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49-565: The Philippine government and MWSS began studying new water sources for Metro Manila in the 1990s, as the capital had mainly relied on the Angat - Ipo - La Mesa water system as its source since the 1960s, and the demand for potable water was projected to grow from 4,000 million liters a day (mld) to 5,680 mld by 2020. The study identified the Umiray River, Kaliwa River, Kanan River, Marikina River , and Laguna de Bay as possible sources for

98-459: A civil service entrance examination to assess qualifications and work integrity for employment in the sector. The Commission on Elections enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to conducting elections, plebiscites , initiatives , referendums, and recalls . It decides on all decisions surrounding election protests and contests and has the right to deputize and take control of law enforcement and state security forces to ensure

147-401: A mini-hydropower plant generating about 970 kilowatts. UATP also includes an 18 km electrical transmission line from Angat to Umiray River Weir Inlet. Given that the intake at Umiray River is isolated, the site is only accessible by helicopter. However, there is also a barge on Angat Reservoir that ends at Mancua, Dona Remedios Trinidad where MWSS built a 3 km road to the outlet of

196-494: A 4.88m diameter Robbins shielded tunnel boring machine . When the contract was awarded to the Filipino-Italian consortium as they had the available tunnel boring machines (TBM) which usually would take a year to manufacture and deliver onsite. The consortium also offered a second TBM which would cut the timeline by another year. The project was set with delays, but finally completed and operational by June 2000 and at

245-733: A complete stoppage of operation of UATP as boulders, logs, and mud clogged the tunnel. It took 3.5 months to declog the tunnel while Metro Manila experienced a 30% drop in supply of water. MWSS sought a permanent solution, and this resulted to the Umiray-Angat Transbasin Rehabilitation Project (UATRP). Studies for the UATRP began in 2013 and on December 28, 2015 the MWSS released the Notice of Award to A.M. Oreta Construction. However, work has been stalled by

294-467: A demonstration track of Palmer's system in 1826, in Elberfeld, Germany, at the time commercial centre of the early industrial area Wupper Valley . The steelmill owner had the vision of a coal-carrier railway between Wupper Valley and the nearby coal-mining region of Ruhr , which would connect his own factories in Elberfeld and Deilbachtal. Due to protests from mill owners that were not integrated along

343-491: A fixed track (as opposed to a cable used in aerial tramways ), which is built above streets, waterways, or existing railway track. The British engineer Henry Robinson Palmer (1795–1844) filed a patent application for a horse-drawn suspended single-rail system in 1821, and constructed a demonstration at Woolwich Arsenal , in England soon afterwards. German industrial pioneer, thinker and politician Friedrich Harkort built

392-549: A lower cost projected. On September 28, 1998, Pres. Fidel V. Ramos released Proclamation 264, establishing the Umiray River Watershed Reservation, which encompasses 16,722.75 hectares for the sole purpose of maintaining and conserving the water basin for the UATP. On November 29, 2004, the tunnel and its facilities were severely damaged because of the effects of Typhoon Unding . This resulted to

441-518: A prototype of an electric monorail in Odessa , modern-day Ukraine. In 1897, he presented a functional model of his monorail at the meeting of Russian technological society. This idea was approved by the society, and an experimental electric monorail was built in 1899. In 1900, Empress Maria Fedorovna approved the building of an 0.2 kilometres (0.12 mi) long electric monorail in Gatchina. The monorail

490-562: A smaller basin, Umiray River has a greater discharge volume compared to the Angat Basin due to its climate type. The Philippine government awarded the US$ 140 million contract to a Filipino-Italian consortium formed by SELI S.p.A, Grandi Lavori Fincosit S.p.A. of Italy , and J.V. Angeles Construction Corp. Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a $ 92 million grant, while the rest was financed by MWSS. Tunneling work commenced in 1996 with

539-509: A suspension because of a flash-flooding incident resulting to the deaths of six workers and surveyors in 2016. In November 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the continuation of the tunnel, with Congressman Danilo Suarez providing a support last July 2020. As of March 2021, the project is 71.29% complete. The UATP tunnel-aqueduct has a length of 13.1 km with an internal diameter of 4.3m. The original plans called for two branch tunnels, with 3 Tyrolean diversion weirs. Currently, only

