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66-725: The United States Army Ordnance Corps , formerly the United States Army Ordnance Department , is a sustainment branch of the United States Army , headquartered at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia . The broad mission of the Ordnance Corps is to supply Army combat units with weapons and ammunition, including at times, their procurements and maintenance. Along with the Quartermaster Corps and Transportation Corps , it forms

132-663: A combat role. This unit included junior Army officers who would serve as senior leaders in the Civil War; including Jesse Reno and Benjamin Huger . During the war, the Ordnance Department furnished 90 million pounds of lead, 13 million pounds of artillery projectiles, and 26 million pounds of powder for a Union Army of over 1 million soldiers. However, despite the growth of the Army, the Ordnance Department did not grow in

198-516: A common symbol used by the military. Ordnance officers began wearing the symbol in 1832 and have been wearing it ever since. There have been a multiplicity of designs throughout the years, but the current design was adopted in 1936. The plaque design has the branch insignia, letters, and rim in gold. The background is crimson. The regimental insignia for the Ordnance Corps is a gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches in height overall consisting of two gray antique cannons in saltire on

264-473: A corresponding manner. By the end of the war, it numbered only 64 officers and approximately 600 soldiers, officially. Yet, to support the ordnance needs of the Army, officers and soldiers who had civilian experience in ordnance responsibilities (i.e. blacksmiths, etc ...) were assigned additional duty in their units, so that every unit, company-echelon and above, had someone assigned in ordnance responsibilities. For those few ordnance officers who had been part of

330-418: A critical component of the U.S. Army logistics system. The U.S. Army Ordnance Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of weapon systems , ammunition , missiles , electronics , and ground mobility materiel during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes

396-453: A focus on Russian and Chinese ordnance. In Vietnam, the capabilities of Explosive Ordnance Disposal became increasingly important due to the nature of a war with no front lines. EOD and other ordnance units work under the auspices of the 1st Logistical Command , which divided the country into four support zones. Despite the difficult circumstances, the operational readiness rates increased and by 1969 exceeded those of previous wars. In 1962

462-855: A foundry at Springfield, Massachusetts . In the early years of the 19th century, the ordnance profession played a key role in the burgeoning industrial revolution in America. In 1794, President Washington established the two federal armories; the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts and the Harpers Ferry Armory in Virginia. At these locations, early developments and innovations striving towards interchangeable parts were achieved. Inventors such as Thomas Blanchard , Simeon North , John Hall , and Eli Whitney would perfect

528-414: A rifle, he believed, was its ability to allow a soldier to shoot his target at the longest distance possible and with the bare minimum of ammunition. To Mordecai, marksmanship was all, and in this he was adapting the historical American talent for fine shooting to the scientifically minded Victorian era. In 1858, Mordecai was sent by President James Buchanan as a special diplomatic agent to Mexico. With

594-406: A white disc behind an encircling scroll in the form of a buckle red belt with, between the intersecting cannons and the belt, a black antique bomb, its scarlet flames issuing at the top of the device from behind the belt, which bears the inscription "ORDNANCE CORPS U.S.A." in gold letters. It is worn on the right side of the uniform, above any unit citations. The crossed cannons are representative of

660-588: Is one of the six warfighting functions, which also include movement and maneuver, intelligence, fires , command and control, and protection. In the United States Marine Corps , combat service support has a similar definition to that of the United States Army. The Marine Corps Logistics Command (MARCORLOGCOM) is the preferred provider of supply chain management, collaborative maintenance management and strategic prepositioning to

726-668: Is the Chief of Ordnance . The current Chief of Ordnance is Brigadier General Robin Montgomery. During the colonial era in America, each colony was responsible for its own supply of ordnance material and its own personnel to supervise it. The first written record of an ordnance officer in British colonial America was Samuel Sharpe in the Massachusetts Bay Colony appointed in 1629 as Master Gunner of Ordnance. By 1645,

