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66-766: The United States Bullion Depository , often known as Fort Knox , is a fortified vault building located next to the United States Army post of Fort Knox , Kentucky . It is operated by the United States Department of the Treasury . The vault is used to store a large portion of the United States' gold reserves as well as other precious items belonging to or in custody of the federal government. It currently holds roughly 147 million troy ounces (4,580 metric tons) of gold bullion ,

132-468: A Gutenberg Bible ( St. Blasius – St. Paul copy); the Articles of Confederation (signed original); and Lincoln Cathedral 's exemplified copy of Magna Carta , which had been on loan to the United States for the 1939 New York World's Fair . The items were packed in four crates and then shipped by train to the depository on December 26, 1941. While the vault was invulnerable to bombing attack , it

198-398: A Medium post a plan to make voting machines secure, stated "Our elections should be as secure as Fort Knox. But instead, they're less secure than your Amazon account." Samsung Knox , part of Samsung ' s SAFE (Samsung For Enterprise) initiative, was named after Fort Knox, connoting a sense of security. Given its reputation for securely holding large amounts of gold, breaking into

264-579: A mintmark of an "S", but the cents are otherwise indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia (which bear no mintmarks, unlike those years' proof cents from San Francisco and circulation cents from Denver ). From 1962 to 1988, the San Francisco Mint was officially an assay office; the San Francisco Assay Office was granted mint status again on March 31, 1988 ( Pub. L.   100–274 ). The San Francisco Mint

330-500: A fineness between 901.1 and 915.4, 17% have a fineness between 915.5 and 917, and 17% have a fineness greater than or equal to 995. The average fineness is 916.7. Under the currency reforms enacted by Roosevelt, the federal government owns the gold and holds it as security for $ 11 billion in gold certificates issued, in book-entry form, to the Federal Reserve Banks . The Federal Reserve Banks use these certificates as

396-529: A little over half the total gold presently held by the federal government . The United States Mint Police protects the depository. The Treasury built the depository in 1936 on land transferred to it from the military. Its purpose was to house gold then stored in New York City and Philadelphia , in keeping with a strategy to move gold reserves away from coastal cities to areas less vulnerable to foreign military attack. The first set of gold shipments to

462-409: A market value of US $ 290.9 billion, representing 56.35% of the gold reserves of the United States. The gold bars held in the depository are approximately seven inches long, three and a half inches wide, and one and three-quarters inches thick. While each of these bars contains the equivalent of about 400 troy ounces (12.4 kilograms) of pure gold, they differ in their composition. Mint gold bars are

528-645: A minimum of 99.5% fine gold, while coin bars, which were made from melted gold coins, are the same composition as the coins from which they were made. The 1934 London Good Delivery List, published by the London Gold Market (a precursor of the London Bullion Market Association ), defined coin bars as "bars assaying 899 to 901 per mille or 915 1 ⁄ 2 to 917 per mille and containing between 350 and 420 ounces of fine gold". These two different levels of fineness reflected

594-901: A nuclear blast. The most famous is the Teikoku Bank in Hiroshima whose two Mosler Safe Company vaults survived the atomic blast with all contents intact. The bank manager wrote a congratulatory note to Mosler. A second is a vault at the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada Test Site) in which an above ground Mosler vault was one of many structures specifically constructed to be exposed to an atomic blast in Operation Plumb Bob - Project 30.4: Response of Protective Vaults to Blast Loading . The wall panels are molded first using

660-645: A policy previously announced to move gold reserves away from coastal cities to areas less vulnerable to foreign military invasion. This policy had already led to the shipment of nearly 85.7 million troy ounces (2,666 metric tons) of gold from the San Francisco Mint to the Denver Mint . The initial plans were to be completed by August and called for a 10,000-square-foot (930 m) building costing no more than $ 450,000 (equivalent to $ 7,800,000 in 2023). Cited were several military advantages of

726-428: A regular mold and screw the steel on after the panel is dry. Round vault doors were popular in the early 20th century and are iconic images for a bank's high security. They fell out of favor due to manufacturing complexities, maintenance issues (door sag due to weight) and cost, but a few examples are still available. A day gate is a second door inside the main vault door frame used for limited vault protection while

