalry between the Liberal elite of León and the Conservative elite of Granada, which often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. Managua rose to undisputed preeminence as the nation's capital in 1852 to allay

786-424: A decree increasing taxes and reducing benefits in the country's pension system. Local independent press organizations had documented at least 19 dead and over 100 missing in the ensuing conflict. A reporter from NPR spoke to protestors who explained that while the initial issue was the pension reforms, the uprisings that spread across the country reflected many grievances about the government's time in office, and that

917-625: A farcical election in 1856; his presidency lasted less than a year. Military forces from Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua itself united to drive Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857, bringing three decades of Conservative rule. Great Britain, which had claimed the Mosquito Coast as a protectorate since 1655, delegated the area to Honduras in 1859 before transferring it to Nicaragua in 1860. The Mosquito Coast remained an autonomous area until 1894. José Santos Zelaya , President of Nicaragua from 1893 to 1909, negotiated

1048-617: A fear of armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza García ordered his assassination. Sacasa invited Sandino for dinner and to sign a peace treaty at the Presidential House on the night of February 21, 1934. After leaving the Presidential House, Sandino's car was stopped by National Guard soldiers and they kidnapped him. Later that night, Sandino was assassinated by National Guard soldiers. Later, hundreds of men, women, and children from Sandino's agricultural colony were murdered. Nicaragua has experienced several military dictatorships,

1179-495: A few families or groups of influential firms which reaped most of the benefits of the country's growth from the 1950s to the 1970s. When Somoza was deposed by the Sandinistas in 1979, the family's worth was estimated to be between $ 500 million and $ 1.5 billion. In 1961, Carlos Fonseca looked back to the historical figure of Sandino, and along with two other people, one of whom was believed to be Casimiro Sotelo, who

1310-463: A file of the images with a digital signature, so candidates and the public can recount to find if the official totals are correct. They also release software to let the public tally the images electronically. The first time they did this they found the official software omitted 200 ballots. From 1920 to 1984, the county was a noted bellwether area, voting for the national winner of every Presidential election. Since 1988, Humboldt has swung heavily to

1441-454: A heart attack. His successor as president was René Schick Gutiérrez , whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas". Somoza García's youngest son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle , often referred to simply as "Somoza", became president in 1967. An earthquake in 1972 destroyed nearly 90% of Managua, including much of its infrastructure. Instead of helping to rebuild

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1572-573: A large migration of the Bay Area counter-culture to the region. Many came looking to purchase cheap land, and ended up growing marijuana to pay for their land. Especially around Garberville and Redway, the rural culture and hippie scene eventually collaborated to create a rural hippie community in which marijuana became the center of the economy and the culture. Many people prospered by producing marijuana for California and other states because of its reputation for quality. A Redway radio station, KMUD, in

1703-412: A population of 134,623. The racial makeup of Humboldt County was 109,920 (81.7%) White , 1,505 (1.1%) African American , 7,726 (5.7%) Native American , 2,944 (2.2%) Asian , 352 (0.3%) Pacific Islander , 5,003 (3.7%) from other races , and 7,173 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13,211 persons (9.8%). As of the 2000 census , the population of Humboldt County

1834-588: A population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America after Guatemala and Honduras . Nicaragua is bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean and shares maritime borders with El Salvador to the west and Colombia to the east. The country's largest city and national capital

1965-550: A railroad across the isthmus of Tehuantepec . This American business was controversial in Mexico in the wake of the Mexican-American War . Gold Hunter sailed from San Francisco on March 22, 1851 and arrived at Ventosa Bay on April 6, 1851. She landed her 65 passengers and they began their overland travel to the Atlantic coast by mule. They were ordered back to Ventosa Bay by Mexican authorities and Gold Hunter

2096-744: A scientific party of the United States Coast Survey to the Chilkat River in the Summer of 1869 to observe a total eclipse of the sun. On this trip Active also carried William H. Seward to Sitka , for his first and only visit to Alaska , which he had been instrumental in acquiring for the United States. On June 4, 1870. Active left San Francisco on her normal route to Victoria. By the morning of June 5, she found herself in dense fog somewhere off Humboldt County. She

2227-407: A year, depending upon elevation. Inland areas of the county also experience wet, cool winters. Snowfall is common at elevations over 3,000 ft (910 m) throughout the winter months, and is deep enough at higher elevations to have inspired the opening of a small ski lift operation (now defunct) on Horse Mountain, near Willow Creek , for several decades in the late 20th century. Summer displays

2358-430: Is Managua , the fourth-largest city in Central America , with a population of 1,055,247 as of 2020. Nicaragua is known as "the breadbasket of Central America" due to having the most fertile soil and arable land in all of Central America. Nicaragua's multiethnic population includes people of mestizo, indigenous, European, and African heritage. The country's most spoken language is Spanish , though indigenous tribes on

2489-546: Is a county located in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2020 census , the population was 136,463. The county seat is Eureka . Humboldt County comprises the Eureka– Arcata – Fortuna , California, Micropolitan Statistical Area . It is located on the far North Coast of California, about 270 miles (435 km) north of San Francisco . It has among the most diverse climates of United States counties, with very mild coastal summers and hot interior days. Similar to

2620-410: Is a combination of the words "Nican" (here), and " Ānāhuac ", which in turn is a combination of the words "atl" (water) and "nahuac", a locative meaning "surrounded". Therefore the literal translation of Nicanahuac is "here surrounded by water", fitting the theory that the etymology references the large bodies of water in and around the country, the Pacific Ocean , lakes Nicaragua and Xolotlan , and