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792-687: The American Expeditionary Force in France. During World War II , the Ordnance Department was responsible for roughly half of all Army procurement, $ 34 billion. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 'Arsenal of Democracy' depended on the Ordnance Department to become a reality. Ordnance Department strength increased from 334 officers to 24,000 officers, 4,000 enlisted to 325,000 enlisted, and 27,088 civilians to 262,000 civilians. Ordnance soldiers and civilians worked across

858-713: The Crimean War . His report, Military Commission to Europe, in 1855 and 1856 , was published in 1860. Mordecai praised the Canon obusier de 12 gun-howitzer, which soon afterward was manufactured in the United States as the M1857 12-pounder Napoleon . Alexander Rose notes that Mordecai's report is a "masterpiece of unbiased scholarship" but that he was curiously dismissive of repeaters and breechloaders . Instead, Mordecai emphasized marksmanship : What mattered in

924-737: The United States Army , the term combat service support was until 2008 defined as the essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within the national and theater logistics systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of materiel and supply chain management , maintenance , transportation , health services , and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat . Combat service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on

990-518: The United States Army Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School from Redstone Arsenal into a single training facility based at Fort Lee, Virginia as a part of the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC) decision. With an entirely new campus dedicated to the training of all ranks of ordnance soldiers and civilians, the Ordnance Corps maintains its commitment to the life-cycle sustainment of

1056-724: The University of Pennsylvania 's Moore School of Electrical Engineering was established as a substation of Aberdeen Proving Ground under the code name "Project PX". On 15 February 1946, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ( ENIAC ), the world's first general-purpose electronic computer, was formally dedicated. ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army Ballistic Research Laboratory . The ENIAC's first use

1122-898: The American continent. The head of the Ordnance Corps Branch is the Chief of Ordnance. In addition, the Ordnance Corps Command Sergeant Major and the Ordnance Corps Chief Warrant Officer assist the Chief of Ordnance with the supervising of the health, training, and welfare of the Soldiers, Warrant Officers, and Officers of the Ordnance Branch. In addition, the Chief of Ordnance holds a secondary hat as

1188-620: The American system of artillery, containing "complete drawings and descriptions of the different guns, howitzers, and mortars and their carriages that were in the Army's inventory." In 1853 Mordecai was one of a small group selected by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to travel to Mexico on a secret mission. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which ended the Mexican–American War , the U.S. government had agreed to indemnify American citizens for losses sustained through military action by

1254-408: The Army's materiel from cradle to grave, providing ammunition, and protecting the Army's forces through EOD operations. The Ordnance Corps branch insignia is represented by the "shell and flame". It is considered to be the oldest branch insignia in the U.S. Army. This symbol has been used since the 17th century by various armies of Western Europe, including British and French forces, and was considered

1320-501: The Army's organization and doctrine. The Ordnance Center and School trained personnel in ammunition handling, maintenance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal and was under the direction of Continental Army Command (CONARC). The Ordnance Corps was reestablished on 28 October 1985. In 2008, the Ordnance Corps consolidated the Ordnance Mechanical Maintenance School from Aberdeen Proving Ground and

1386-701: The Chief of Artillery. He was the civilian in charge of ordnance support for Washington's army in the field. By the end of the American Revolution, every brigade had ordnance personnel, usually civilian, providing munitions support to the soldiers in the field. In 1776, the Board of War and Ordnance was established to oversee the conduct of the war. This board selected Benjamin Flower to be the Commissary General of Military Stores. Benjamin Flower

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1452-415: The Chief of Ordnance from 1938 to 1942. On land and on the sea and in the air We've gotta be there, we've gotta be there America is sounding her alarm We've gotta have arms, we've gotta have arms Arms for the love of America! They speak in a foreign land, with weapons in every hand Whatever they try, we've gotta reply In language that they understand Arms for the love of America! And for

1518-526: The Commandant of the Ordnance School at Fort Gregg-Adams . As of 2020, there have been 42 Chiefs of Ordnance in the U.S. Army. The United States Army Ordnance Museum was formed at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1919. In 2010, the museum was closed and reformed at Fort Gregg-Adams as the U.S. Army Ordnance Training and Heritage Center . Combat service support (United States) In

