85-672: Umzimvubu Municipality ( Xhosa : uMasipala wase Umzimvubu ) is a local municipality within the Alfred Nzo District Municipality , in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa . Umzimvubu , the name of the Mzimvubu River , is an isiXhosa word meaning "home of the hippopotamus". The municipal area comprises an area of 2506 square kilometres. The municipality has undergone a number of amendments in terms of municipal and ward demarcation which has
170-462: A noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. Agreements usually reflect part of the original class with which the word agrees. The word order is subject–verb–object , like in English. The verb is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. The various parts of the sentence must agree in both class and number. The Xhosa noun consists of two essential parts,
255-534: A 1918 letter written in response to an Afrikaner settler who complained about the Rhodesian policy of not allowing the teaching of Afrikaans in schools, the secretary to the Administrator of Southern Rhodesia wrote that "the official language of Southern Rhodesia has ever since the occupation of the country been English and ... no provision exists in the legislation of the territory for the recognition of
340-529: A Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi ), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click. Xhosa is part of the branch of Nguni languages , which also include Zulu , Southern Ndebele and Northern Ndebele , called the Zunda languages. Zunda languages effectively form a dialect continuum of variously mutually intelligible varieties. Xhosa is, to a large extent, mutually intelligible with Zulu and with other Nguni languages to
425-652: A Xhosa hymn. A small population of Xhosa is found in Botswana at a village called Bikwe and at Xhosa ward in Mahalapye village. Xhosa is not an official language in Botswana. Afrikaans is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans , the number of whom has declined significantly since 1980. Afrikaans speakers in Zimbabwe are typically Afrikaner immigrants from South Africa or their descendants. Afrikaners first arrived in what would become Southern Rhodesia in
510-498: A diminishing extent ), and Xhosa is taught as a subject, both for native and for non-native speakers. Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. The South African Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts in Xhosa on both radio (on Umhlobo Wenene FM) and television, and films, plays and music are also produced in the language. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa
595-599: A free market. Despite these concerns, most of the Poles who remained showed little inclination to leave. By 1947, when the Rhodesian government offered repatriation to the remaining 1,282 Poles in the colony, only two women agreed. Despite pressure from the British government and the United Nations Refugee Programme, the Rhodesian government agreed to accept only 726 Poles as permanent residents,
680-463: A lesser extent. Nguni languages are, in turn, classified under the much larger abstraction of Bantu languages . Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most commonly spoken South African language is Zulu. Xhosa is the second most common Bantu home language in South Africa. As of 2003 approximately 5.3 million Xhosa-speakers, the majority, live in
765-461: A nearly 60% decline from ten years earlier. Chinese people in Zimbabwe are a small community that grew in size in the 2000s as an influx of Chinese shopkeepers settled in the country. it is estimated there are roughly around 10000 Chinese people living in the country. Making it a sizable community. A wave of Dutch -speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved to Southern Rhodesia in
850-438: A profound impact on planning in the area. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places : The municipal council consists of fifty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation . Twenty-eight councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in twenty-eight wards , while the remaining twenty-seven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives
935-483: A region whose primary language is Xhosa: (said to a group of people) Xhosa-speaking people have inhabited coastal regions of southeastern Africa since before the 16th century. They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as isiXhosa . Ancestors of the Xhosa migrated to the east coast of Africa and came across Khoisan -speaking people; "as a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance,
