88-743: USS Haven (AH-12) was the lead ship of her class of hospital ships built for the U.S. Navy during World War II . Laid down as SS Marine Hawk , she was transferred from the Maritime Commission for conversion to a hospital ship, and served in that capacity through the end of the war. She was redesignated APH-112 (evacuation transport) in June 1946 for participation in Operation Crossroads , returning to her original AP-12 designation in October 1946. Haven participated in
176-481: A full load displacement of 15,400 long tons (15,600 t). They measured 496 feet (151 m) long at the waterline and 520 ft (160 m) long overall with a beam of 71 ft 6 in (21.79 m) and a maximum draft of 24 ft (7.3 m). The ships were propelled by a single shaft driven by General Electric geared turbines powered by steam from two Babcock & Wilcox boilers, creating 9,000 shaft horsepower (6,700 kW). This gave
264-611: A border treaty between France and Siam in 1906). France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino-French War (1884–85). French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia ; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 . The federation lasted until 21 July 1954. In
352-643: A disappointment of the promises made by Sarraut. During the early days of the war around 6 million Frenchmen were drafted causing a severe labour shortage in France. In response, the Undersecretary of State for Artillery and Munitions proposed to hire women, European immigrants, and French colonial subjects, these people were later followed with Chinese immigrants. From 1915 onwards, the French war effort's manpower needs started to rise significantly. Initially
440-534: A massacre of around 40,000 Christians. The rebellion was eventually brought down by a French military intervention, in addition to its lack of unity in the movement. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I , but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French. Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for
528-474: A new generation of anti-French resistance emerged, rather than being rooted in the traditional mandarin elites the new anti-French resistance leaders of the early 20th century were more influenced by international events and revolutions abroad to inspire their resistance and the issue of modernisation. Some Vietnamese revolutionaries like Phan Châu Trinh traveled to the Western World ( Đi Tây ) to obtain
616-471: A new policy of association and a "Franco-Annamese Collaboration" (French: Collaboration franco-annamite ; Vietnamese: Pháp-Việt Đề huề ) for the wartime contribution by the French Indochinese to their colonial masters. However, beside some liberal reforms, the French administration actually increased economic exploitation and ruthless repression of nationalist movements which rapidly resulted in
704-487: A new vehicle of instruction. The schools offered free courses to anyone who wanted to learn about the modern spirit. The teachers at the school at 59 Hàng Đàn included Phạm Duy Tốn . in the years prior to World War I the French arrested thousands of people with some being sentenced to death and others being imprisoned at the Poulo Condore jail island ( Côn Sơn Island ). Because of this Côn Sơn Island would become
792-788: A number of secret societies launch rebellions in Cochinchina, the Peace and Duty Society (Nghia Hoa Doan Hoi) was introduced to the region by the Minh Hương refugees following the Manchu conquest of China and the Vietnamese Heaven and Earth Society (天地會, Thiên Địa Hội ). The Peace and Duty Society was also active supporting anti-Qing insurgents in China. The majority of the traditional mandarin elites would continue to operate under
880-583: A number of historians like Joseph Buttinger and Martin Murray, treated his statement by Nguyễn Ái Quốc as an article of faith and believed that the Vietnamese men who participated in World War I were "forcibly recruited" by means of "terrorism", later historians would claim that the recruitment enterprise employed during this period was only "ostensibly voluntary". While there is some truth to these claims,
968-637: A number of uprisings in Tonkin and Cochinchina . French Indochina contributed significantly to the French war effort in terms of funds, products and human resources. Prior to World War I the population of French Indochina stood at around 16,395,000 in 1913 with 14,165,000 being Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Annamese and Cochinchinese), 1,600,000 Cambodians, and 630,000 Laotians. These 16.4 million subjects were ruled over by only around 18,000 French civilians, militaries, and civil servants. During this period governor-general of French Indochina Albert Sarraut promised
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#17328015914931056-412: A ruler that many of them had fought and died for), resulted in some sour attitudes. Many of these troops sought out and joined the Vietnamese nationalist movement focused on overthrowing the French. In 1925, communist and anti-French activist Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote "taken in chains, confined in a school compound... Most of them will never again see the sun of their country" and