2751-548: Is a densely forested mountainous and rural county with about 110 miles (177 km) of coastline (more than any other county in the state), situated along the Pacific coast in Northern California 's rugged Coast (Mountain) Ranges . With nearly 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km ) of combined public and private forest in production, Humboldt County alone produces twenty percent of the total volume and thirty percent of

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2882-686: Is built on top of an accretionary wedge . This was formed by the subduction of the Gorda plate under the North American plate. The coastal zone of the county experiences very wet, cool winters and dry, mild foggy summers. In the winter, temperatures range from highs of 40–59 °F (4–15 °C) to lows of 32–49 °F (0–9 °C). Coastal summers are cool to mild, with average highs of 60–69 °F (16–21 °C) and frequent fogs. Coastal summer temperatures range from highs of 64–70 °F (18–21 °C) to lows of 46–55 °F (8–13 °C). In

3013-497: Is in California's 2nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Jared Huffman . In the state legislature , Humboldt is part of the 2nd Senate District , represented by Democrat Mike McGuire , and the 2nd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jim Wood . Election audits in the county since 2008 have used a distinctive system which has spread elsewhere . They scan all ballots and release

3144-583: Is located on the coast at the midpoint of the county. Humboldt County contains a diversity of plant and animal species, with significant forest and coastal habitats. In coastal areas there are extensive redwood forests. A prominent understory shrub is the toyon , whose northern range limit is in Humboldt County. Humboldt County's major rivers include (in order of flow – cubic meters per second – from largest to smallest): The smaller rivers include Redwood Creek, significant due to amount of its flow;

3275-408: The 1990 Nicaraguan general election , a coalition of anti-Sandinista parties from both the left and right of the political spectrum led by Violeta Chamorro , the widow of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, defeated the Sandinistas. The defeat shocked the Sandinistas, who had expected to win. Exit polls of Nicaraguans reported Chamorro's victory over Ortega was achieved with a 55% majority. Chamorro

3406-576: The CIA to help the Contra rebels with funding, weapons, and training. The Contras operated from camps in the neighboring countries of Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror among rural Nicaraguans to disrupt the social reform projects of the Sandinistas. Several historians have criticized the Contra campaign and the Reagan administration's support for

3537-520: The Carter administration provided $ 60 million in aid to Nicaragua under the Sandinistas, but the aid was suspended when the administration obtained evidence of Nicaraguan shipment of arms to El Salvadoran rebels. Most people sided with Nicaragua against the Sandinistas. In response to the Sandinistas, various rebel groups collectively known as the " Contras " were formed to oppose the new government. The Reagan administration ultimately authorized

3668-526: The Democratic Party at the Presidential and congressional levels, and is now one of the most Democratic areas in the state outside the Bay Area and Southern California. The last Republican presidential candidate to win a majority in the county was Ronald Reagan , a Californian, in 1984 . In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Humboldt also had a substantial number of people affiliated with

3799-529: The Eel River . As part of the Emerald Triangle , Humboldt County is known for its cultivation of cannabis , estimated to be worth billions of dollars. Proposition 215 allows patients and caregivers who are given a doctor's recommendation to legally (State level only) grow up to 99 plants in Humboldt County. However, in the years before Prop 215 (early 1970s – late 1980s), Humboldt County saw

3930-582: The Green Party , but that number has declined in recent years; however, the Green Party has had its best performance by presidential and gubernatorial candidates of any county in the United States in Humboldt County, with Jill Stein gaining her largest county-level number of votes in Humboldt in 2016. In 2018, Humboldt County was featured in the Netflix documentary Murder Mountain which highlighted

4061-798: The Intermediate Area , between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions, and within the influence of the Isthmo-Colombian Area . Nicaragua's central region and its Caribbean coast were inhabited by Macro-Chibchan language ethnic groups such as the Miskito , Rama , Mayangna , and Matagalpas . They had coalesced in Central America and migrated both to and from present-day northern Colombia and nearby areas. Their food came primarily from hunting and gathering, but also fishing and slash-and-burn agriculture. At

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4192-593: The International Court of Justice as illegal. The court also found that the U.S. encouraged acts contrary to humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare and disseminating it to the Contras. The manual, among other things, advised on how to rationalize killings of civilians. The U.S. also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and

4323-649: The Isis Scrolls , and The Lumberjack . The Arcata Eye and the McKinleyville Press merged in August 2013 to form the Mad River Union . Humboldt County's locally produced television stations, NBC station KIEM and PBS station KEET , are based in Eureka. KIEM produces the only local TV newscast and KEET is the only PBS station in the region. Since 2017, CBS affiliate KVIQ has been

4454-658: The Momotombo volcano erupted, destroying the city of León. The city was rebuilt northwest of the original, which is now known as the ruins of León Viejo . During the American Revolutionary War , Central America was subject to conflict between Britain and Spain. British navy admiral Horatio Nelson led expeditions in the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa in 1779 and on the San Juan River in 1780 ,

4585-613: The Monterey Peninsula . In 1857 the ship carried the U.S. survey corps which established the boundary between Washington Territory and the British possessions which later became Canada . In 1858 she surveyed Grays Harbor and Shoalwater Bay in Washington Territory. A new chart of San Pedro Harbor was produced in 1859 and Active surveyed Humboldt Bay . As one of the few government ships stationed on

4716-600: The Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English . Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Mosquito Coast followed a different historical path, being colonized by the English in the 17th century and later coming under British rule. It became an autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860 and its northernmost part