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#17327930494911020-466: A second official language." English remained the official language when Southern Rhodesia was established as a self-governing Crown colony in 1923. During the UDI period from 1965 to 1979, English was retained as the official language of the unrecognised state of Rhodesia . Rhodesia's successor, the short-lived unrecognized state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia , designated English the "only official language" of
1105-445: A vowel, e.g. is andla / iz andla (hand/hands). The placeholder N in the prefixes iN - and iiN - is a nasal consonant which assimilates in place to the following consonant (producing an im- before vowels), but is typically absent in loanwords. Before monosyllabic stems in some words. Verbs use the following prefixes for the subject and object: The following is a list of phrases that can be used when one visits
1190-506: Is a Bantu language spoken by roughly 87% of Zimbabweans and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. It is the traditional language of Zimbabwe's Shona people , who live in Zimbabwe's central and eastern provinces. Shona has a number of dialects, including Karanga , Korekore , Manyika , Ndau , and Zezuru . Standard Shona is derived from the Central Shona dialects, especially Karanga and Zezuru. According to Ethnologue , Shona
1275-429: Is a Nguni language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe . Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape , Western Cape , Northern Cape and Gauteng , and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho . It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in
1360-644: Is a Bantu language of Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, occupying an area on the plateau that forms the watershed between the Zambezi and Luangwa river systems and Western Malawi land overshadowing Kachebere mountain called Mchinji. The urban form of Nyanja spoken in the Zambian capital Lusaka has many features of Nsenga. Shangani , also known as Tsonga, is a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Zimbabwe, as well as in Eswatini , Mozambique, and South Africa. It
1445-659: Is a hymn written in Xhosa by Enoch Sontonga in 1897. The single original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, and the original verse was translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. In The Lion King and its reboot , Rafiki the sagely mandrill chants in Xhosa. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War , Black Panther , Avengers: Infinity War , Avengers: Endgame , and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever ,
1530-562: Is an endangered Khoe language spoken by fewer than 20 people in the Tsholotsho District of Zimbabwe , all over 60 years of age. A slightly larger group of 100 have passive or partial knowledge of the language. Tonga , also known as Zambezi, is a Bantu language spoken by 1.5 million people in southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe. It is primarily spoken by the Tonga people and is a second language for some Zimbabweans. Tonga
1615-417: Is feature-matching its noun: /iN- + ɬɛ/ → intle"beautiful" (of a class 9 word like inja "dog") When aspirated clicks ( ⟨ch, xh, qh⟩ ) are prenasalised, the silent letter ⟨k⟩ is added ( ⟨nkc, nkx, nkq⟩ ) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks ⟨nc, nx, nq⟩ , and are actually distinct sounds. The prenasalized versions have a very short voicing at
1700-517: Is heard only occasionally being spoken between older white and blacks. A 2018 survey of white farm owners, Asian store owners, and young black teachers born after independence found wide disparities in knowledge of and attitudes toward Chilapalapa. Among those surveyed who grew up before independence, all were proficient in Chilapalapa. Among those born after independence, none could speak Chilapalapa, though most had heard of it. Attitudes towards
1785-616: Is in practice a dialect of Shona and is considered by all Zimbabweans to be Shona, though it is officially listed as a separate language. It is spoken by the Manyika tribe of Zimbabwe's easternmost province, Manicaland , as well as in Mashonaland East Province . In 2000, it had an estimated 861,000 speakers in Zimbabwe. Nambya is a Bantu language spoken by the Nambya people of northwestern Zimbabwe, particularly in
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#17327930494911870-644: Is long in the penultimate syllable and short in the last syllable. Xhosa is a tonal language with two inherent phonemic tones: low and high. Tones are rarely marked in the written language, but they can be indicated ⟨a⟩ [à] , ⟨á⟩ [á] , ⟨â⟩ [áà] , ⟨ä⟩ [àá] . Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written except for ⟨â⟩ and ⟨ä⟩ , which are each sequence of two vowels with different tones that are realized as long vowels with contour tones ( ⟨â⟩ high–low = falling, ⟨ä⟩ low–high = rising). Xhosa