1144-491: A state of uneasy truce, she was ordered to French Indochina , arriving at Saigon 9 September. There she brought French troops on board as Viet Nam was partitioned and the French army withdrawn. Haven sailed to Oran and Marseille in October to disembark the soldiers, and completing her round-the-world voyage arrived at Long Beach via the Panama Canal 1 November 1954. Haven won nine battle stars for its part in
1232-587: The Battle of the Vosges and the Battle of Verdun . French Indochinese battalions were also used in various logistics functions such as serving as drivers to transport soldiers to the front lines, stretcher bearers ( brancardiers ), or road crews. Vietnamese soldiers were also used to "sanitise" battle fields at the end of the war, where they would perform these duties in the middle of the cold European winters without being provided with warm clothes, in order to let
1320-546: The Bolaven Plateau , who demanded the restoration of the "old order" and led an armed insurrection against the French until as late as 1936. The Phu Mi Bun Revolt revolt erupted in 1901 and was not suppressed until 1907. It was a "major rebellion by local Lao Theung tribes (the Alak , Nyaheun , and Laven) against French domination". Though there is not extensive literature on these particular revolutionary revolts in
1408-666: The Duy Tân Hội would establish a network of commercial enterprises to both gain capital to finance their activities and to hide their true intentions. A number of other anti-French organisations would support the Duy Tân Hội such as the Peace and Duty Society and the Heaven and Earth Society. The Tonkin Free School ( Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục ), which was created in Hanoi in 1907 by the supporters of both Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu
1496-523: The Front Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat , Angkor Thom , Siem Reap , Siem Pang , and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces. Although during
1584-662: The Indochinese Federation , was a grouping of French colonial territories in Mainland Southeast Asia until its end in 1954. It comprised Cambodia , Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital from 1902 to 1945 was Hanoi , Saigon
1672-728: The Korean War and eventually ending her military career acting as a floating hospital in Long Beach, California . She was later converted to a chemical carrier and scrapped in 1987. Initially named SS Marine Hawk , Haven was launched under Maritime Commission contract by Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co. , Chester, Pennsylvania , on June 24, 1944. Acquired and placed in service from June 15th to June 19th in 1944 for transportation to her conversion yard, Todd-Erie Shipyard, in Brooklyn. Upon completion of her conversion for Navy use, she
1760-530: The Pacific Theater during World War II . All five ships served in the repatriation of troops and former prisoners of war to the United States in the immediate postwar era. Haven and Benevolence were assigned to Operation Crossroads , a series of nuclear weapon tests . Haven and Benevolence were placed in reserve in following tests, but were reactivated for the Korean War . During
1848-655: The Russo-Japanese War and its lasting impression on the East as it was considered to be the first victory of "a yellow people over the white ", as well as the fall of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty to the Xinhai Revolution which established the Republic of China . These events all had significant influence on nationalist sentiments in the territories of French Indochina. The early 20th century saw
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#17328015914931936-746: The United States Navy (USN) during World War II . Haven -class ships also served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . They were among the first ships to be able to receive casualties directly by helicopter and were the first fully air conditioned ships in the USN. The first ship was laid down in July 1943, while the last was launched in August 1944. In that span the United States produced six Haven -class hospital ships. The last Haven -class ship
2024-745: The Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime . After the Japanese surrender , the Viet Minh , led by Hồ Chí Minh , declared Vietnamese independence , but France subsequently sought to restore their control with the help of the British. An all-out resistance war, known as the First Indochina War , broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces. To counter
2112-542: The indigenous population of French Indochina to "study educational issues related to each place separately". According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sent Cao Xuân Dục and Huỳnh Côn, the Thượng thư of the Hộ Bộ , to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" ( bàn nghị học chính ) with the French authorities on the future of
2200-717: The "keys" to modernity and hope to bring these back to Vietnam. While others like the revolutionary leader Phan Bội Châu made the "Journey to the East" ( Đông Du ) to the Japanese Empire which they saw as the other role-model of modernisation for Vietnam to follow. The Đông Du school of revoluties was supported by Prince Cường Để , a direct descendant of the Gia Long Emperor. Prince Cường Để hoped that by financing hundreds of young ambitious Vietnamese people to go get educated in Japan that this would contribute to
