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46-631: The Unavuk Peninsula is part of the Nunavik proposed autonomous area of Quebec. The Ungava Peninsula has an estimated population of 10,000 inhabitants. These are 90% Inuit , and live in 12 villages spread along the coast. The largest village, Kuujjuaq , is the capital of the Kativik Regional Government , which includes all of the peninsula. The peninsula's offshore islands are part of the Nunavut Territory . The region

92-570: A land area of 443,684.71 km (171,307.62 sq mi) north of the 55th parallel , it is the homeland of the Inuit of Quebec and part of the wider Inuit Nunangat . Almost all of the 14,045 inhabitants ( 2021 census ) of the region, of whom 90% are Inuit, live in fourteen northern villages on the coast of Nunavik and in the Cree reserved land (TC) of Whapmagoostui , near the northern village of Kuujjuarapik . Nunavik means "great land" in

138-404: A proposal to establish a Regional Government of Nunavik. This is in part a recognition of the region's political distinctiveness, having a different language, culture, climate and voting pattern from the rest of the province of Quebec, as well as part of the overall trend towards devolution of Canada's arctic territories. While Quebec and Canada would still maintain full jurisdiction over the area,

184-594: A referendum in 2011. It is expected that negotiations will continue in the future to work to establish a more autonomous government for Nunavik in the future. The government will be based on territory, not ethnicity, so that all people residing in Nunavik can be full participants. Existing government structures, such as the Kativik Regional Government, Kativik School Board, and Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, will be folded into

230-598: A whole, giving the district an effective population of upwards of 3,000. The 1911 Census of Canada enumerated only two population centres in Ungava: Nitchequon , which had a population of 62, and Charlton Island , the southernmost of the offshore islands in James Bay, which had a population of 27. No other parts of Ungava were listed in the 1911 census records, although it is reasonable to assume an overall 1911 population similar to 1901. The Ungava district

276-584: A year if they wished, but this offer was later withdrawn as it would damage Canada's claims to sovereignty in the High Arctic area and the Inuit were forced to stay. Eventually, the Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 km (6,900 sq mi) each year. In 1993, the Canadian government held hearings to investigate

322-402: Is able to exist as a separate riding under an exception to the laws on population distribution by riding. District of Ungava The District of Ungava was a regional administrative district of Canada 's Northwest Territories from 1895 to 1920, although it effectively ceased operation in 1912. It covered the northern portion of what is today Quebec , the interior of Labrador , and

368-594: Is accessible by air services, with links to southern Québec, and seasonal shipping when sea-ice breaks up. Thick permafrost prevents the use of conventional building techniques in some areas. The Ungava Peninsula is situated on the northeast portion of the Canadian Shield where the Rae Province connects with the Superior Province. The region is composed of Archean rocks (ca. 2.7–2.9 Ga) from

414-788: Is exceptionally cold for a sea-level settlement more than 1/3 of the way from the North Pole to the Equator. Annual temperatures are up to 15 °C (27 °F) colder than marine areas of Northern Europe on similar parallels. Areas less affected by summertime marine moderation have somewhat warmer temperatures and unlike the west coast, feature marginal taiga due to summers being warmer than 10 °C (50 °F) in mean temperatures. Climate change studies in Nunavik have employed community-based research methods, synthesizing traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and quantitative data, and provide new insights into observable changes occurring in

460-586: Is now Nunavut in an effort to demonstrate Canada's legal occupation of these territories and thereby assert sovereignty in the high Arctic by increasing its population during the Cold War . Eight Inuit families from Inukjuak (on the Ungava Peninsula) were relocated after being promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife. They were told that they would be returned home to Nunavik after

506-434: Is one of the largest mines in the region. It is linked by all-weather roads to an airstrip at Kattiniq/Donaldson Airport and to the concentrate, storage and ship-loading facilities at Deception Bay. Production began at the mine in 1997. The current mine life is estimated at more than 30 years. Because the site is situated in the subarctic permafrost region, it requires special construction and mining techniques to protect

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552-682: The District of Keewatin in the Northwest Territories until 1920, at which point the District of Ungava (which had not functioned in any administrative capacity for eight years) formally ceased to exist. The 1901 census of Canada records 843 people living in the Ungava district. However, one census taker of the time notes that for the Ungava trading post of Great Whale River , there was extreme difficulty in making an accurate count of

598-467: The Dominion of Newfoundland ) meant both Canada and Newfoundland claimed the far eastern portion of Ungava, an area shown in shaded red on the accompanying maps. This boundary dispute would not be settled during the time the district of Ungava was in existence. At the time of its creation, Ungava covered over one million square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), although just under 15% of its area

644-854: The James Bay Project resulted in the first political organizing of Inuit in Canada in the Northern Quebec Inuit Association which fought for the eventual James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement . This agreement laid the initial legal groundwork for the creation of Nunavik within Quebec. Nunavik is a vast territory located in the northernmost part of Quebec. It lies in both the Arctic and subarctic climate zones . All together, about 12,000 people live in Nunavik's communities, and this number has been growing in line with