4847-498: The National Assembly passed a bill further restricting abortion in Nicaragua . As a result, Nicaragua is one of five countries in the world where abortion is illegal with no exceptions. Legislative and presidential elections took place on November 5, 2006. Ortega returned to the presidency with 37.99% of the vote. This percentage was enough to win the presidency outright, because of a change in electoral law which lowered

4978-624: The Pacific Mail Steamship Company's Golden Gate caught fire and sank on July 27, 1862 with $ 1.4 million of gold and silver coin aboard. A salvage party chartered Active and sailed her to the wreck site off Manzanillo, Mexico on August 10, 1862. The salvage attempt was unsuccessful and she arrived back to San Francisco on October 29, 1862. In December 1862, newspapers published reports that Active and two other steamers had been acquired by Mexico for coastal patrol. France's intervention in Mexico lent credibility to

5109-623: The Town of Trinidad , and Trinidad Head . On February 5 and 6, 1885, Eureka's entire Chinese population of 300 men and 20 women were expelled after a gunfight between rival Chinese gangs (tongs) resulted in the wounding of a 12-year-old boy and the death of 56-year-old David Kendall, a Eureka City Councilman. After the shooting, an angry mob of 600 Eureka residents met and informed the Chinese that they were no longer wanted in Eureka and would be hanged if they were to stay in town longer than 3 p.m.

5240-799: The Van Duzen ; the Eel River syncline group composed of the South Fork , the North Fork , and the Salt River ; the Mattole , Salmon, Elk, Bear, and Little rivers. Historically, Humboldt County and the entire far north coast of California have had many earthquakes over 6.0 magnitude. The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes were a series of three major earthquakes that occurred off the coast of Cape Mendocino, California on April 25 and 26, 1992,

5371-509: The rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica 's designation as a biodiversity hotspot . Nicaragua has made efforts to become less dependent on fossil fuels, and it expects to acquire 90% of its energy from renewable resources by 2020. Nicaragua

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5502-534: The ruins of León Viejo . The clashes among Spanish forces did not impede their destruction of the indigenous people and their culture. The series of battles came to be known as the "War of the Captains". Pedro Arias Dávila was a winner; although he lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and established his base in León. In 1527, León became the capital of the colony. Through diplomacy, Arias Dávila became

5633-868: The "land of lakes and volcanoes", Nicaragua is also home to the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve , the second-largest rainforest of the Americas. The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination . Nicaragua co-founded the United Nations and is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement , Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America , and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States . It

5764-725: The 2001 elections , the PLC again defeated the FSLN, with Alemán's Vice President Enrique Bolaños succeeding him as president. However, Alemán was convicted and sentenced in 2003 to 20 years in prison for embezzlement , money laundering , and corruption; liberal and Sandinista parliament members combined to strip the presidential powers of President Bolaños and his ministers, calling for his resignation and threatening impeachment . The Sandinistas said they no longer supported Bolaños after U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell told Bolaños to distance from

5895-837: The Algic Wiyot , Yurok ; the Hokan Karuk ; and the Athapaskan Hupa , Chilula , Whilkut , Tsnungwe as well as the Eel River Athapaskan peoples , including the Wailaki , Mattole and Nongatl . Spanish traders made unintended visits to California with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565. The first recorded entry by people of European origin

6026-461: The American Camp on San Juan Island. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, California's sympathies were largely with the Union , but Confederate interests were also present. Active was one of very few government vessels on the west coast, and in view of the emergency was transferred to U.S. Navy control in July 1861. One of her first jobs for the Navy was to reinforce Union control of Southern California by transporting Companies D and K of

6157-474: The Aztecs starting in the 14th century. In 1502, on his fourth voyage, Christopher Columbus became the first European known to have reached what is now Nicaragua as he sailed southeast toward the Isthmus of Panama . Columbus explored the Mosquito Coast on the Atlantic side of Nicaragua but did not encounter any indigenous people. 20 years later, the Spaniards returned to Nicaragua, this time to its southwestern part. The first attempt to conquer Nicaragua

6288-446: The Community Media Archive. The Digital Redwoods initiative of Access Humboldt is developing local networks to meet comprehensive community needs, including public, education and government purposes. Nicaragua This is an accepted version of this page Nicaragua , officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is the geographically largest country in Central America , comprising 130,370 km (50,340 sq mi). With

6419-430: The Contras , citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras, alleging that health centers, schools, and cooperatives were destroyed by rebels, and that murder, rape, and torture occurred on a large scale in Contra-dominated areas. The U.S. also carried out a campaign of economic sabotage, and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's port of Corinto , an action condemned by

6550-426: The DEA. Yearly CAMP reports, published by the California Department of Justice, Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement (BNE) are available online through Cal Poly Humboldt's Special Collections. Starting in 1983, the annual reports detail the organizational structure and names of individual participants, a summary of the season's activities, tactics, and mention of special successes, trends and hazards. County officials and

6681-440: The FSLN. This "slow motion coup d'état " was averted partially by pressure from the Central American presidents, who vowed not to recognize any movement that removed Bolaños; the U.S., the OAS, and the European Union also opposed the action. Nicaragua briefly participated in the Iraq War in 2004 as part of the Plus Ultra Brigade , a military contingent of mixed personnel. Before the general elections on November 5, 2006 ,

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6812-525: The Farallon Islands where their ship, Lucas , had gone aground in a thick fog. The ship was also used to support U.S. military operations against Native American tribes in conflicts in the Pacific Northwest. In December 1855 she sailed to Oregon to support Major General John E. Wool in what became known as the Rogue River Wars . She carried arms and ammunition from San Francisco to the U.S. forces in Oregon. In February 1856 Active carried two companies of infantry to Seattle to support white settlers in