2288-453: The (White) French soldiers return to their homes earlier. The financial expenses of the 93,000 French Indochinese labourers and soldiers sent to France during the war – salaries, pensions, family allocations, the levy in kind (mostly rice), and even the functioning of the Indochinese hospital – were entirely financed from the budget of French Indochina itself and not from France. One of the effects of World War I on French Indochinese society
2376-533: The Annamese education system. This meeting was also recorded in the work Hoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu written by Nguyễn Bá Trác. The creation of a ministry of education was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more. As explained by the Resident-Superior of Annam Ernest Fernand Lévecque "Its creation is to better suit
2464-558: The Balkans and the Middle Eastern front . This exceptional human mobility offered the French Indochinese, mostly Vietnamese, the unique opportunity of directly access to social life and political debates that were occurring in contemporary France and this resulted in their aspirations to become "masters of their own destiny" to increase. Exposed to new political ideals and returning to a colonial occupation of their own country (by
2552-587: The Bolaven Plateau, one can see that the native communities desired to rid the region of the extensive and overpowering influence of their colonisers. On 16 May 1906 the governor-general of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree establishing the Councils for the Improvement of Indigenous Education. These organisations would oversee the French policies surrounding the education of
2640-455: The Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, but also contributed to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Nevertheless, deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II , the colony was administered by
2728-505: The French maintained a racial hierarchy where they believed in "martial races" making the early recruitment fall onus primarily on North Africa and French West Africa , but soon the need for additional manpower forced the French to recruit men from the Far East and Madagascar . Almost 100,000 Vietnamese were conscripts and went to Europe to fight and serve on the French battlefront, or work as labourers. Vietnamese troops also served in
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2816-523: The French protectorate being loyal to their new rulers, but as early period of the Pháp thuộc saw an influx of French enterprises significant changes to the social order of the day inspired new forms of resistance against French rule that differed from the earlier Cần Vương Movement. The new social circumstances in French Indochina were brought about by the establishment of industrial companies by
2904-547: The French sphere of influence in China, these places would now become hosts of anti-French revolutionary activities due to their borders with Tonkin and Laos, being the primary places of operation for both Chinese and Vietnamese revolutionaries. This allowed for members of the Duy Tân Hội to perform border raids on both Tonkin and Laos from their bases in China. In March 1913 the mystic millenarist cult leader Phan Xích Long organised an independence demonstration in Cholon which
2992-642: The French such as the Union commerciale indochinoise , the Est Asiatique français shipping company, the Chemin de fer français de l'Indochine et du Yunan railway company, as well as the various coal exploitation companies operating in Tonkin, these modern companies were accompanied by an influx of French tea, coffee, and rubber plantation magnates. Following the defeat of the Nguyễn loyalist Cần Vương Movement
3080-611: The French viewed Japanese women as clean, they were highly popular. Images of the Japanese prostitutes in Vietnam were put on French postcards by French photographers. The Japanese government tried to hide the existences of these Japanese prostitutes who went abroad and did not mention them in books on history. Beginning in the 1880s there was a rise of an explicitly anti-Catholic French administration in French Indochina. The administration would try to reduce Catholic missionary influence in French Indochinese society, as opposed to
3168-750: The Kingdom of Annam there are no longer two governments, but only one" (meaning that the French government completely took over the administration). While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the Cần Vương movement – started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as the leader of an independent Vietnam. Between 1885 and 1889, insurgents, led by Phan Đình Phùng , Phan Chu Trinh , Phan Bội Châu , Trần Quý Cáp and Huỳnh Thúc Kháng , targeted Vietnamese Christians as there were very few French soldiers to overcome, which led to
3256-542: The Korean war, participating in the following campaigns: Haven took part in fleet maneuvers and provided hospital services for sailors through 1955 and 1956 and decommissioned at Long Beach 30 June 1957. She was placed in an "In Reserve, In Service" status, and remained moored at Long Beach acting as a floating hospital. During this time she served as a backdrop for the CBS television series Hennesey . She had also appeared in