1584-571: The Corps stand out in the eyes of their seniors, peers and subordinates alike. On 26 February 1628 the Court of Assistants in London, England directed that "five pieces of ordnance and a great quantity of other arms and great shot" belonging to a settlement near modern-day Salem, Massachusetts be placed under the control of Mr. Samuel Sharpe, making him the first European "Master Gunner of our Ordnance" on

1650-700: The Laws Relating to the Military Establishment of the United States . He commanded the Frankford Arsenal from 1834 to 1838, after which he was appointed assistant to the Chief of Ordnance . In 1840, he was a member of a commission sent by the Ordnance Board on a nine-month trip to Europe to visit arsenals and cannon foundries to report on the latest artillery improvements there. In 1841, he wrote The Ordnance Manual for

1716-692: The MAGTF. Functions include: heavy engineer support , motor transport , supply , maintenance , medical , dental , and specialized support such as air delivery , Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), and landing support . There are four logistics groups in the United States Marine Corps: Alfred Mordecai Alfred Mordecai (January 3, 1804 – October 23, 1887) was an American army officer. He contributed to United States' military development through his research and writing, particularly in

1782-467: The Massachusetts Bay Colony had a permanent Surveyor of Ordnance officer. By the time of the American Revolution, every colony had their own ordnance organization responsible for the procurement, distribution, supply, storage, and maintenance of munitions for the colony. In July 1775, Ezekiel Cheever was appointed by General George Washington as Commissary of Artillery Stores, soon to be called Commissary of Military Stores with Major General Henry Knox ,

1848-519: The Mexican government. A dentist named George A. Gardiner has claimed almost $ 500,000 for the loss of a silver mine, which Mordecai proved did not exist. Gardiner was subsequently found guilty of fraud. Mordecai was promoted to major in 1854. In 1855–57 he was sent, along with Major Richard Delafield and Captain George B. McClellan , as a member of a military commission to act as an observer during

1914-832: The North's abolitionist 'interference' in affairs below the Mason-Dixon Line, but he had 'no sympathy' with slavery and he was a good and faithful servant of the federal government." For this, he was criticized by people on both sides: on the Union side, he was charged (and acquitted) of "secretly selling arms and ordnance to the South", while on the Confederate side he was never reconciled to most of his southern family members. Mordecai taught mathematics in Philadelphia until

1980-404: The Ordnance Branch gained its third core competency, Bomb Disposal (renamed Explosive Ordnance Disposal after WWII) added to its previous missions of ammunition handling and maintenance. By war's end, there were more than 2,200 ordnance units of approximately 40 types, ranging in size from squads to regiments. Beginning in 1942, with the authorization of the Chief of Ordnance, a computing branch at

2046-543: The Ordnance Corps and the office of the Chief of Ordnance were disestablished. The Ordnance Branch (along with the Transportation and Quartermaster Branches) was placed under the supervision of the Army's Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics. Army Materiel Command assumed responsibility for Ordnance's historical tasks of research and development; procurement, production, and storage; and technical intelligence. Combat Development Command assumed responsibility for developing

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2112-516: The Ordnance Corps's early relationship to the Artillery. The flaming bomb, also known as the shell and flame, represents the armament of days gone by, while the energy it connotes is applicable to the weapons of our own day. The cannoneer's belt, which encircles the flaming bomb and crossed cannons, is embossed with the words "ORDNANCE CORPS U.S.A." and represents the traditional association between munitions and armament. The white background symbolizes

2178-506: The Ordnance Corps's motto, "ARMAMENT FOR PEACE". As an Ordnance Soldier of the United States Army, I will utilize every available talent and means to ensure that superior mobility, firepower, and communications are advantages enjoyed by the United States Army over its enemies. As an Ordnance Soldier, I fully understand my duty to perform under adverse conditions and I will continually strive to perfect my craft. I will remain flexible so that I can meet any emergency. In my conduct, I will abide by