6943-406: The Northern California Sinsemilla Strike Force in 1979, but the name CAMP became used after its official establishment in 1983. While the influence of CAMP in Humboldt County has waned with decriminalization of marijuana, there is a renewed interest at the state level regarding valid growing permits and environmental concerns. As a result, CAMP is today still used as a policing body, in accordance with

7074-526: The Pacific lowlands – fertile valleys which the Spanish colonists settled, the Amerrisque Mountains (North-central highlands), and the Mosquito Coast (Atlantic lowlands/ Caribbean lowlands ). The low plains of the Atlantic Coast are 97 km (60 mi) wide in areas. They have long been exploited for their natural resources. On the Pacific side of Nicaragua are the two largest freshwater lakes in Central America— Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua . Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along

7205-408: The President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz , requested the secretary of war, General Luis Mena , to resign for fear he was leading an insurrection. Mena fled Managua with his brother, the chief of police of Managua, to start an insurrection. After Mena's troops captured steam boats of an American company, the U.S. delegation asked President Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during

7336-540: The Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo. The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 Miskitos in December 1981, and an execution of 75 people in November 1984. In the Nicaraguan general elections of 1984 , which were judged by at least one visiting 30-person delegation of NGO representatives to have been free and fair,

7467-491: The Sandinistas won the parliamentary election and their leader Daniel Ortega won the presidential election. The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a "sham" based on the claim that Arturo Cruz , the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense , comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear that his involvement would legitimize

7598-403: The U.S. Army's 4th Infantry to San Pedro in August 1861. On September 19, 1861 Active sailed from San Francisco for San Pedro with another company of infantry aboard. Active was purchased from the government for $ 30,000 by the San Francisco-based shipping and trading firm McRuer & Merrill in June 1862. While McRuer & Merrill had originally intended to use the ship to trade with China,

7729-438: The U.S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua in January 1933, Sandino and the newly elected administration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa reached an agreement that Sandino would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a land grant for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year. However, due to a growing hostility between Sandino and National Guard director Anastasio Somoza García and

7860-399: The United States. The Carter administration decided to work with the new government, while attaching a provision for aid forfeiture if it was found to be assisting insurgencies in neighboring countries. Somoza fled the country, and eventually ended up in Paraguay , where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party. In 1980,

7991-422: The age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under

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8122-462: The age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 31,226, and the median income for a family was $ 39,370. Males had a median income of $ 32,210 versus $ 23,942 for females. The per capita income for

8253-459: The bay, naming it Humboldt in honor of the great naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt , and the name was later applied to the county as a whole. The area around Humboldt Bay was once solely inhabited by the Wiyot Indian tribe. One of the largest Wiyot villages, Tolowot , was located on Indian Island in Humboldt Bay . Founded around 900 BC, it contains a shell midden 6 acres (2.4 ha) in size and 14 feet (4.3 m) deep. It

8384-411: The case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1986, found, "the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America". During the war between the Contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed. In

8515-408: The city, Somoza siphoned off relief money. The mishandling of relief money also prompted Pittsburgh Pirates star Roberto Clemente to personally fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, but he died en route in an airplane accident. Even the economic elite were reluctant to support Somoza, as he had acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding the nation. The Somoza family was among

8646-450: The coastal cities until the 1950s. According to the United States Census Bureau , Humboldt County encompasses 4,052 square miles (10,490 km ), of which 3,568 square miles (9,240 km ) is land and 484 square miles (1,250 km ) is water. Cape Mendocino is the westernmost point in California ( longitude 124 degrees, 24 minutes, 30 seconds). Humboldt Bay , the only deep water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, Oregon ,

8777-574: The colony's first governor. Without women in their parties, the Spanish conquerors took Nahua and Chorotega wives and partners, beginning the multiethnic mix of indigenous and European stock now known as " mestizo ", which constitutes the great majority of the population in western Nicaragua. Many indigenous people were killed by European infectious diseases , compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence. Many other indigenous peoples were captured and transported as slaves to Panama and Peru between 1526 and 1540. In 1610,

8908-404: The company's schedule and remained on the Sacramento River. McKim was refloated, and Gold Hunter began running between San Francisco and Acapulco in September, 1850. She made one round-trip per month stopping in Monterey , Santa Barbara , San Pedro , San Diego , San Blas , Mazatlan, and Acapulco. This venture does not appear to have been successful, as Simmons, Hutchinson & Co. sold

9039-400: The conflict that became known as the Puget Sound War . For most of the first quarter of 1856 Active patrolled Puget Sound , moving men and material for the Army and keeping watch on Native American movements. She returned to San Francisco in April, 1856 with General Wool and his staff aboard. The Northwest Boundary Survey, which Active supported in 1857, was successful in establishing

9170-412: The conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba founded two of Nicaragua's main cities: Granada on Lake Nicaragua , and then León , west of Lake Managua . Córdoba soon built defenses for the cities and fought against incursions by other conquistadors. Córdoba was later publicly beheaded for having defied his superior, Pedro Arias Dávila . Córdoba's tomb and remains were discovered in 2000 in

9301-451: The county was $ 17,203. About 12.9% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Humboldt County is known for its impressive redwood trees, and many acres of private redwood timberland make Humboldt the top timber producer in California. The lush river bottoms adjacent to the ocean produce rich, high-quality dairy products. Somewhat further inland,