3344-582: The Mekong Delta fell under French control. In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand ) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by
3432-412: The Nguyễn dynasty ended in 1858 with French military intervention. Under the pretext of protesting the persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries, and following Charles de Montigny's failure to secure concessions, Napoleon III ordered Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly to attack Tourane (present day Da Nang ). Fourteen French gunships, 3,300 men including 300 Filipino soldiers provided by
3520-642: The Saigon campaign, advanced out of the city and began to capture cities in the Mekong Delta. On 5 June 1862, the Vietnamese conceded and signed the Treaty of Saigon whereby they agreed to legalize the free practice of the Catholic religion; to open trade in the Mekong Delta and at three ports at the mouth of the Red River in northern Vietnam; to cede the provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường along with
3608-614: The Siamese who had ruled over them for a century before the establishment of the French protectorate. Both the traditional elite and the Laotian peasantry seemed largely content with French rule during this period. Despite this, sporadic revolts occurred in Laos during the late 19th century and early 20th century. During the late 19th century Southern Laos saw upland minority communities rising up in revolt, these were led by Bac My and Ong Ma on
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3696-522: The Spanish attacked the port of causing significant damage and occupying the city. After fighting the Vietnamese for three months and finding himself unable to progress further in land, de Genouilly sought and received approval of an alternative attack on Saigon. Sailing to southern Vietnam, de Genouilly captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 17 February 1859. Once again, however, de Genouilly and his forces were unable to seize territory outside of
3784-564: The State of Vietnam. French Indochina legally became invalid. Following the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 , French Indochina was completely no more when the French were forced to militarily withdraw from North Vietnam and politically recognize Việt Minh's state as a sovereign one here. The State of Vietnam became a South Vietnamese state. The separation of Vietnam would continue until 2 July 1976. French–Vietnamese relations started during
3872-552: The United States, and upon her arrival and decontamination was assigned once again to transport troops from the Pacific outposts to California as AH-12. This important duty occupied her until February 1947, when she reported to San Diego and was decommissioned 1 July. Haven entered the Pacific Reserve Fleet, San Diego group. With the outbreak of the Korean War , hospital ships were desperately needed. Following
3960-443: The Viet Minh, the State of Vietnam , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , was proclaimed by the French in 1949. French efforts to retake Vietnam were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . On 22 October and 9 November 1953, the Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia proclaimed their respective independences. On 4 June 1954, France signed the Accords in the Hôtel Matignon to grant complete independence to
4048-459: The attacking Chinese Communists forced her to move further south. She steamed via Pusan to Sasebo , Japan . Haven returned to Pusan on 5 February to care for battle casualties, and after another voyage to Inchon remained at Pusan until she sailed for the United States, arriving at San Francisco 30 October 1951. Eager to get back into action, however, she began her second tour of Korean duty 7 January 1952. She operated off Inchon and Pusan during
4136-413: The background of scenes shot at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard for the film D-Day the Sixth of June , filmed in 1956. She was struck from the Navy List on 1 March 1967. Haven was returned to the Maritime Administration Reserve Fleet on 5 June 1967. Type C4-class ships of like Haven were then in demand for commercial service because of their relatively large size and engines-aft configuration. Haven
4224-402: The best school for political prisoners, nationalists, and communists, as they were gathered together in large, common cells which allowed them to exchange their ideas. In March 1908, mass demonstrations took place in Annam and Tonkin demanding a reduction of the high taxes. In June 1908, the Hanoi Poison Plot took place where a group of Tonkinese indigenous tirailleurs attempted to poison
4312-517: The brutality of modern warfare and many would change their perception about many social norms and beliefs at home because of their experiences abroad. Of the 93,000 French Indochinese soldiers and workers who came to Europe, most were from the poorest parts of Annam and Tonkin, which had been badly hit by famine and cholera , a smaller number (1,150) of French Indochinese soldiers and workers came from Cambodia. In Northeast France around 44,000 Vietnamese troops served in direct combat functions at both