2244-461: The Ordnance Department and forms of returns and reports". Wadsworth also took great care in establishing and supervising the training of officers who would join the Ordnance Department. Coming from West Point, these officers, such as Alfred Mordecai and George Bomford , were highly trained in mechanical and chemical engineering and were among the highest ranking of graduating cadets from West Point. These new ordnance officers were usually detailed to

2310-464: The Ordnance Department during the latter 19th century. In 1874, the first dedicated proving ground was established at Sandy Hook, New Jersey . Watervliet Arsenal was chosen as the location for the first federal cannon foundry in 1887 and a seacoast cannon shop was added in 1889. Even though World War I had been raging in Europe for nearly three years, the Ordnance Department had to play catch-up when

2376-605: The Soldier's code. In my support mission in the field, I will use every available skill to maintain superiority; I will always be tactically and technically proficient As an Ordnance soldier, I have no greater task. The words and music to Arms for the Love of America were originally composed by Irving Berlin and published by the Army Ordnance Association in 1941. It was dedicated to Major General C.M. Wesson ,

2442-490: The Springfield or Harpers Ferry Armory, or to one of the various arsenals across the growing country, to conduct scientific and industrial experiments in metallurgy, chemistry, or one of the allied engineering fields. In 1832, the Ordnance Department established the non-commissioned officer rank of Ordnance Sergeant to be in charge of the ordnance stores at any of the growing number of Army forts and establishments across

2508-435: The U.S. Army. The act also created a new position, the Commissary General of Ordnance. Colonel Decius Wadsworth , former Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, was chosen as the Commissary General of Ordnance. The act also directed the new Commissary General of Ordnance, soon renamed to Chief of Ordnance, to "enlist artisans and laborers to direct the inspection and proof of all cannon and small arms to direct

2574-434: The U.S. Government established a system of constructing the factories but contracting out their operation. By the war's end, 326 Government facilities were operating under the auspices of contractors. This practice would be employed even more successfully during World War II. By the end of the war, the Ordnance Department numbered 5,954 officers and 62,047 enlisted soldiers, with 22,700 of those officers and soldiers serving in

2640-404: The United States entered the war. With only 97 officers and 1,241 enlisted soldiers, the department had a myriad of problems to overcome: However, by the end of the war, it had solved all these problems, matured as an organization, and adapted to modern, mechanized warfare. It established an embryonic process for echelon-based maintenance for field units, a tradition of ordnance education at one of

2706-487: The Use of Officers of the United States Army . This was "the first ever ordnance manual that standardized the manufacture of American weaponry with interchangeable parts, an essential step in the advancement of American mass manufacturing". A second edition was published in 1850. Mordecai became assistant inspector of arsenals in 1842 and was engaged in constructing and experimenting with ballistic pendulums and gunpowder, with

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2772-658: The advent of the Civil War in 1861, Mordecai was unwilling to fight either against the Confederacy or against his son, also called Alfred, who was serving in the Union Army . (Alfred Jr. remained in the army and retired in 1904 as a brigadier general . ) Having been denied a request to be transferred to California, Mordecai resigned his commission on May 5, 1861. He retired to private life, "dejected, broken-spirited and depressed". Rose notes that "Mordecai grieved for

2838-484: The area of artillery . He was instrumental in the United States' adoption of the M1857 12-pounder Napoleon . Mordecai served in a number of diplomatic missions for his country, but resigned at the start of the Civil War rather than fight for either side. He was one the first Jewish Americans to choose the army as a career. Mordecai was born in Warrenton, North Carolina , the son of Jacob Mordecai (1762–1838), who

2904-625: The battlefield. Within the United States Army, the traditional combat service support branches are the following: Basic branches Special branches "Combat service support" as a classification was replaced by "sustainment" with the publication of FM 3–0, Operations in February 2008. In the US Army Sustainment is defined as "the provision of logistics, personnel services, and health service support necessary to maintain operations until successful mission completion". Sustainment

2970-407: The construction of gun carriages equipments implements and ammunition to make estimates and contracts for and purchases of ordnance supplies and stores and to issue them to the army to exact from armories and arsenals quarterly returns of property and to receive from all responsible officers reports of damages to ordnance materiel to establish ordnance depots to prepare regulations for the government of