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588-889: Is bicameral , consisting of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives . The two chambers have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the President's signature. The Senate is located in Pasay , while the House of Representatives is located in Quezon City , both of which are in Metro Manila . The Senate of

637-465: Is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system . The powers of the three branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in

686-640: Is led by the President of the Senate . The current senate president is Francis Escudero . The House of Representatives of the Philippines is the lower house of the Congress. The House consists of district and sectoral representatives elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected for three consecutive terms. Each bill has to be approved by the House, after which it is sent to the Senate. Furthermore, all franchise and money bills must originate from

735-792: The Local Government Unit after the flooding accident at the Sumag River Diversion Project . In 2014, the Sumag River Diversion Project (SRDP), an original branch of the UATP finally commenced, and the objective was to connect the Sumag River with a 600m long 2.5m diameter tunnel to the existing UATP. The SRDP is expected to bring an additional 188mld into the Angat Reservoir. The project has been beset with delays and

784-425: The president . The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected unlimited number of times (but not consecutively ), the president is barred from seeking re-election. The incumbent president and vice president are Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte , respectively, who were elected in 2022 . The president of

833-758: The 1920s the Port of Hamburg used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot. Very small and light weight systems have been used widely on farms to transport crops such as bananas. In the mining industry suspended monorails have been used because of their ability to descend and climb steep tunnels using rack and pinion drive. This significantly reduces cost and length of tunnels, by up to 60% in some cases, which otherwise must be at gentle gradients to suit road vehicles or conventional railways. A suspended monorail capable of carrying fully loaded 20' and 40' containers has been under construction since 2020 at

882-598: The House. The House of Representatives also has the power to impeach certain officials. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The current speaker is Martin Romualdez . Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a chief justice as its head and 14 associate justices , occupies

931-780: The Japanese have built two successful SAFEGE lines, the Siemens Company of Germany has developed a smaller scale system similar to the SAFEGE Monorail. Aerorail of Texas and Sky Train of Florida were promoting steel-wheel versions of SAFEGE as well but both appear to have ceased trading without having installed a system. Japan would later adopt the ALWEG and SAFEGE monorail systems including the Shonan Monorail and build more transit monorails than any other country in

980-673: The Philippines establishes three independent constitutional commissions: the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . The Civil Service Commission is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government. It is responsible for strengthening employment and a conducive work environment in the civil service sector and overseeing the Civil Service Exam,

1029-446: The Philippines is the country's chief executive, serving as the head of state and head of government . The president heads all executive departments . The heads of the departments, which make up the cabinet , are appointed by the president subject to the approval of the Commission on Appointments . The president also supervises all local government units. The president may also give executive issuances , grant pardons , and exercise

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1078-444: The Philippines is the upper house of Congress. Senators are elected for a term of six years; they can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. Once a bill is approved by the House of Representatives, it is passed onto the Senate. A bill must first be approved by the Senate in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law. Only the Senate can concur with treaties and try impeachment cases. The Senate

1127-541: The UATP at the Mancua River. To transport operations & maintenance workers, and material, a suspended railcar system was also constructed in the main tunnel and is used during low-flow. Government of the Philippines The government of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The Philippines

1176-960: The Wuppertal Schwebebahn or H-Bahn systems in Germany. A 1.6-kilometre (0.99 mi) test track in Margao, Goa started trials in 2004, but on September 25, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident. No progress was made after the accident. In 2013, the metro was dismantled. Four new SAFEGE style suspended railway prototypes, with test tracks and vehicles, have been developed since 2010. In China three have been created, by CRRC Qingdao Sifang in Qingdao, by China Railway Science and Industry Group in Wuhan and by Zhongtang Air Rail Technology in Chengdu. A SAFEGE based test line