1955-499: Is now Zimbabwe dates back to 1890, when Indian plantation workers emigrated from South Africa into Southern Rhodesia . Indian immigration was restricted in 1924 when Southern Rhodesia attained self-government, but the Indian community still grew. Many Indian Zimbabweans left the country following the country's economic downturn that began around 2000. As of October 2016, an estimated 9,000 Zimbabwean citizens were of Indian origin (it
2040-489: Is of Ndebele origin, 20% from English , 10% from Shona , 5% from Afrikaans , and 5% from Chewa . Other sources describes the language as having primarily Shona influence rather than Ndebele. Fanagalo originated in the 19th century in South Africa, and Chilapalapa, which is closely related, developed as whites began settling in Southern Rhodesia. As the majority of blacks at that time lacked education and
2125-400: Is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Sotho , also known as Sesotho, is a Bantu language primarily spoken in South Africa and Lesotho , with a small number of speakers in Zimbabwe. It is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. There is a small number of BaSotho in Botswana at a village called Tlhareseleele; however, it is not an official language in Botswana. Tjwao (formerly Tshwao)
2210-524: Is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Tswa ( Xitswa ) is a South-Eastern Bantu language in Southern Mozambique . Its closest relatives are Ronga and Tsonga , the three forming the Tswa–Ronga family of languages. Tswana is a Bantu language that is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Venda is a Bantu language that is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. It is spoken in
2295-548: Is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of forty-two seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election. Xhosa language Xhosa ( / ˈ k ɔː s ə / KAW -sə , / ˈ k oʊ s ə / KOH -sə ; Xhosa pronunciation: [kǁʰóːsa] ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa ,
2380-494: Is rich in uncommon consonants . Besides pulmonic egressive sounds, which are found in all spoken languages, it has a series of ejective stops and one implosive stop. It has 18 click consonants (in comparison, Juǀʼhoan , spoken in Botswana and Namibia , has 48, and Taa , with roughly 4,000 speakers in Botswana , has 83). There is a series of six dental clicks , represented by the letter ⟨c⟩ , similar to
2465-476: Is spoken by over 300,000 people, and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Kalanga is spoken by over 300,000 people in Botswana. The language is, however, not an official one. Kalanga is predominantly in the North Eastern part of Botswana. Koisan , also known as Tshwa, is a Khoe language that is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Kunda is a Bantu language spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, in
2550-409: Is spoken by roughly 9.8 million people, making it the most widely spoken Bantu language of Zimbabwe. The Manyika and Ndau dialects are listed separately by Ethnologue and are spoken by around 1 million and 2.4 million people, respectively. When Manyika and Ndau are added to the total, Shona is spoken by over 14 million people. There are over 80,000 Shona speakers in Botswana. They are found mainly in
2635-509: Is still productive, as is shown by palatalization before the passive suffix /-w/ and before diminutive suffix /-ana/. This process can skip rightwards to non-local syllables (i.e. uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "be used for"), but does not affect morpheme-initial consonants (i.e. uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa "to be written", instead of illicit *ukujalwa). The palatalization process only applies once, as evidenced by ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "to be made to overflow", instead of
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2720-541: Is the third-most widely spoken indigenous language in the country, after Shona and Ndebele." Chewa is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Chibarwe , also known as Sena, is a Bantu language, mainly found in Malawi and Mozambique , with a small number of speakers in Zimbabwe. Chibarwe is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Kalanga is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people of northwestern Zimbabwe . It
2805-707: Is unclear how many of these, if any, are Hindi speakers. An additional 500 Indian citizens were residents in Zimbabwe at that time. Italian is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans . The language first arrived in Southern Rhodesia during World War II , when the British set up five camps in the colony to hold thousands of Axis prisoners of war and internees . Three of these camps, set up in 1941–42 in Gatooma , Umvuma , and Fort Victoria , accommodated roughly 5,000 Italians, mostly from Somaliland and Ethiopia . After Italy's surrender in September 1943,