3036-560: The country. This rank will remain until the reorganization of the Army under the National Defense Act of 1920 . During the Mexican–American War , the Ordnance Department established the Ordnance Rocket and Howitzer Battery to service the then new M1841 12-pound howitzers and Hale war rockets, which had not yet entered Army service and were still being tested. This was the only Ordnance unit established primarily for

3102-465: The development of pre-Civil War military munitions that contributed to America's becoming a nineteenth century world power." He has, however, been largely forgotten, and was not included in Webster's American Military Biographies edited by Robert McHenry . Clarence Dutton assessed Mordecai's work as follows: His memory is entitled in a peculiar degree to the care of army historians, for his work

3168-934: The first group of seven rocket scientists arrived at Fort Strong , New York and then moving to Fort Bliss , Texas , in January 1946. In 1949, the German scientists were transferred from the White Sands Missile Range Fort Bliss Range Complex to the Redstone Arsenal Ordnance Rocket Center . Per the Army Reorganization Act of 1950, the Ordnance Department was renamed the Ordnance Corps . With

3234-740: The globe, in places as diverse as Iceland, Iran, the Pacific Islands, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Aberdeen Proving Ground expanded exponentially and headquartered The Ordnance School, the Ordnance Replacement Training Center, the new Bomb Disposal School, and the Ordnance Unit Training Center. The ordnance mission in the field operated on a scale never experienced previously by the Ordnance Department. During World War II,

3300-637: The idea of measuring muzzle velocity . His 1845 Report of Experiments on Gunpowder contains "an immense amount of research experimental material on gunpowder as it behaves in, or with, light and heavy artillery". Mordecai was again placed in command of the Washington Arsenal in 1844 and later of the Watervliet Arsenal in 1857. In 1849 he wrote Artillery for the United States Land Service which codified

3366-571: The love of every mother's cherished one Who's depending on the work that must be done By the force behind the force behind the gun The purpose of the Ordnance Order of Samuel Sharpe is to recognize those individuals who have served the United States Army Ordnance Corps with demonstrated integrity, moral character and professional competence over a sustained period of time. And whose selfless contributions to

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3432-613: The methods and means for mass production. Growing out of the technical innovations of the arms industry, these methods would be widely adopted by American industry by the middle of the 19th century, establishing what has become known as the American system of manufacturing . On 14 May 1812, as part of the preparation for the War of 1812 , Congress established the Ordnance Department. It was responsible for arms and ammunition production, acquisition, distribution, and storage or ordnance materiel for

3498-432: The officer or enlisted ordnance schools, a new proving ground at Aberdeen, Maryland , and a plan to coordinate production and mobilize industry. The Ordnance Department established 13 Ordnance districts across the country that had the authority to deal directly with industry and award contracts. By the end of the war, almost 8,000 plants were working on Ordnance contracts. To offset industry's reluctance to build new plants,

3564-576: The operating forces of the United States Marine Corps and other services and agencies. The Logistics Combat Element (LCE), formerly Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) is the portion of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) responsible for providing logistical support. The LCE provides all support functions not organic to the ground combat element (GCE) and aviation combat element (ACE) units of

3630-513: The outbreak of the Korean War , the Ordnance Corps largely re-established its successful procedures from World War II. It reactivated the various schools and units at Aberdeen Proving Ground, which had been dis-established following the end of World War II, to serve the Korea effort. It continued its tradition of echeloned-based maintenance and increased the rapidity of maintenance and ammunition supply and repair. Explosive Ordnance Disposal , formerly Bomb Disposal Squads, improved their procedures with

3696-439: The pre-war Army, several of them accepted line positions, such as Major Generals Oliver O. Howard and Jesse Reno . Most, however, remained in the Ordnance Department and rose in rank to serve as ordnance officers at one of the various arsenals or senior ordnance command for the Union Army, i.e. in the Army of the Potomac . About half of the ordnance officers left to join the Confederacy, including its sole Chief of Ordnance during