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792-508: A series of small holes that can eventually be linked to form a gap. Vault manufacturers work closely with the banking industry and law enforcement in order to keep up with such advances in burglary. San Francisco Mint The San Francisco Mint began operations in 1854 at 608 Commercial Street, just west of Montgomery Street. The building sat between Commercial and Clay Streets and a California Historical Landmark (number 87) plaque can be found today on Commercial. Since June 14, 1970,

858-543: A small fraction of the collateral for Federal Reserve Notes . In addition to the gold, the depository currently holds ten 1933 Double Eagle gold coins, a 1974-D aluminum penny , and twelve gold (22-karat) Sacagawea dollar coins that flew on the Space Shuttle . The term "safe as Fort Knox" has become a metaphor for safety and security in popular vernacular. As an example, 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidate Elizabeth Warren , when outlining in

924-484: A special reinforced concrete mix. In addition to the usual cement powder, stone, etc., additional materials such as metal shavings or abrasive materials may be added to resist drilling penetration of the slab. Unlike regular concrete used in construction, the concrete for bank vaults is so thick that it cannot be poured. The consistency of concrete is measured by its " slump ". Vault concrete has zero slump. It also sets very quickly, curing in only six to 12 hours, instead of

990-535: A supplemental circulating coinage from 1968 through 1974. Since 1975, the San Francisco Mint has been used almost exclusively for proof coinage, with the exception of the Susan B. Anthony dollar from 1979–81, a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s, and circulation-strike America the Beautiful quarters marked with an "S" mintmark and issued only for collectors since 2012. The dollars and quarters bear

1056-499: A type of arms race with bank robbers. As burglars came up with new ways to break into vaults, vault makers found new ways to foil them. Modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some 19th and early 20th century vaults were built so well that today they are difficult to destroy, even with specialized demolition equipment. These older vaults were typically made with steel-reinforced concrete . The walls were usually at least 1 ft (0.3 m) thick, and

1122-428: Is a secure facility. Between its fenced perimeter and granite-lined concrete structure lie rings of razor wire . The grounds are monitored by high-resolution night vision video cameras and microphones. The subterranean vault is made of steel plates, I-beams and cylinders encased in concrete. Its torch-and-drill resistant door is 21 inches (53 cm) thick and weighs 20 short tons (18 metric tons). The vault door

1188-612: Is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone who has been accidentally locked in. It can only be opened from inside the vault and only when the vault doors are closed and locked. The tunnel leads into the main building. The facility is surrounded by fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police . Between the outer perimeter and the depository walls lie rings of razor wire . These grounds are monitored by high-resolution night vision video cameras and microphones. The depository

1254-608: Is equipped with its own emergency power and water systems. For security reasons, visitors are not allowed inside the depository grounds. There have been only three reported occasions when guests outside the Treasury Department have made inspection tours of the vault. The first was by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1943. A second inspection was made by members of the United States Congress and

1320-684: Is made of granite-lined concrete. There are guard boxes at each of the four corners of the structure. Sentry boxes are located at the entrance gate. The words "United States Depository" are inscribed over the marble front entrance. Above the inscription is the seal of the Department of the Treasury, in gold. Offices of the Officer in Charge and the Captain of the Guard open upon the entrance lobby. At

1386-599: Is no longer stored at the depository. The building measures 105 feet (32 m) by 121 feet (37 m) and is 42 feet (13 m) above ground level. Materials used to construct the building include 16,500 cubic feet (470 m) of granite (quarried at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex ), 4,200 cubic yards (3,200 m) of concrete, 750 short tons (680 metric tons) of reinforced steel and 670 short tons (610 metric tons) of structural steel. The outer wall

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1452-556: Is set on a 100-hour time lock , and can only be opened by members of the depository staff who must dial separate combinations. Visitors are not allowed inside. It is so secure that the phrase "as safe as Fort Knox" has become a cliché for safety and security. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for its status as a "well-known landmark that is referred to frequently in factual and fictitious contexts" and its "exceptional significance" in