2890-497: The Bantu Education Act, 1953 . At present, Xhosa is used as the main language of instruction in many primary schools and some secondary schools, but is largely replaced by English after the early primary grades, even in schools mainly serving Xhosa-speaking communities. The language is also studied as a subject in such schools. The language of instruction at universities in South Africa is English (or Afrikaans, to
2975-779: The Eastern Cape , followed by the Western Cape (approximately 1 million), Gauteng (671,045), the Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), the Northern Cape (51,228), and Limpopo (14,225). There is a small but significant Xhosa community of about 200,000 in Zimbabwe . Also, a small community of Xhosa speakers (18,000) live in Quthing District , Lesotho . The Xhosa language employs 26 letters from
3060-627: The Guinness World Record for the country with the largest number of official languages. Prior to independence in 1980, English had been the official language of Zimbabwe's antecedents since the arrival of white rule in the region. During the Company-rule period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, English was established as Rhodesia 's official language by the British South Africa Company . In
3145-505: The Latin alphabet ; some of the letters have different pronunciations from English. Phonemes not represented by one of the 26 letters are written as multiple letters. Tone, stress, and vowel length are parts of the language but are generally not indicated in writing. Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: [a] , [ɛ~e] , [i] , [ɔ~o] and [u] written a , e , i , o and u in order, all occurring in both long and short . The /i/ vowel
3230-618: The Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland West provinces. It was spoken by 145,000 people in Zimbabwe in 2000. Lozi , a Bantu language spoken primarily in southwestern Zambia , is spoken by roughly 70,000 Zimbabweans. There are over 30,000 Lozi/Rotsi speakers in Botswana. They are found mainly in Chobe district which comprises Kazungula, Kasane and surrounding small settlements bordering Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia. Lozi is, however, not an official language in Botswana. Manyika
3315-569: The Nationalist party ." In spite of this issue, Afrikaners assimilated fairly well into the larger English-speaking white population, and were generally seen as loyal to the Southern Rhodesian government. Afrikaners preserved their language and culture through their own institutions. Dutch Reformed churches commonly conducted Afrikaans services in the morning, followed by services in English and indigenous African languages in
3400-511: The Second Boer War , British colonial authorities increasingly demanded that Afrikaner schools teach in English. Despite Afrikaner complaints, the British South Africa Company , which governed the territory until 1923, would not budge. In a letter written in response to protesting Afrikaners, the secretary to the administrator of Southern Rhodesia wrote: "... the laws of the country make no provision for Dutch teaching, and even recently
3485-683: The 1940s. It is unclear how many sign languages there are in Zimbabwe, and to what extent each is used, as little research has been done. The Glottolog , a language database maintained by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany, lists seven varieties of indigenous Zimbabwean sign language: Manicaland Sign, Mashonaland Sign, Masvingo School Sign, Matabeleland Sign, Midlands Sign, Zimbabwe Community Sign, and Zimbabwe School Sign. American Sign Language
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3570-542: The 1950s. Many of them remained in Rhodesia after 1965, when the colony unilaterally declared independence under a white minority government, as well as after Zimbabwe's independence in 1980. Many of them lost their farms during the country's land reform program in the early 2000s, with some leaving the country and others remaining. German is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans . The language first arrived in Southern Rhodesia during World War II , when
3655-526: The 19th century when Zulus migrated to what is now Zimbabwe from the Zulu Kingdom in 1839. Today, Ndebele is spoken by roughly about 13% of the population and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. There is a small number of Ndebele speakers in the northeastern part of Botswana bordering Zimbabwe. Ndebele, however, is not an official language in Botswana. Chewa is a Bantu language spoken in northeastern Zimbabwe. According to some estimates, it