4400-407: The defensive perimeter of the city. De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam while refraining from making territorial gains. Peace negotiations proved unsuccessful and the fighting in Saigon continued. Ultimately in 1861, the French brought additional forces to bear in
4488-474: The destroyed Japanese city on September 11, 1945, and brought on board a group of allied ex-prisoners of war, some of them suffering from the effects of the atomic blast. During the remainder of 1945 the ship was engaged in transporting patients from Guam , Saipan , and Pearl Harbor to San Francisco, arriving after her second long voyage on January 31, 1946. At San Francisco, the USS Haven took on radiological equipment and scientific researchers in preparation for
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#17328015914934576-406: The earlier decades where missionaries played an important role in both administration and society in French Cochinchina. From 1 January 1898, the French directly took over the right to collect all taxes in the protectorate of Annam and to allocate salaries to the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty and its mandarins. In a notice dated 24 August 1898, the Resident-Superior of Annam wrote: "From now on, in
4664-414: The early 17th century with the arrival of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes . Around this time, Vietnam had only just begun its "Southward"—" Nam Tiến ", the occupation of the Mekong Delta , a territory being part of the Khmer Empire and to a lesser extent, the kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471. European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century, as
4752-410: The early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had "pacified" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. "There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia." The French Sûreté was worried about the Japanese victory during
4840-404: The entire French colonial army's garrison in the Citadel of Hanoi . The aim of the plot was to neutralise the French garrison and make way for Commander Đề Thám 's rebel army to capture the city of Hanoi. The plot was disclosed, and then was suppressed by the French. In response the French proclaimed martial law . The French accused Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu of the plot, Phan Châu Trinh
4928-503: The expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 . In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the Paknam naval incident , to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River . King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the king to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture
5016-407: The first ship with a mixed male-female crew. The Haven -class ships were initially constructed initially as MARCOM Type C4 standard cargo ships and were given standard cargo ship names. However, their hulls were chosen for conversion to hospital ships on 22 June 1944. The ships were all given names implying comfort and help. The first two ships of the class were completed in time to serve in
5104-451: The forthcoming atomic tests in the Pacific, Operation Crossroads . She sailed on May 29th for Pearl Harbor and arrived at Bikini Atoll on June 12, 1946, temporarily re-designated as APH-112. The ship remained in the test area supervising the medical aspects of the experiments throughout the operation and arrived at Kwajalein Atoll on August 26th to assist in the inspection of the test ships. Haven departed 10 October for Pearl Harbor and
5192-523: The four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the emperors of Vietnam , kings of Cambodia , and kings of Luang Prabang , but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads. Japanese women called Karayuki-san migrated or were trafficked to cities like Hanoi, Haiphong and Saigon in colonial French Indochina in the late 19th century to work as prostitutes and provide sexual services to French soldiers who were occupying Vietnam. Since
5280-433: The islands of Poulo Condore to France; and to pay reparations equivalent to one million dollars. In 1864 the aforementioned three provinces ceded to France were formally constituted as the French colony of Cochinchina. Then in 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long . With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and
5368-429: The liberation of his country from French domination. The Duy Tân Hội was founded in 1904 by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để. The group in a broader sense was also considered a Modernisation Movement. This new group of people consisted only of a few hundred people, with most of its members being either students or nationalists. Notable members of the society included Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu . The members of
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#17328015914935456-431: The military, and the execution of a number of Nguyễn dynasty mandarins that were accused of working together with the French government. Another revolt also broke out in Cochinchina in 1913 where prisons and administrative hubs were attacked by crowds of hundreds of peasants using sticks and swords to fight the French, as the French were armed with firearms a large number of protesters ended up dying by gunshot wounds causing