1518-462: The Cold War ended, and more nations began exporting concentrated poppy straw , concerns about supply disruptions abated. But the agency could not legally sell its opium or morphine stock without congressional approval. So, in 1993, it converted its remaining opium reserves into morphine sulfate. This was done to extend the life of the stock since morphine has a longer shelf-life than opium. Morphine

1584-556: The Defense Logistics Agency began storing opium and morphine at the depository and the West Point Mint . This was done to ensure the nation had adequate supplies in case of war or supply disruptions from the limited number of poppy exporters. The stockpile grew to 68,269 pounds (30,966 kg), enough to meet the legal painkiller needs of the entire United States for one year if supplies were cut off. As

1650-474: The gold-buying program of Executive Order 6102 (which required individuals and institutions deliver to the government all but a small amount of their gold coin and bullion), and 26 million troy ounces (800 metric tons) from domestic production and return of scrap gold and coin after January. By the end of 1940, total Treasury reserves stored at all locations rose to 628.4 million troy ounces (19,546 metric tons). This accounted for around 80 percent of

1716-564: The news media on September 23, 1974, led by the Director of the United States Mint , Mary Brooks . The tour was in response to a conspiracy theory, circulated by Peter Beter , that elites had secretly removed the gold in the depository and that the vaults were empty. The third inspection tour was on August 21, 2017, when Kentucky Senator Mitch McConnell visited with a small group of officials and staff, including Secretary of

1782-545: The "nation's economic history". The site is located on what is now the intersection of Bullion Boulevard and Gold Vault Road. In June 1935, the U.S. Treasury announced its intention to quickly build a gold depository on the grounds of Fort Knox, Kentucky . Its purpose was to store gold then kept in the New York City Assay Office and the Philadelphia Mint . This intent was in keeping with

1848-532: The 1906 earthquake, the Mint held $ 300 million (~$ 7.63 billion in 2023), fully a third of the United States' gold reserves. Efforts by Superintendent of the Mint, Frank A. Leach , and his men preserved the building and the bullion that backed the nation's currency. The mint resumed operation soon thereafter, continuing until 1937 at this site. Now known as the Old San Francisco Mint , it

1914-495: The 1980s and 1990s with the development of improved concrete material. Bank burglaries are also no longer the substantial problem they were in the late 19th century up through the 1930s, but vault makers continue to alter their products to counter new break-in methods. An issue in the 21st century is the thermal lance . Burning iron rods in pure oxygen ignited by an oxyacetylene torch, it can produce temperatures of 6,600–8,000 °F (3,650–4,430 °C). The thermal lance user bores

1980-607: The Army's only completely mechanized cavalry unit was stationed at the adjacent Fort and could readily be deployed to defend the depository. The Treasury began construction of the United States Bullion Depository in 1936 on land transferred to it from the military . The Gold Vault was completed in December of that year for $ 560,000 (equivalent to $ 9,700,000 in 2023). The first wave of gold shipments

2046-433: The Department of the Treasury, was designed by Alfred B. Mullett in a conservative Greek Revival style with a sober Doric order . The columns, most of the exterior and upper floors were constructed of sandstone. It was quarried at Newcastle Island , British Columbia , near the city of Nanaimo and imported for this purpose. The building had a central pedimented portico flanked by projecting wings in an E-shape; it

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2112-576: The Headlines , released the same year as the first wave of gold shipments to Fort Knox, was about gangsters stealing gold from an armored car en route to the depository. In the 1951 comedy Comin' Round the Mountain , Abbott and Costello follow a treasure map and unwittingly dig into the vault at Fort Knox, where they are immediately arrested. In the 1952 animated cartoon 14 Carrot Rabbit , Bugs Bunny tricks Yosemite Sam into digging into

2178-699: The Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. announced the completion of another shipment totaling 258.74 million troy ounces (8,048 metric tons) of gold from the New York Assay office to the depository. The total amount at the vault after completion of the shipment was 416.56 million troy ounces (12,956 metric tons). This amount represented 65.58% of total U.S. gold reserves, which were 635.2 million troy ounces (19,757 metric tons) at that time. This wave of shipments began in July of