3740-539: The Administrator has publicly stated that there is no prospect of change in the said laws." L. M. Foggin, the colonial director of education, warned in an official report: "I am convinced that if the concession of mother-tongue instruction were allowed in the schools of Rhodesia, it would result at once in Dutch districts in the teaching to the children of characteristic anti-British and anti-Imperial principles of
3825-641: The Afrikaner population in Rhodesia continued to grow and more Afrikaner organisations were established, including the Afrikaner Youth in 1947) and the Association of Rhodesian Afrikaners (GRA) in 1965. The GRA soon became the preeminent Afrikaner organisation in the country, organising Afrikaner cultural activities and lobbying for greater Afrikaans language rights, particularly in schools. By
3910-538: The British began repatriating Italian internees and POWs, sending them to Port Elizabeth , South Africa , where they were taken home by ship. Other Italians were not sent home, but were simply let out of the camps, and some of these chose to remain in Southern Rhodesia. Italian prisoners of War were also used in construction of the Castle next to the Leopard Rock Hotel in the 1920s.By the early 2000s, there
3995-428: The British set up five camps in the colony to hold thousands of Axis prisoners of war and internees , mainly Italians and Germans . Two of these camps, which opened in 1939–40 outside Salisbury , accommodated roughly 800 German inmates, who were former residents of Tanganyika . These prisoners were repatriated after war. By the 1970s, a number of West German missionaries were present in Rhodesia . In 1978,
4080-505: The English continued to exist, coming to a head in 1944, when the so-called "Enkeldoorn incident", in which an Afrikaner boy killed an English boy at the Enkeldoorn School, made headlines. A commission investigating the incident found that the incident was motivated by language and cultural tensions, which at the time were inflamed by World War II , as many English suspected Afrikaners of having German sympathies. Nevertheless,
4165-612: The GRA gradually became less active. In 1977, the Rhodesian Afrikaner Action Circle (RAAK) was established in Bulawayo, and soon became the main Afrikaner organisation in the country. Kern and Die Rhodesiër , the two major Afrikaans newspapers in Rhodesia, were edited by RAAK members. After Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, much of the country's Afrikaner population emigrated, most to South Africa. The GRA
4250-716: The Polish consulate in Salisbury ; the Polish government-in-exile in London provided funding. Polish-language schools and churches were built for the refugees. After the Polish government-in-exile discontinued its operations and closed its consulate in 1944, the Polish refugees were increasingly viewed as a burden by the Southern Rhodesian government. A few began being sent home in May 1944, and transport back to Europe picked up sharply as
4335-445: The ability to speak English, Chilapalapa became a common lingua franca used by whites and Asians to communicate with blacks, and vice versa, usually in the context of work environment. Blacks who spoke Chilapalapa generally lacked formal education and often did not speak English. Additionally, whites often demanded that blacks speak to them in Chilapalapa, not wanting to speak with them in English as it might imply an equal status among
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#17327930494914420-740: The afternoon. An Afrikaans-language school, Bothashof , was established in 1911 in Bulawayo. An Afrikaner organisation, the Afrikaans Cultural Union of Rhodesia (AKUR), was established in 1934, and sought to preserve Afrikaner culture in Rhodesia, particularly through creating an Afrikaans press and by promoting the Afrikaans language in schools. A printing press was acquired, and AKUR began publishing Afrikaans daily newspapers and magazines, including Zambesi Ringsblad , Kern , Die Rhodesiër , and Die Volksgenoot . Tension over language and cultural differences between Afrikaners and
4505-492: The bare minimum to meet the 10% per nationality required by international law. Chilapalapa , also known as Fanagalo, was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca between whites , Asians , and blacks during the colonial period. Like its South African cousin Fanagalo , it was primarily spoken in the mining sector, on white-owned farms, and in larger settlements. According to one source, 60% of Chilapalapa vocabulary
4590-534: The click sounds of the Khoisan languages". The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a Khoisan language that did. An estimated 15% of Xhosa vocabulary is of Khoisan origin. John Bennie was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary and early Xhosa linguist. Bennie, along with John Ross (another missionary), set up a printing press in the Tyhume Valley and