9432-451: The county's marijuana industry, violent crime and missing person cases. As of 2022, Humboldt County ranked fourth out of California's 58 counties in missing adults per capita. (See table below) The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense. The List of schools in Humboldt County, California shows the many school districts, including charter and private schools, at

9563-506: The death toll were as high as 63, many of them student protesters, and the wounded totalled more than 400. Following a working visit from May 17 to 21, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights adopted precautionary measures aimed at protecting members of the student movement and their families after testimonies indicated the majority of them had suffered acts of violence and death threats for their participation. In

9694-657: The elections was initially prohibited, and as a result the validity of the elections has been disputed, but observation by the OAS was announced in October. Ortega was reported by Nicaraguan election officials as having received 72% of the vote. However, the Broad Front for Democracy (FAD), having promoted boycotts of the elections, claimed that 70% of voters had abstained (while election officials claimed 65.8% participation). In April 2018, demonstrations were held to oppose

9825-555: The elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the Contras. In 1983 the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras, but the Reagan administration illegally continued to back them by covertly selling arms to Iran and channeling the proceeds to the Contras in the Iran–Contra affair , for which several members of the Reagan administration were convicted of felonies. The International Court of Justice , in regard to

9956-608: The elementary and high school level. Post-secondary education is offered locally at the College of the Redwoods and California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt (Cal Poly Humboldt). Blue Lake's Dell'Arte International School of Physical Theatre offers accredited three-year Masters of Fine Arts degrees in Ensemble Based Physical Theatre. Humboldt County has the lowest starting teacher pay scale in

10087-518: The end of the 15th century, western Nicaragua was inhabited by several indigenous peoples related by culture to the Mesoamerican civilizations of the Aztec and Maya , and by language to the Mesoamerican language area . The Chorotegas were Mangue language ethnic groups who had arrived in Nicaragua from what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas sometime around 800 CE. The Nicarao people were

10218-577: The fact that there are two large lakes and several other bodies of water within the country. However, this etymology is considered to be outdated by most historians as in 2002 it was discovered that the real name of the cacique was Macuilmiquiztli and not Nicarao. It had also been discovered that the Nicaraos called their land Nicānāhuac, which most historians now believe is the true etymology of "Nicaragua". It means "here lies Anahuac" in Nahuatl and

10349-756: The fertile western valleys, González Dávila and his men were attacked and driven off by the Chorotega, led by chief Diriangén . The Spanish tried to convert the tribes to Christianity; Macuilmiquiztli's tribe was baptized, but Diriangén was openly hostile to the Spaniards. Western Nicaragua, at the Pacific Coast, became a port and shipbuilding facility for the Galleons plying the waters between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico. The first Spanish permanent settlements were founded in 1524. That year,

10480-551: The fight is for President Ortega and his vice president, his wife, to step down. April 24, 2018 marked the day of the greatest march in opposition of the Sandinista party. On May 2, 2018, university-student leaders made a public announcement giving the government seven days to set a date and time for a dialogue that was promised to the people due to the recent events of repression. The students also scheduled another peaceful protest march on that same day. As of May 2018, estimates of

10611-558: The firm of Simmons, Hutchinson & Co. Evidently, her owners were not satisfied with running Gold Hunter on the Sacramento River. On May 22, 1850, the company announced it would shift the ship to the San Francisco - Portland route at the end of the month. The next day, it announced that the ship would instead run from San Francisco to Mazatlan, Mexico beginning June 10, 1850. Neither plan happened. Gold Hunter

10742-615: The flooding, so Captain Lyons beached Active . The passengers, their baggage, the mail, and supplies for the stranded people were safely brought ashore about 22 miles south of Cape Mendocino . The captain dispatched the purser to Eureka , 80 miles away, to seek help. On foot and horseback, he reached the town at 3 P.M. on June, 6. Word of the wreck came just in time to reach the North Pacific Transportation Company's Pacific , which sailed immediately to

10873-475: The greater region, summers are extremely dry and winters have substantial rainfall. Its primary population centers of Eureka, the site of College of the Redwoods main campus, and the smaller college town of Arcata , site of California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt , are located adjacent to Humboldt Bay , California's second largest natural bay. Area cities and towns are known for hundreds of ornate examples of Victorian architecture . Humboldt County

11004-809: The industry have encountered challenges in the transition from an illegal, underground economy to legal recreational cannabis sales that began in California in 2018. As of 2023, the county has the largest cannabis farming industry in the Emerald Triangle. While the largest legal pot farm in the county was 8 acres (3.2 ha), a 2021 survey found the median pot farm sito be as 0.22 acres (0.09 ha). Humboldt County children are at greater risk of dangerously elevated blood lead levels than Flint, Michigan 's – and almost double that of any other California county measured. The cases are concentrated in Eureka's Old Town and downtown areas. Humboldt County

11135-538: The insurrection. He replied he could not, and asked the U.S. to intervene in the conflict. U.S. Marines occupied Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925. In 1914, the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed, giving the U.S. control over a proposed canal through Nicaragua, as well as leases for potential canal defenses. After the U.S. Marines left, another violent conflict between Liberals and Conservatives in 1926 resulted in

11266-552: The integration of the Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua. In his honor, the region became " Zelaya Department ". Throughout the late 19th-century, the United States and several European powers considered various schemes to link the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic by building a canal across Nicaragua . In 1909, the United States supported the forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over

11397-610: The land border between the United States and the British Columbia . The survey did not, however, finalize the status of the San Juan Islands. Both the British and American militaries maintained bases on San Juan Island, which both nations claimed. Tensions grew into a skirmish later known as the "Pig War". In 1859 Active was pressed into military service again during the tensions, delivering men and supplies to