2244-578: The Treasury Steven Mnuchin . According to a tweet by Mnuchin, and an internal email by Chief of the U.S. Mint Police Dennis O'Connor, he was the first Treasury Secretary to visit the depository since John Wesley Snyder in 1948. As of 2021, the U.S. gold reserves total 8,134 metric tons. The next highest holdings were Germany's, whose gold reserves were 3,364 metric tons. As of 31 July 2020, Fort Knox holds 147.34 million troy ounces (4,583 metric tons) of gold reserves with

2310-617: The U.S. Treasury's full detailed schedules of gold bars were published by the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services as part of submissions for its hearing titled "Investigating the Gold: H.R. 1495, the Gold Reserve Transparency Act of 2011 and the Oversight of United States Gold Holdings". From the schedule, it can be seen that roughly 64% of the gold bars at Fort Knox have a fineness between 899 and 901, 2% have

2376-508: The UL-608 standard include: As with the US, Europe has agreed a series of test standards to assure a common view of penetrative resistance to forcible attack. The testing regime is covered under the auspices of Euronorm 1143-1:2012 (also known as BS EN 1143-1: 2012), which can be purchased from approved European standards agencies. Key points include: Bank vault technology changed rapidly in

2442-417: The bank to determine specifications like size, shape, and security features. Modern vaults are typically constructed using steel-reinforced modular concrete panels engineered for maximum strength and crush resistance. A 3-inch thick panel of specialized concrete can be up to 10 times stronger than an 18-inch panel of standard concrete. Bank vaults are typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. This material

2508-715: The building has been listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark . The mint was established in response to the California gold rush . Within the first year of its operation, the San Francisco mint turned $ 4 million in gold bullion into coins. Because of the scale of its increase in operations due to economic growth, a new building was soon required. Construction of the new location approximately 1 mile away began in 1869 at Fifth Street and Mission Street. The mint operations moved to that building in 1874. The second US Mint building here, completed in 1874 for

2574-586: The building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex lock . Historically, strongrooms were built in the basements of banks where the ceilings were vaulted , hence the name. Modern bank vaults typically contain many safe deposit boxes , as well as places for teller cash drawers and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in other buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries and certain government ministries. Vault technology developed in

2640-426: The composition of gold coins of the day. U.S. coins produced from 1838 through 1933 were made with 90% gold alloyed with 10% copper, while U.K. crown gold coins were minted with a gold proportion of 22 parts to 24 ( 91 + 2 ⁄ 3 %). These lower gold ratios contrast to many 99.9% fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times since older coins were intended for circulation while newer coins are not. In 2011,

2706-404: The depository has been featured in many popular books, movies, games, and television shows. A well-known example is the 1959 James Bond novel Goldfinger by Ian Fleming , in which the eponymous villain steals the gold, but in the 1964 film adaptation instead executes a convoluted scheme of irradiating all the gold in the vault in order to drive up the price of gold. The 1937 film Behind

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2772-656: The depository occurred during the first half of 1937. A second set was completed in 1941. These shipments, overseen by the United States Post Office Department , totaled roughly 417 million troy ounces (12,960 metric tons), almost two-thirds of the total gold reserves of the United States. During World War II the signed original Constitution of the United States , Declaration of Independence , Articles of Confederation , Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address and drafts of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address were stored in its vault for protection, as

2838-441: The door itself was typically 3.5 ft (1.1 m) thick. Total weight ran into the hundreds of tons (see Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland ) . Today vaults are made with thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts. Bank vaults are custom-designed and are usually one of the first elements considered when planning a new bank building. The vault manufacturer works with

2904-461: The end of 1939. Factors driving this growth included the gold price revaluation (dollar devaluation) in 1934 spurring a rise in global gold production, political uncertainties in Europe causing a capital flight to the United States, and re-armament programs in Europe which increased U.S. net merchandise exports . By far, most of the increase, 277 million troy ounces (8,620 metric tons), were