4675-569: The country's Indian population. Deaf Zimbabweans commonly use one of several varieties of Zimbabwean Sign Language , with some using American Sign Language . Zimbabwean language data is based on estimates, as Zimbabwe has never conducted a census that enumerated people by language. Since the adoption of the 2013 Constitution , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , namely Chewa , Chibarwe , English , Kalanga , Koisan , Nambya , Ndau , Ndebele , Shangani , Shona , sign language , Sotho , Tonga , Tswana , Venda , and Xhosa . Zimbabwe holds
4760-537: The country. Zimbabwe Rhodesia was succeeded by Zimbabwe in 1980. Zimbabwe's original constitution, drafted in 1979 at the Lancaster House Agreement , did not name any official languages. By the time the new 2013 constitution was being drafted, English, Shona, and Ndebele had become the country's official languages. The Constitution requires that Zimbabwe equally promote each of its official languages, including in schools and in government. Shona
4845-558: The early 1890s, recruited to be among the first pioneers by Cecil Rhodes , who sought to bring their agricultural expertise for the new region. They spread throughout the country, taking up farming and cattle ranching. Afrikaners settled in rural areas outside towns and cities, so they could sell their agricultural products. Bulawayo , Enkeldoorn , Umtali , Salisbury , and particularly, Melsetter , became Afrikaner population centers. Afrikaner children, especially in rural areas, were initially educated in Afrikaans. However, following
4930-668: The first printed works in Xhosa came out in 1823 from the Lovedale Press in the Alice region of the Eastern Cape. But, as with any language, Xhosa had a rich history of oral traditions from which the society taught, informed, and entertained one another. The first Bible translation was in 1859, produced in part by Henry Hare Dugmore . The role of indigenous languages in South Africa is complex and ambiguous. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with
5015-436: The following vowel. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well: mf is pronounced [ɱp̪fʼ] , ndl is pronounced [ndɮ] , n+hl becomes ntl [ntɬʼ] , n+z becomes ndz [ndz] , n + q becomes [n͡ŋǃʼ] etc. The orthographic b in mb is the voiced plosive [mb] . Prenasalisation occurs in several contexts, including on roots with the class 9 prefix /iN-/, for example on an adjective which
5100-467: The illicit alternative, *ukuphutshunyiswa. In keeping with many other Bantu languages , Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of prefixes and suffixes that are attached to root words . As in other Bantu languages, nouns in Xhosa are classified into morphological classes , or genders (15 in Xhosa), with different prefixes for both singular and plural. Various parts of speech that qualify
5185-472: The island of Cyprus . Zimbabwe currently hosts eleven Greek Orthodox churches and fifteen Greek associations and humanitarian organizations. Gujarati is the traditional language of the majority of Zimbabwe's Indian population , many of whom are descended from immigrants from Gujarat . The Indian presence in what is now Zimbabwe dates back to 1890, when Indian plantation workers emigrated from South Africa into Southern Rhodesia . Indian immigration
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#17327930494915270-554: The issue of education remained. Bothashof, which had relocated to Salisbury in 1946, remained the country's only Afrikaans-medium school. In 1971, the Association of Rhodesian Afrikaners made an urgent call to the government, demanding that they open more Afrikaans-language schools, but the government ignored them. The Afrikaner population in Rhodesia peaked at 35,000 in 1975, and began declining thereafter. As Afrikaners emigrated to South Africa, Afrikaner organisations saw decline;
5355-474: The language differed, largely across racial lines. Most whites and Asians surveyed saw Chilapalapa as a useful lingua franca, while blacks viewed it as a symbol of racism and colonialism. Alongside numerous oral languages, sign languages are also used in Zimbabwe. Sign languages in Southern Rhodesia first developed independently among deaf students in different schools for the deaf beginning in
5440-429: The language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. This came about because South African actor John Kani , a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, speaks Xhosa and suggested that the directors of the fictional Civil War incorporate a dialogue in the language. For Black Panther , director Ryan Coogler "wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in