5544-512: The ministry was according to the plans and the command of the French Director of Education of Annam . The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system. The French entry into World War I saw thousands of volunteers, primarily from the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, enlist for service in Europe, around 7 ⁄ 8 of all French Indochinese serving in Europe were Annamese and Tonkinese volunteers. This period also saw
5632-470: The months that followed, receiving many of her patients by helicopters directly from the front lines on two floating helicopter landing pads with one moored on each side midway down her hull. Haven sailed again for the United States 16 September 1952, and, after the installation of a new flight deck to facilitate helicopter evacuation of patients, once more steamed out of San Diego 24 January 1953. She returned to her regular station in Inchon harbor where during
5720-428: The next 7 months she treated almost 3,000 patients. The veteran hospital ship sailed for the United States 20 August 1953, and, after her arrival at San Francisco 3 September, operated off the coast of California. She began her fourth tour of duty in Korea 4 January 1954, arriving at Inchon 7 February to provide regular medical care for troops. Haven also made occasional visits to Japan; and on 1 September with Korea in
5808-417: The planned homeporting of an aircraft carrier and six destroyers in the Greek city. However, the deployment was cancelled but Sanctuary became the first USN ship to deploy with a mixed male-female crew. Sanctuary was placed in reserve in 1975 and remained there until being sold in 1989 to private interests. Initially the ship's planned use was as a floating hospital in Africa, but the plan failed. Then,
5896-460: The protests to break up ending the revolt. During the early 20th century the French protectorate over Cambodia was challenged by rebels, just before it saw three separate revolts during the early reign of King Norodom , who had little authority outside Phnom Penh . During the early 20th century Laos was considered to be the most "docile" territory as it saw relatively few uprisings. The French attributed this to them being more stable rulers than
5984-470: The reactivation process, Benevolence was struck by a merchant ship while re-entering harbor and was sunk in August 1950. 18 people were killed and 13 reported missing. The rest of the hospital ships served in the Korean War, with Consolation being the first hospital ship to accept helicopter evacuations for casualties directly from the battlefield. Following the end of the war, all of the ships ended up placed out of commission in reserve . Consolation
6072-410: The remarkably successful work of the Jesuit missionaries continued. In 1787, Pierre Pigneau de Behaine , a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn . Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh . The French colonial empire
6160-410: The sinking of sister ship USS Benevolence (AH-13) off fog-bound San Francisco in August 1950, Haven was taken out of reserve and commissioned 15 September 1950. She sailed 25 September via Pearl Harbor for Inchon , Korea , site of one of the most audacious and skillful amphibious operations in history. The hospital ship remained off Inchon, caring for casualties until 6 January 1951, when
6248-412: The times as more opportunities to study" opened up in the South to which this new ministry was best suited to help this transition. While the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the French Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam , which dictated its policies. All work done by
6336-475: The vast majority of the men who volunteered for service in Europe were indeed volunteers. Among the motivations of volunteering were both personal and economic ambitions, some French Indochinese volunteers wished to see what the world looked like "beyond the bamboo hedges in their villages" while others preferred the money and the opportunity to see what France actually looks like. Their service would expose them to
6424-524: The vessel was used as a drug rehabilitation facility at Baltimore , Maryland. Finally, the last Haven -class ship, the ex- Sanctuary was sold for scrap in 2011. Haven -class hospital ships were replaced with the Mercy -class hospital ships . French Indochina French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China ), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1941 as
6512-410: The vessel's hospital capacity was shrunk to 750 beds, with a crew of 375 including 17 officers and 323 hospital staff including 24 doctors, 29 nurses, 3 dentists and 258 medical corpsmen . The vessel underwent further modification in 1972–1973 when its designation was changed to "dependent support ship" and had special facilities for obstetrics , gynecology , maternity and nursery services and became
6600-415: The vessels a maximum speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph). They had a complement of between 568 and 574. The vessels could handle 802 patients during World War II . The ships were air conditioned . After the war, the ships had a landing platform added aft to allow for the medical evacuation of patients by helicopter except for Benevolence . In 1967–1968 Sanctuary was modernised and