1225-722: The creation of two autonomous regions, one in the Cordilleras of Luzon and another in Muslim Mindanao ; at present, only the latter exists, with the former remaining an administrative division. The Bangsamoro is an autonomous region located in Mindanao. Established in 2019, the region replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . The region has a regional parliamentary system separate from

1274-685: The end of the decade, in 1969, a prototype test track of track of the Vero Monocab personal rapid transit was built in Texas. This design was sold to and developed by Rohr, Inc. as the ROMAG system with a new test track built in California. Based on another new design using small capacity cars, the Jetrail system opened in 1970 at Dallas Love Field Airport taking passengers from a carpark to

1323-515: The factory of Otto and Langen, now Deutz . The official name was Anlage einer elektrischen Hochbahn (Schwebebahn), System Eugen Langen Köln or Electrical Elevated Railroad ("Floating tram") Installation, System Eugen Langen Cologne . The installation and stations were built by three companies, among them the company of Friedrich Harkort. In 1901 the first track of the Wuppertal Schwebebahn opened, and still runs today. In 1903 it

1372-508: The free and orderly conduct of elections. The Commission on Audit is responsible for examining, auditing , and settling all revenues and expenditures of public funds and properties used by the government or its attached agencies. The three branches of the Philippine government are independently monitored by the Office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ). The ombudsman is given

1421-621: The growing demand. While Kaliwa and Kanan River in Quezon Province would be a long-term outlook, the potential of the low impact diversion of Umiray River was considered in 1993. Angat Basin falls under a Climate Type 1 , which experiences two seasons, dry season being from the months of March–May, while Umiray River Basin closer to the Pacific Ocean experiences Climate Type 2, which has an all-year round wet weather with pronounced rainfall from November to January. Despite having

1470-465: The highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines. The sitting chief justice is Alexander Gesmundo , the 27th to serve in that position. Other types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the following: Article 9 of the Constitution of

1519-442: The highest to the lowest division: Regions are the highest administrative division in the Philippines, primarily used to coordinate planning and organize national services. Administrative regions are not local government units themselves but instead consist of several local government units. Meanwhile, autonomous regions are regions that have control over their governance, culture, and economy. The 1987 Constitution only allows for

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1568-541: The inventor of the internal-combustion engine , and probably knew the Palmer Railway. In the nearby expanding industrial zone of Wupper Valley, entrepreneurs and governors were looking for a modern urban transportation system. A cooperation between politicians and businessmen from the Barmen-Elberfeld industrial area around 1890 led to the implementation of an electric powered elevated railway system from

1617-651: The line and from the transporting branch, this idea could not be executed. The first suspended railway was opened at Cheshunt , England, United Kingdom on June 25, 1825, using Palmer's patent. It was built to carry bricks, but as an opening stunt it carried passengers. A work, Description of the suspension railway invented by Maxwell Dick: with engravings By Maxwell Dick , published in Irvine, Scotland , in 1830, refers to an aerial tramway /cable car system. The Enos Electric Railway, an electric-powered monorail with wagons suspended from an elevated frame of open steelwork,

1666-406: The main tunnel is under operation, providing an average of 13 m/s flow, with a maximum capacity of 30 m/s. The inlet of UATP is a Tyrolean weir where it takes advantage of the Umiray River's high capacity of 80 m/s. This translates to 780 million liters a day (mld). The conveyance of the water from inlet to the Mancua River is done through gravity. The intake portion of the project also included

1715-478: The mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially graft and corruption . The ombudsman is assisted by six deputies: the overall deputy, the deputy for Luzon, the deputy for Visayas, the deputy for Mindanao, the deputy for the armed forces, and the special prosecutor. The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units (LGUs). They are, from

1764-512: The monorail began service in 1988. Two further H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Germany in 1975, at Dortmund University campus and Düsseldorf airport . The Memphis Suspension Railway was opened in the United States in 1982. The Skybus Metro was a prototype suspended railway in Goa , India. The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below the track, like

1813-535: The national presidential system. Its executive branch is led by the regional chief minister , the Council of Leaders , and the Bangsamoro Cabinet . Its legislative branch is the unicameral Bangsamoro Parliament . The region also has its own judiciary system that applies Sharia . Suspension railway A suspension railway is a form of elevated monorail in which the vehicle is suspended from