5525-414: The late 1960s, the Afrikaner population in Rhodesia had grown to 25,000. After the mid 1960s, Afrikaners began to enter Rhodesian politics. Notable Afrikaner politicians during this period included several cabinet ministers: Rowan Cronjé , P. K. van der Byl , and Phillip van Heerden . Though the Rhodesian government under premier Ian Smith was on better terms with Afrikaners than previous governments,
5610-464: The northern part of South Africa around Mesina whereas in Zimbabwe, it's common in the southern area of the Limpopo river. Xhosa is an Nguni Bantu language, most commonly found in South Africa, spoken by around 200,000 Zimbabweans, a little over 1% of the population. Xhosa is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. " Ishe Komborera Africa ", the former Zimbabwean national anthem , was based on
5695-511: The onset which then releases in an ejective, like the prenasalized affricates, while the phonemically nasal clicks have a very long voicing through the consonant. When plain voiceless clicks ( ⟨c, x, q⟩ ) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal ( ⟨ngc, ngx, ngq⟩ ). /ǀ̃/ , /ǁ̃/ , /ǃ̃/ /ǀ̃/ , /ǁ̃/ , /ǃ̃/ Palatalisation is a change that affects labial consonants whenever they are immediately followed by /j/ . While palatalisation occurred historically, it
5780-441: The oral occlusion is then very short in stops, and it usually does not occur at all in clicks. Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. (They may also be voiced between vowels in some speaking styles.) The more notable characteristic is their depressor effect on the tone of the syllable. When consonants are prenasalised , their pronunciation and spelling may change. The murmur no longer shifts to
5865-488: The population, and Ndebele, spoken by roughly 20%. English is the country's lingua franca , used in government and business and as the main medium of instruction in schools. English is the first language of most white Zimbabweans , and is the second language of a majority of black Zimbabweans. Historically, a minority of white Zimbabweans spoke Afrikaans , Greek , Italian , Polish , and Portuguese , among other languages, while Gujarati and Hindi could be found amongst
5950-472: The prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages. Which they call 'amahlelo' The following table gives an overview of Xhosa noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. Before monosyllabic stems, e.g. ili so (eye), ulu hlu (list). is - and iz - replace isi - and izi - respectively before stems beginning with
6035-560: The pronunciation in IPA on the left and the orthography on the right: In addition to the ejective affricate [tʃʼ] , the spelling ⟨tsh⟩ may also be used for either of the aspirated affricates [tsʰ] and [tʃʰ] . The breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ] is sometimes spelled ⟨h⟩ . The ejectives tend to be ejective only in careful pronunciation or in salient positions and, even then, only for some speakers. Otherwise, they tend to be tenuis (plain) stops. Similarly,
6120-433: The races. Because it was often used demeaningly by whites, blacks often associated Chilapalapa with racism and colonialism. In contrast, whites viewed Chilapalapa more positively, even celebrating it as a unique facet of Rhodesian culture. The Rhodesian folk singer John Edmond recorded "The Chilapalapa Song", and newsreader and comedian Wrex Tarr routinely used Chilapalapa in his performances. Though Chilapalapa
6205-497: The script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Languages of Zimbabwe#Xhosa Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in Zimbabwe . Since the adoption of its 2013 Constitution, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely Chewa , Chibarwe , English , Kalanga , Koisan , Nambya , Ndau , Ndebele , Shangani , Shona , sign language , Sotho , Tonga , Tswana , Venda , Xhosa . The country's main languages are Shona, spoken by over 70% of
6290-401: The sound represented in English by "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk"; a series of six alveolar lateral clicks , represented by the letter ⟨x⟩ , similar to the sound used to call horses; and a series of alveolar clicks , represented by the letter ⟨q⟩ , that sounds somewhat like a cork pulled from a bottle. The following table lists the consonant phonemes of the language, with
6375-416: The tenuis (plain) clicks are often glottalised, with a long voice onset time , but that is uncommon. The murmured clicks, plosives and affricates are only partially voiced, with the following vowel murmured for some speakers. That is, da may be pronounced [dʱa̤] (or, equivalently, [d̥a̤] ). They are better described as slack voiced than as breathy voiced. They are truly voiced only after nasals, but