11528-544: The largest being a 7.2. Ninety-five people were injured and property in the county sustained considerable damage. In 2010, a 6.5 magnitude earthquake struck offshore, 33 mi (53 km) west of Eureka , resulting in only minor injuries and some structural damage to houses and utilities, and no fatalities reported. In 2022, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake centered approximately 10 miles (16 km) from Ferndale caused damage, especially in Rio Dell. The town of Arcata

11659-546: The last week of May, thousands who accuse Mr. Ortega and his wife of acting like dictators joined in resuming anti-government rallies after attempted peace talks have remained unresolved. Open suppression of political dissent and more militarized policing began in April 2018, but the onset of repression was gradual. Nicaragua occupies a landmass of 130,967 km (50,567 sq mi), which makes it slightly larger than England. Nicaragua has three distinct geographical regions:

11790-605: The latter of which had temporary success before being abandoned due to disease. The Act of Independence of Central America dissolved the Captaincy General of Guatemala in September 1821, and Nicaragua soon became part of the First Mexican Empire . In July 1823, after the overthrow of the Mexican monarchy in March of the same year, Nicaragua joined the newly formed United Provinces of Central America ,

11921-625: The longest being the hereditary dictatorship of the Somoza family , who ruled for 43 nonconsecutive years during the 20th century. The Somoza family came to power in 1937 partly as a result of a U.S.-engineered pact in 1927 that stipulated the formation of the Guardia Nacional to replace the marines who had long reigned in the country. Somoza García slowly eliminated officers in the national guard who might have stood in his way, and then deposed Sacasa and became president on January 1, 1937, in

12052-508: The national newspaper La Prensa and ardent opponent of Somoza, was assassinated. It is alleged that the planners and perpetrators of the murder were at the highest echelons of the Somoza regime. The Sandinistas forcefully took power in July 1979, ousting Somoza, and prompting the exodus of the majority of Nicaragua's middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals, many of whom settled in

12183-533: The next day. They were put on two steamships and shipped to San Francisco . No one was killed in the expulsion. Another Chinese expulsion occurred during 1906 in a cannery on the Eel River , in which 23 Chinese cannery workers were expelled after objections to their presence. However, some Chinese remained in the Orleans area, where some white landowners sheltered and purchased food for the Chinese mineworkers until after racial tension passed. Chinese did not return to

12314-407: The party's host, former agriculture minister Jose Maria Castillo, until the Somoza government met their demands for a large ransom and free transport to Cuba . Somoza granted the demand, and then subsequently sent his national guard out into the countryside to look for the kidnappers, who were described by opponents as terrorists. On January 10, 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal , the editor of

12445-493: The past has issued warnings and alerts to the region with information on whereabouts of law enforcement on their way to raid marijuana gardens. The Campaign Against Marijuana Planting is the multi-agency law enforcement task force managed by the California Department of Justice, formed with the prime purpose of eradicating illegal cannabis production in California. The operations began in the late 1970s, named

12576-512: The percentage requiring a runoff election from 45% to 35% (with a 5% margin of victory). Nicaragua's 2011 general election resulted in the re-election of Ortega, with a landslide 62.46% of the vote. In 2014 the National Assembly approved changes to the constitution allowing Ortega to run for a third successive term. In November 2016, Ortega was elected for his third consecutive term (his fourth overall). International monitoring of

12707-585: The populated areas and cities near the coast, the highest temperatures tend to occur at locations just a few miles inland from Eureka and Arcata, in towns like Fortuna, Rio Dell, and smaller unincorporated communities located somewhat further away from Humboldt Bay. In these locations summer highs are 70–75 °F (21–24 °C). The coastal zone experiences a number of frosty nights in winter and early spring, though snowfall and hard freezes are rare. Coastal winters are cool and wet. Winter rainstorms are frequent, with averages from 30 to 100 inches (760 to 2,500 mm)

12838-441: The proposed Nicaragua Canal , Nicaragua's potential to destabilize the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 18, 1909, U.S. warships were sent to the area after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) were executed by order of Zelaya. The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. In August 1912,

12969-548: The return of U.S. Marines. From 1927 to 1933, rebel general Augusto César Sandino led a sustained guerrilla war against the regime and then against the U.S. Marines , whom he fought for over five years. When the Americans left in 1933, they set up the Guardia Nacional (national guard), a combined military and police force trained and equipped by the Americans and designed to be loyal to U.S. interests. After

13100-648: The rivalry between the two feuding cities. Following the start of the California Gold Rush in 1848, Nicaragua provided a route for travelers from the eastern United States to journey to California by sea, via the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. Invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, the American adventurer and filibuster William Walker set himself up as President of Nicaragua after conducting

13231-513: The rivers and lagoons. Additional theories about the country's name comes from any of the following Nahuatl words: nican-nahua , which means "here are the Nahuas"; and nic-atl-nahuac , the longer form of Nicanahuac meaning "here by the water" or "surrounded by water". Paleo-Indians first inhabited what is now known as Nicaragua as far back as 12,000 BCE. In later pre-Columbian times, Nicaragua's indigenous people were part of

13362-500: The route, the pricing equilibrium between the two main competitors more or less remained. In 1866, however, Patton built Idaho , and a full-scale rate war broke out. Profitability went out of the northern route. This caused the California Steam Navigation Company to sell its entire ocean-going fleet, including Active , to the California, Oregon, and Mexico Steamship Company in 1867. The Anchor Line