3762-469: The spirit of it pervaded almost insensibly the entire corps. Alexander Rose notes that By preserving marksmanship as the quintessential American trait — a belief adopted by the nascent NRA from the 1870s onward — he can be counted as the spiritual father of such fine-shooting legends as the Springfield Model 1903 and the M1 Garand . It was a proud legacy for this unfairly obscure weaponry wizard. In 1959, The Uncommon Soldier by Robert D. Abrahams ,

3828-475: The war ended. After a brief stint in Mexico, where he worked as an assistant engineer for the Mexican Railway , Mordecai served as secretary and treasurer of the Pennsylvania Canal Company from 1867 until his death. Mordecai was one the first Jewish Americans to choose the army as a career. Stanley L. Falk notes that Mordecai was "an active and outstanding participant in the development of American military technology." Falk also suggests that Mordecai's work

3894-725: The war, Josiah Gorgas . By 1872, the Ordnance Department reflected the Army's return to a small peacetime status with 50 officers, 475 enlisted soldiers, and 1,738 civilian workers. Despite this constriction, the Ordnance Department continued its tradition of technological innovation and increased professionalism. Ordnance officers, including the Chiefs of Ordnance – Stephen Vincent Benet , Daniel Flagler , Adelbert Rinaldo Buffington – refined, improved, and even invented new ordnance materiel. Steel breech-loading artillery, machine gun development, smokeless powder, improved gun carriages, officer promotion via examination, and training through apprenticeship at government arsenals and shops characterized

3960-441: Was "valued for its accuracy, its precise and systematic nature, and its immediate usefulness. It was an example and an inspiration for every other worker in the same field, and Mordecai was respected by all of them for his technical contributions no less than he was loved for his fineness of character, integrity, warmth and gentle humor." According to The Jewish Press , Mordecai is best known for "introducing scientific methods into

4026-442: Was commissioned in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and in 1825 he became assistant engineer in the construction of Fort Monroe and Fort Calhoun . In 1828 he was appointed assistant to the Chief of Engineers in Washington, D.C., and in 1833 he was placed in command of the Washington Arsenal . In 1833, Mordecai joined the Ordnance Department . At the instruction of the Secretary of War , Lewis Cass , he prepared A Digest of

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4092-479: Was forced to attend Presbyterian chapel every Sunday. Mordecai later became an agnostic and never returned to Judaism. In 1836 Mordecai married Sara Ann Hays of Philadelphia, a niece of Rebecca Gratz . They had eight children. Sara was a practising Orthodox Jew and an abolitionist . In 1839 Mordecai set free a slave, Eugenia Hemings, who had once belonged to Thomas Jefferson . Mordecai had bought her in 1833, and she worked as his housekeeper and cook. He

4158-434: Was given the rank of Colonel and served in that capacity throughout the American Revolution. The Commissary General of Military Stores was an echelon above the Commissary of Military Stores in the field. His responsibility was to recruit and train artificers , establish ordnance facilities, and to distribute arms and ammunition to the army in the field. In 1777, a powder magazine was established at Carlisle, Pennsylvania and

4224-430: Was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb . In August 1945, Colonel Holger Toftoy , head of the Rocket Branch of the Research and Development Division of the US Army's Ordnance Department, offered initial one-year contracts to German rocket scientists as part of Operation Paperclip , a program used to recruit the scientists from Nazi Germany for employment by the United States; 127 of them accepted. In September 1945,

4290-422: Was in turn the son of Moses Mordecai (1707–1781), an Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant from Bonn . Alfred studied at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he remained as an assistant professor after graduating top of his class . Mordecai grew up in an Orthodox Jewish home, observing Shabbat and kashrut . As the only Jew at West Point, however, he was unable to maintain his religious practices and

4356-405: Was such as appeals to technical and professional men rather than to the multitude. His contributions came, not in the shape of a few large nuggets, but in a steady stream of gold dust sustained for many years and far outweighing the nuggets in the end. The value of his work consisted in its accuracy, its systematic character, and its immediate utility, and still more in the subtle, potent way in which

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