2970-522: The entire world's gold reserves. Total U.S. gold reserves stored at all locations peaked in October 1941 at 651.4 million troy ounces (20,262 metric tons) and ended the year at 649.6 million troy ounces (20,206 metric tons). Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish expressed concern with the safety of the library's precious artifacts as soon as he took office in 1939. As the Battle of Britain

3036-539: The history of democracy." When it became clear that Congress would not fund the building of a separate facility, Macleish sought other options. On April 30, 1941, he requested of the Treasury Secretary some thousands of cubic feet at Fort Knox for the most notable items in the library. The secretary replied, offering the librarian ten cubic feet. In July, when the inventory was complete, and it had been determined that some 40,000 cubic feet would be required for

3102-487: The inside (behind) of the difficult-to-penetrate door and is usually very modest in size and strength, but very difficult to gain access to from the outside. There are many types of lock mechanisms in use: Quality control for much of the world's vault industry is overseen by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) in Northbrook, Illinois. UL rates vaults based on their resistance to mock break-in attempts. Key points of

3168-558: The location. An army attacking from the Eastern Seaboard would have to fight through the Appalachian Mountains , which were considered a reasonable impediment to military forces of the time. It was also isolated from railways and highways which would further hinder an attacking power. Even air travel to the location across the mountains was considered dangerous for a pilot unfamiliar with the territory. Finally,

3234-406: The main door is open. It is often made of open metal mesh or glass and is intended to keep a casual visitor out rather than to provide true security. A vault door, much like the smaller burglary safe door, is secured with numerous massive metal bolts (cylinders) extending from the door into the surrounding frame. Holding those bolts in place is some sort of lock. The lock is invariably mounted on

3300-501: The previous year and was also overseen by the Post Office. It took seven months and required 45 trains consisting of 337 cars. The building and early operation of the depository occurred at the same time total gold reserves in the United States experienced unprecedented growth. These reserves, which were 194 million troy ounces (6,019 metric tons) at the end of 1933, jumped to 503 million troy ounces (15,641 metric tons) by

3366-421: The rear of the building is another entrance used for receiving bullion and supplies. Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault . The vault is made of steel plates, steel I-beams and steel cylinders laced with hoop bands and encased in concrete. It is less than 4,000 square feet (370 m) in area, and two stories high. The Mosler Safe Company made the vault. According to a Mosler brochure, both

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3432-633: The result of gold imports from abroad. This consisted of 174 million troy ounces (5,421 metric tons) out of foreign mines (mainly from South Africa ), 89 million troy ounces (2,755 metric tons) out of foreign central bank reserves (mostly France and the United Kingdom ), with the balance from other sources (principally private holdings in India ). Only 6 million troy ounces (178 metric tons) came from gold acquired in January 1934 under

3498-569: The storage of all unique and irreplaceable materials of the library, the original ten cubic feet offer was raised to 60.3 cubic feet. MacLeish prioritized items to be sent to Fort Knox. These items were: the Constitution of the United States (signed original); the Declaration of Independence (signed original); Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address (autographed original); Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (first and second autographed drafts);

3564-407: The three to four days needed for most concrete. The vault door is also molded of special concrete used to make the panels, but it can be made in several ways. The door mold differs from the panel molds because there is a hole for the lock and the door will be clad in stainless steel. Some manufacturers use the steel cladding as the mold and pour the concrete directly into it. Other manufacturers use

3630-430: The vault door and emergency door are 21 inches (53 cm) thick and made of the latest torch-and-drill-resistant material of the time. The main vault door weighs 20 short tons (18 metric tons), and the vault casing is 25 inches (64 cm). The vault door is set on a 100-hour time lock and is rarely opened. To open the vault, members of the depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them. There

3696-466: The vault, where he too is immediately arrested. Notes Bibliography Bank vault A bank vault is a secure room used by banks to store and protect valuables, cash, and important documents. Modern bank vaults are typically made of reinforced concrete and steel, with complex locking mechanisms and security systems. This article covers the design, construction, and security features of bank vaults. Unlike safes , vaults are an integral part of