13493-555: The rumors, but McRuer & Merrill quickly denied them. The Fraser Canyon gold rush created immediate demand for shipping between San Francisco and British Columbia . The forty-niners who had rushed to California now rushed to the new gold fields to the north. Active was purchased by the California Steam Navigation Company to meet this demand. Beginning in October 1865, she was sailing between San Francisco, Portland , and Victoria . This route

13624-468: The sharpest difference between the coastal and inland climates. Inland regions of Humboldt County experience highs of 80–99 °F (27–37 °C) depending on the elevation and distance from the ocean. Occasional summer highs of 100 °F (38 °C) are common in eastern and southern parts of the county including Orleans, Hoopa, Willow Creek, Garberville, Honeydew, and inland river valleys. The 2010 United States Census reported that Humboldt County had

13755-567: The ship to Portland interests in January 1851. She ran between San Francisco and Portland completing two round-trips per month. This new routing was also short-lived. In March 1851, the ship changed hands again to run between San Francisco and Tehuantepec, Mexico. She sailed for the Tehuantepec Railroad Company which sought to establish a transcontinental link via steamers in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans connected by

13886-597: The ship was wrecked in a storm off the east coast of Patagonia in May, 1851. Rather than send another ship from the east coast to replace Jefferson , the Coast Survey purchased Gold Hunter in February 1852 and renamed her Active . Lieutenant James Alden, Jr. , was her first commanding officer in Coast Survey service. He remained her captain for most of the ship's time with the government. Active's primary mission

14017-428: The ship. Rising waters extinguished the boiler fires before she reached the shore and McKim settled to the bottom in about twelve feet of water. There were no injuries. Gold Hunter was not seriously damaged in the collision. She took McKim's 75 passengers and their baggage to San Francisco and then back to Sacramento. Since McKim was also operated by Simmons, Hutchinson & Co., Gold Hunter took her place in

14148-410: The survivors. They were embarked on Pacific and brought to Crescent City . Pacific then returned to the scene of the wreck to attempt to salvage some of the $ 100,000 worth of cargo aboard Active . She had little success; waves were breaking over the stranded ship as high as her smokestack. Humboldt County, California Humboldt County ( / ˈ h ʌ m b oʊ l t / )

14279-425: The total value of all forest products produced in California. The county contains over forty percent of all remaining old growth Coast Redwood forests, the vast majority of which are protected or strictly conserved within dozens of national, state, and local forests and parks, totaling approximately 680,000 acres (1,060 sq mi). The original inhabitants of the area now known as Humboldt County include

14410-479: The warmer valleys have historically produced abundant apples and other fruit. More recently vineyards have been planted in the Trinity, Klamath, Mattole and upper Eel river areas. Humboldt County is known for its family-operated dairy farms. The Humboldt Creamery , a significant producer of high-grade ice cream and other dairy products , operates from the original headquarters located at Fernbridge adjacent to

14541-488: The west coast, Active was frequently called upon to provide aid to mariners in distress. In 1853, for example, she was dispatched to the wrecks of Lewis , and Carrier Pigeon , and on false alarms to rescue John Stuart , and to a supposed wreck on the Farallon Islands . In 1854 she was sent to find the overdue Sea Bird and ended up towing the disabled ship to port. In November 1858, she rescued 147 people from

14672-441: The western terminus of Vanderbilt's route between the Atlantic and Pacific. This venture, too, was controversial within the host country and ultimately failed. As commerce on the west coast grew in the wake of the California gold rush , the United States needed basic aids to navigation, starting with charts. The Coast Survey dispatched the steamer USRC Jefferson from Philadelphia in March 1861 to meet this need. Unfortunately,

14803-755: The whole state of California. The Times-Standard is the only daily newspaper in the region; in continuous publication since 1854, and owned by Media News Group since 1996, They also print three weeklies: the Redwood Times , the Tri-City Weekly , and Northcoast 101 . Other local publications include The Independent , the North Coast Journal , the Ferndale Enterprise , the Two Rivers Tribune ,

14934-409: Was 126,518. As of that census, there were 51,238 households in Humboldt County, and the population density was 35 people per square mile (14 people/km ). By 2006, the population was projected to have increased to 131,361 by the California Department of Finance. There were 55,912 housing units at an average density of 16 units per square mile (6.2 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county

15065-633: Was 84.7% White , 0.9% Black or African American , 5.7% Native American , 1.7% Asian , 0.2% Pacific Islander , 2.5% from other races , and 4.4% from two or more races. In 2017, 11.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino according to the United States Census Bureau. 13.3% were of German , 10.7% Irish , 10.3% English , 7.4% American and 5.7% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000 . 92.1% spoke English and 4.6% spoke Spanish as their first language. There were 51,238 households, out of which 28.5% had children under

15196-745: Was a coal-fired sidewheel steamer , but also rigged as a two-masted sailing ship to take advantage of favorable winds. Like several other shipping entrepreneurs, Westervelt & MacKay sought to take advantage of the commercial opportunities afforded by the California gold rush by building a ship for service in the Bay Area . She was christened Gold Hunter . The ship sailed for San Francisco via Cape Horn in December 1849. After multiple stops, she arrived in San Francisco on April 29, 1850 with 150 passengers aboard. She immediately began freight and passenger service between San Francisco and Sacramento for