1862-405: The power of eminent domain . Aside from having the power to veto any bill, the president also sets the legislative agenda for Congress. The vice president of the Philippines , the deputy chief executive, is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of

1911-541: The president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Commission of Appointments. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the Congress. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines . The Congress

1960-665: The terminal. It closed in 1974 when Braniff International Airways moved most of its operations to another airport. Based on the SAFEGE design, the Shonan Monorail opened in 1970 in Kamakura , Japan—part of the Greater Tokyo area. It continues in operation today. The Chiba Urban Monorail , also in Japan, is the world's largest suspension railway; it is owned and operated by Chiba Urban Monorail Co. Ltd, established in 1979, and

2009-560: The track was dismantled and rebuilt at the Texas State fairgrounds where it ran until 1964 The Ueno Zoo Monorail is a 0.3 km (0.19 mi) long suspended monorail operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). It is similar to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn , but has rubber tires rather than steel wheels. The line began operating on December 17, 1958. After 60 years of operation service

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2058-497: The two-chamber Congress of the Philippines —the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the president. Judicial power is vested in the courts, with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. The Executive Branch of government comprise the Cabinet and all executive departments , led by

2107-488: The world. In 1956 Monorail, Incorporated built a short test track of their suspended system at Arrowhead Park in Houston, Texas. The single 55 seat car was called "Trailblazer". Its promoters claimed it could reach speeds of 160 km but no installations were ever built. The system was unusual because the driver's position was on top of the bogies, not in the same cabin as the passengers. After eight months of testing,

2156-583: Was also constructed in the Krasnogorsk District, Russia in 2016. As of 2021 no revenue service systems have been completed although one short system began construction in 2020 in Enshi City China and a number of other projects have been considered in both China and Russia. Aside from a multitude of indoor uses in factories, suspended railways are also used for number of outdoor applications other than passenger transportation. In

2205-849: Was built by the Scottish engineer George Bennie near Glasgow . Two propellers delivered 240 horsepower (180 kW) in a short burst for acceleration to the cruise speed of 160 km/h. It was not a true monorail as it used an overhead running rail and a guide rail below. In 1947, Lucien Chadenson became interested in the Bennie Railplane experimental line, and the Paris Metro Route 11 , which uses rubber tyres. A test track operated in Chateauneuf , south of Paris from 1958, but attracted no further interest in France. However,

2254-636: Was demonstrated in the grounds of the Daft Electric Company in Greenville , New Jersey, in 1886. It was built out of lightweight steel construction and worked well, but was never expanded. The design of the rail-frame appears to have influenced Eugen Langen , as his Wuppertal Schwebebahn framing bears a remarkable likeness to the Enos construction. In March 1895, Russian engineer Ippolit Romanov (originally from Tbilisi , Georgia) built

2303-496: Was extended to the final length of 13.3 kilometres (8.3 mi). This system is still in operation as a means of public transport, moving over 20 million passengers each year. Langen also designed the Dresden Suspension Railway , a short funicular railway using the same suspended monorail technology, which opened in 1901 and is still in operation. A unique demonstration electrically powered suspension line

2352-690: Was suspended on 31 October 2019, with the operator citing the high costs of replacing the aging trains. In the 1960s in the United States a large number of suspended monorails systems were opened but none were for transit. These included 1962 at the LA County Fair (closed late 1990s), 1964–1965 at the New York World's Fair , in 1964 at Houston International Airport (closed 1966) and in 1966 at two Busch Gardens parks at Van Nuys in California (closed 1979), Tampa in Florida (closed 1999). At

2401-412: Was tested on 25 June 1900. The monorail carriage could be loaded with up to 25 kilograms (55 lb) and moved at a speed of 15 kilometres per hour (9.3 mph). During the 1880s the German businessman and engineer Eugen Langen experimented in his Cologne sugar factory with a low one-track suspension railway system for the transportation of raw materials. He was a business partner of Nicolaus Otto ,

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