3762-648: The vault. Frequent inspections were made. In May 1942, repairs were made to the Declaration. In April 1943, the Declaration and the Constitution were removed from and then taken back to the depository so they could be displayed at the opening of the Jefferson Memorial . On October 1, 1944, all items were returned to the Library of Congress. The copy of Magna Carta was returned to England after

3828-699: The war in January 1946. After World War II , the depository held the Crown of St. Stephen , as well as other Hungarian crown jewels including a gold scepter and orb and a gold‐encrusted mantle. They were given to U.S. military authorities by members of the Royal Hungarian Crown Guard who feared that they would otherwise fall into Soviet hands. The items were kept in Germany under U.S. custody for several years before being transferred to Fort Knox. They were returned to Hungary in 1978. In 1955,

3894-490: Was a Gutenberg Bible and an exemplified copy of Magna Carta . After the war, the depository held the Crown of St. Stephen as well as stockpiles of opium and morphine . Today it is known to hold ten 1933 Double Eagle gold coins, a 1974-D aluminum penny , and twelve gold (22-karat) Sacagawea dollar coins that flew on the Space Shuttle Columbia , specifically STS-93 in 1999. The depository

3960-483: Was built around a completely enclosed central courtyard that contained a well. These features saved it during the fires that followed the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, when the heat melted the plate glass windows and exploded sandstone and granite blocks with which it was faced. The building is based on a concrete and granite foundation, designed to thwart tunneling into its vaults. At the time of

4026-439: Was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and sold to the city of San Francisco in 2003. There are plans for adaptive reuse, including as a museum, and continued special events space. The new Mint was opened in 1937. Beginning in 1955, circulating coinage from San Francisco was suspended for 13 years. In 1968, this facility took over most proof coinage production from the Philadelphia Mint , but continued striking

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4092-505: Was fought during the summer and fall of 1940, MacLeish asked the U.S. Geological Survey about locating underground storage for "valuable paintings and books" and "within reasonable distance of Washington ." In December 1940, he directed his staff to create a detailed catalog of the Library of Congress 's most "irreplaceable" assets, and the space required to store them. Primary attention was given to those items "considered most important for

4158-561: Was made semi-weekly between January 11 and June 17, 1937, and overseen by the United States Post Office Department . The gold was transported from the New York Assay Office and the Philadelphia Mint onto trains using postal trucks and municipal police escorts. In the armored train cars, postal workers were accompanied by soldiers, secret service agents, and mint guards. Decoy trains were employed. The gold

4224-455: Was not climate controlled , and so the documents were vulnerable to changes in temperature and humidity, as well as insects. Special precautions were then taken. The items were locked in bronze containers that had been heated for six hours to drive off any moisture. The containers were then embedded in mineral wool and placed in wooden cases hermetically sealed with lead. An air conditioning unit and calcium chloride dryers were installed in

4290-718: Was not substantially different from that used in construction work. It relies on its immense thickness for strength. An ordinary vault from the middle of the 20th century might have been 18 in (45.72 cm) thick and was quite heavy and difficult to remove or remodel around. Modern bank vaults are now typically made of modular concrete panels using a special proprietary blend of concrete and additives for extreme strength. The concrete has been engineered for maximum crush resistance. A panel of this material, though only 3 in (7.62 cm) thick, may be up to 10 times as strong as an 18 in-thick (45.72-cm) panel of regular formula concreted. There are at least two public examples of vaults withstanding

4356-770: Was transferred from trains onto Army trucks under the protection of soldiers armed with armor-piercing bullets and machine guns . The trucks were escorted by combat cars of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment to the depository. The Post Office Department billed the Treasury Department for transporting the weight of the crates and gold using the fourth-class postage rate with added insurance fees. A total of 157.82 million troy ounces (4,909 metric tons) were moved to Fort Knox in this wave. This shipment represented 44.84% of total U.S. gold reserves, which were 351.9 million troy ounces (10,947 metric tons) at that time. It took over five months and required 39 trains consisting of 215 cars. On March 1, 1941, United States Secretary of

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