15327-728: Was a landing by the Spanish in 1775 in Trinidad . The first recorded entry of Humboldt Bay by non-natives was an 1806 visit from a sea otter hunting party from Sitka employed by the Russian American Company . The hunting party included Captain Jonathan Winship , an American , and some Aleut hunters. The bay was not visited again by people of European origin until 1849 when Josiah Gregg 's party visited. In 1850, Douglas Ottinger and Hans Buhne entered

15458-495: Was among the first countries to ratify the United Nations Charter. On September 29, 1956, Somoza García was shot to death by Rigoberto López Pérez , a 27-year-old Liberal Nicaraguan poet. Luis Somoza Debayle , the eldest son of the late president, was appointed president by the congress and officially took charge of the country. He is remembered by some as moderate, but after only a few years in power died of

15589-698: Was by the conquistador Gil González Dávila , who had arrived in Panama in January 1520. In 1522, González Dávila ventured to the area that later became the Rivas Department of Nicaragua. There he encountered an indigenous Nahua tribe led by chief Macuilmiquiztli, whose name has sometimes been erroneously referred to as " Nicarao " or "Nicaragua". The tribe's capital was Quauhcapolca. González Dávila conversed with Macuilmiquiztli thanks to two indigenous interpreters who had learned Spanish, whom he had brought along. After exploring and gathering gold in

15720-521: Was contested between the California Steam Navigation Company and the California, Oregon, and Mexico Steamship Company. Ben Holladay , a tough steamboat pioneer, ran this dominant company. The two companies appeared to have an understanding that prevented a rate war. This changed in 1865 when Jarvis Patton established the Anchor Line, and put his ship Montana on the San Francisco - Victoria line. He cut prices to gain customers, but with only one ship on

15851-405: Was east of her intended course and found herself among the rocks just offshore. She turned to port to head out to sea and struck a submerged rock. Initial examination of the hold did not show any damage, so the ship continued to head away from land. Flooding from a leak forward was discovered shortly thereafter and the ship began to settle by the bow. The ship's pumps were not able to keep up with

15982-401: Was folded in shortly thereafter. In March 1869 the California, Oregon, and Mexico Steamship Company was reincorporated under the laws of California as the North Pacific Transportation Company. Active continued to sail under the new company's name. Her trade was brisk: she arrived in San Francisco on July 2, 1869 with 336 passengers aboard. In an echo of her time as a survey ship, she carried

16113-597: Was formed in 1853 from parts of Trinity County . State historic landmarks in Humboldt County include Arcata and Mad River Railroad , California's First Drilled Oil Wells in Petrolia, Camp Curtis , Centerville Beach Cross , the city of Eureka , the Victorian town of Ferndale , Fort Humboldt , Humboldt Harbor Historical District , the Jacoby Building , The Old Arrow Tree , Old Indian Village of Tsurai ,

16244-448: Was headed down the Sacramento River at about 9 P.M. on June 11, 1850 when her pilot saw a light ahead. He thought the light was on an anchored ship, but in fact it was the steamer McKim headed up the river for Sacramento. McKim turned to starboard to avoid a collision, crossing Gold Hunter's bow. Gold Hunter hit her amidships, holing McKim below her waterline. Flooding was immediate and McKim's captain headed for shore to beach

16375-498: Was later assassinated, founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). After the 1972 earthquake and Somoza's apparent corruption, the ranks of the Sandinistas were flooded with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose. In December 1974, a group of the FSLN, in an attempt to kidnap U.S. ambassador Turner Shelton, held some Managuan partygoers hostage after killing

16506-540: Was not allowed to land cargo for the railroad, ostensibly because Tehuantepec was not a port of entry. At some point in 1851, likely shortly after it became clear that she was not going to be allowed to support the Tehuantepec Railroad, the ship was acquired by Cornelius Vanderbilt's Independent Line. His vision was to create a transcontinental link not across Mexico, but across Nicaragua . Gold Hunter sailed between San Francisco and San Juan del Sur ,

16637-400: Was previously believed that the name Nicaragua was coined by Spanish colonists based on the name Nicarao , who was a cacique of a powerful nahua tribe encountered by the Spanish conquistador Gil González Dávila during his entry into southwestern Nicaragua in 1522. This theory held that the etymology of Nicaragua was formed from Nicarao and agua (Spanish for 'water'), to reference

16768-633: Was the first woman president of Nicaragua. Ortega vowed he would govern desde abajo (from below). Chamorro came to office with an economy in ruins, primarily because of the financial and social costs of the Contra War with the Sandinista-led government. In the 1996 general election , Daniel Ortega and the Sandinistas of the FSLN lost again, this time to Arnoldo Alemán of the Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC). In

16899-607: Was the site of the February 26, 1860, massacre of the Wiyot people that was recorded by Bret Harte , then living in Union, now called Arcata . Between 60 and 200 Wiyot men, women, and children were murdered that night in the midst of a religious ceremony. Tolowot is now a restricted site and a National Historic Landmark . In 2019, the island was restored to the Wiyot tribe, and is now known as Tuluwat or Duluwat island. Humboldt County

17030-620: Was to produce nautical charts of the West Coast of America . Her initial tasks in 1852 were to survey Cape Flattery and the south shore of the Strait of Juan De Fuca , and to resurvey the mouth of the Columbia River . In 1854 Active surveyed the new port of Seattle , which had been settled by the Denny party only three years before. In 1855 she surveyed San Francisco Bay. In 1856 she surveyed San Diego Bay , San Clemente Island , and

17161-592: Was transferred to Honduras in 1960. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, occupation and fiscal crisis, including the Nicaraguan Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the Contra War of the 1980s. The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, music, and literature, including contributions by Nicaraguan poets and writers such as Rubén Darío . Known as

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