6688-467: The western part of Chantaburi . In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang , Siam Nakhon and Sisophon . In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under
6776-492: Was chartered by the People to People Health Foundation in 1960 and operated by American President Lines offering medical treatment to undeveloped regions of the world. The ship was renamed Hope during this charter. Repose and Sanctuary were reactivated for service in the Vietnam War . In 1969 Haven was sold to private interests, converted to a chemical tanker and renamed Clendenin and then Alaskan . Tranquillity
6864-581: Was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speaking Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France . The French continued to pressure Siam, and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied
6952-517: Was attended by 600 peasants dressed in white robes. Phan Xích Long claimed descent of the deposed Hàm Nghi Emperor and the Ming dynasty's emperor and declared himself to be the "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty". The year 1913 also saw the Duy Tân Hội's second insurrection campaign, this campaign resulted in the society's members murdering two French Hanoi police officers, attacks on both militia and
7040-621: Was closed in the year of its founding by the French authorities because it was perceived as being anti-French. The Tonkin Free School stemmed from the movement of the same name, which aimed to modernise Vietnamese society by abandoning Confucianism and adopting new ideas from both the Western world and Japan. In particular, it promoted the Vietnamese version of the Latin script for writing Vietnamese in place of classical Chinese by publishing educational materials and newspapers using this script, as
7128-635: Was commissioned on May 5, 1945. Following shakedown training, the hospital ship sailed on June 14, 1945, via the Panama Canal for the Pacific Theater, where the war was reaching its climax. Reaching Pearl Harbor on July 6, 1945, the ship brought patients on board for return to San Francisco . After returning to Hawaii on August 11, 1945, just prior to the Japanese surrender, the USS Haven sailed to Okinawa and Nagasaki . She arrived off
7216-598: Was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country. For its part, the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; courtesans , for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy. A brief period of unification under
7304-556: Was sent to Poulo Condor, and Phan Bội Châu fled to Japan and thence, in the year 1910, he went to China. In the years 1912 and 1913 Vietnamese nationalists organised attacks in Tonkin and Cochinchina. Using diplomatic pressure the French persuaded the Japanese to banish the Duy Tân Hội in 1909 from its shores causing them to seek refuge in Qing China, here they would join the ranks of Sun Yat-Sen 's Tongmenghui . While places like Guangdong , Guangxi , and Yunnan were earlier in
7392-625: Was sold by the Maritime Administration in 1968, lengthened by 145 feet (44.2 m), and converted into the chemical carrier Clendenin . Renamed Alaskan upon completion of conversion, she served with Union Carbide until sold for scrap in 1987. The U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps (USNSCC) has a unit commissioned named after the USS Haven. The units name is Haven Division located in San Pedro, CA. Haven-class hospital ship The Haven class of hospital ships were built for
7480-463: Was sold for scrap in 1974. After being returned to the USN, Consolation was sold for scrap in 1975. Repose was taken out of service in 1970 and sold for scrap in 1975. Sanctuary underwent modernisation in 1972–1973 for a planned deployment to Piraeus , Greece. Re-designated a "dependent support ship", the ship was intended to provide medical and other services to the dependents of American service personnel stationed at Piraeus, in conjunction with
7568-653: Was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1989. One ship sank in a collision in 1950; the five others were scrapped . Haven -class hospital ships were replaced with the Mercy -class hospital ships . The class was based upon the United States Maritime Commission 's (MARCOM) Type C4 ship (as C4-S-B2 design). The six hospital ships of the Haven class had a standard displacement of 11,141 long tons (11,320 t ) and
7656-544: Was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1954. The Second French Empire annexed Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863. After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through the Tonkin campaign , the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and
7744-508: Was the introduction of a vibrant political press both in French and in the indigenous languages that led to the political radicalisation of a new generation of nationalists. Because most of the indigenous people that served in France and the rest of Europe during the War were Vietnamese these social and political developments affected the Vietnamese more. Because French Cochinchina was a direct French colony it enjoyed favourable legislation concerning
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