6460-494: The town of Hwange . It is closely related to the Kalanga language. It is spoken by nearly 100,000 people, and is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Ndau is a Bantu language, often considered a dialect of Shona, that is spoken by around 2.4 million people in southeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique. It is one of Zimbabwe's official languages. Ndau is spoken in the southern of Zimbabwe Nsenga, also known as Senga,
6545-574: The villages of Mmandunyane, Tonota, Francistown, Selibe Phikwe , Gaborone, and other towns and villages in Botswana although Shona is not an official language in Botswana. The Northern Ndebele language , also known simply as Ndebele, is an Nguni Bantu language spoken by the Northern Ndebele people of Zimbabwe's Matabeleland region. The Ndebele language is closely related to the Zulu language of South Africa , and developed in Zimbabwe in
6630-421: The war came to a close, with less than 2,000 Polish refugees remaining by October 1945. Colonial officials were reluctant to let the remaining Poles stay in Southern Rhodesia indefinitely, asserting that they were not culturally British enough and might have communist connections or sympathies. Additionally, the Poles were seen as lacking the skills and education that would allow them to compete against blacks in
6715-550: The year two German missionaries were killed amidst the Rhodesian Bush War , it was reported that 30 German Jesuits were active in the country. In the years after Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, a number of German nationals took up farming in Zimbabwe. They were among those whose farms were confiscated during the land reform program in the early 2000s, and left the country. The Greeks in Zimbabwe comprise about 3,000 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from
6800-420: Was Miriam Makeba , whose Click Song #1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane ) and "Click Song #2" ( Baxabene Ooxam ) are known for their large number of click sounds. In 1996 , the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is part of the national anthem of South Africa , national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia , and the former anthem of Zimbabwe and Namibia . It
6885-650: Was a widespread second language in Rhodesia, with several hundred thousand speakers in 1975, it was never commonly spoken outside work environments. It was used in towns, and in the farming and mining sectors, and was especially common in the Mashonaland region, but was never taught in schools or used in any official contexts. Written Chilapalapa literature was rare. Because of its lack of use in schools and formal contexts and due to its negative association with colonialism, use of Chilapalapa virtually disappeared after Zimbabwe's independence after 1980. Today, Chilapalapa
6970-652: Was disestablished in the early 1980s. A new Afrikaner organisation, the Afrikaner Community of Zimbabwe, was founded in April 1981 in Harare . Bothashof, the country's Afrikaans-medium school, saw its enrollment drop from 450 in 1980 to 160 in 1982. The school closed and reopened the next year as a multiracial, English-language school with an English headmaster, marking an end to Afrikaans education in Zimbabwe. By 1984, just 15,000 Afrikaners remained in Zimbabwe,
7055-431: Was racial segregation during the colonial period, Asians and Coloured people were allowed to intermarry resulting in many coloured people being also descendant of Gujarati and Hindi ethnic groups as well as to some extent afro-Asian descendants. Hindi is the traditional language of a minority of Zimbabwe's Indian population , most of whom are of Gujarati , rather than Hindustani , origin. The Indian presence in what
7140-405: Was restricted in 1924 when Southern Rhodesia attained self-government, but the Indian community still grew. Many Indian Zimbabweans left the country following the country's economic downturn that began around 2000. As of October 2016, an estimated 9,000 Zimbabwean citizens were of Indian origin, mostly Gujarati . An additional 500 Indian citizens were residents in Zimbabwe at that time. as there
7225-517: Was still a sizable Italian population in Zimbabwe. Polish is spoken by a small minority of white Zimbabweans . The language first arrived in Southern Rhodesia during World War II , when the colony hosted nearly 7,000 refugees from Poland . Polish refugees were housed at dedicated settlements set up at Marandellas and Rusape , two towns about 40 km (25 mi) apart to the south-east of Salisbury, from 1943. The Polish settlements in Southern Rhodesia were run jointly by local authorities and
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