690-554: The Labrador Current keeps the region (and all of northern Québec ) colder in the summer than other regions at comparable latitudes: Nunavik Nunavik ( / ˈ n uː n ə v ɪ k / ; French: [nynavik] ; Inuktitut : ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ) is an area in Canada which comprises the northern third of the province of Quebec , part of the Nord-du-Québec region and nearly coterminous with Kativik . Covering

736-591: The Trans-Taiga Road of the Jamésie region ends near the 55th parallel on the Caniapiscau Reservoir , several hundred kilometres south of Kuujjuaq. There is a year-round air link to all villages and seasonal shipping in the summer and autumn. Parts of the interior of southern Nunavik can be reached using several trails which head north from Schefferville . Nunavik has fourteen villages,

782-597: The 14 northern villages, both Inuit and non-Inuit, vote in regional elections. The Kativik Regional Government is financed by the Government of Quebec (50%), the Government of Canada (25%), and local revenues (25%). The Agreement also led to the creation of the Kativik Regional Police Force , which has been providing police services in the Kativik region since 1996. The KRPF was renamed as

828-597: The Archean rocks of the Douglas Harbour Domain, as well as the Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes. The metamorphic conditions which parallel the deformation increase from west to east and from middle amphibolite to granulite facies . U–Pb isotope analyses of zircon yield secondary ages around 1790 Ma. These results are interpreted as the age of metamorphism and indicate a reactivation of

874-483: The Arctic. Indigenous communities have reported shorter, warmer winters in recent years, and have observed resulting changes in various environmental factors – including vegetation growth, precipitation , sea ice and permafrost , water levels and quality, as well as the presence of lead in the environment. Vegetation growth is limited in Nunavik, mostly consisting of shrubs, grasses, and mosses. Although tree growth in

920-468: The Douglas Harbour Domain (see Superior Craton ). The Archean rocks are overlain by Paleoproterozoic supracrustal sequences (ca. 1.8–2.1 Ga) and intruded by Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes (ca. 2.0–2.2 Ga). The supracrustal rocks comprise nappes that form part of the Ungava and Labrador troughs . In the zone east of the Labrador Trough axis, the Paleoproterozoic deformation reworked

966-623: The Nunavik Police Service (NPS) in mid-2021. The Makivik Corporation , headquartered in Kuujjuaq, represents the Inuit of Northern Quebec in their relations with the governments of Quebec and Canada. They are seeking greater political autonomy for the region and have recently negotiated an agreement defining their traditional rights to use the resources of the offshore islands of Nunavik, all of which are part of Nunavut. The Cree village of Whapmagoostui, which forms an enclave on

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1012-410: The Nunavik government will have an elected parliamentary-style council and cabinet, and a public service funded by the province and responsible for delivering certain social services such as education and health. The regional government would have also had rights to the region's natural resources, including royalties from the various mines in the region. This proposal was rejected by about 66% of voters in

1058-476: The area was transferred to Quebec; however, the province did little in the area until after the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s. In the 1960s, René Lévesque played a major role in expansion of hydroelectric power in the province. The region was named "Nouveau-Québec", many place names were francized , and the teaching of French was spread in schools in the region. This cultural encroachment paired with

1104-456: The area's population, due to the nomadic nature of its residents, as well as their extreme isolation. The official 1901 census count for Great Whale River numbers 216, but the census taker notes of this figure: "I should say it does not represent one-third of the Eskimos, but I am sending on as many (names) as I could obtain." A similar case could be made for the 1901 census figures for Ungava as

1150-473: The aurora is often visible, and outdoors activities are abundant in this region. Nunavik, along with the Quebec portion of the James Bay region (or Jamésie in French), is part of the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec. The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1978 led to greater political autonomy for most of the Nunavik region with the founding of the Kativik Regional Government . All inhabitants of

1196-726: The eastern shore of Hudson Bay near the northern village of Kuujjuarapik, is part of the Cree Regional Authority, which itself has been incorporated into the Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee) . The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, of the Côte-Nord region to the south of Nunavik, owns an exclusive hunting and trapping area in southern Nunavik and is represented in the Kativik Regional Government. The governments of Quebec and Canada and Nunavik had negotiated

1242-593: The extreme temperature of the Canadian Arctic. Geographically isolated populations often develop unique genetic traits that result from their successful adaptation to specific environments. Their closest relatives are the Paleo-Eskimos , a people that inhabited the Arctic before the Inuit. The following table does not include Canada's official languages of French and English. Nunavik is rich in mineral deposits where Raglan Mine , situated near Salluit,

1288-592: The former District of Ungava (by then part of Quebec) was taken to the arbitration of the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , which ruled in favour of Newfoundland. This means that Ungava's former continental territory is now split between Quebec and the modern-day province of Newfoundland and Labrador , with the Quebec portion falling within the administrative regions of Nord-du-Québec and Côte-Nord . The offshore islands of

1334-662: The fragile permafrost and to address other environmental issues. The average annual temperature is −10 °C (14 °F) with an average ambient temperature underground of −15 °C (5 °F). There are plans to increase production at a new mine in Raglan South. The villages of Nunavik are populated predominately by Inuit. Much like their Nunavummiut neighbours to the North, the Nunavimmiut carve sculptures from soapstone and eat primarily caribou and fish. On clear nights,

1380-524: The interior of modern-day Labrador, and all the islands in James Bay , the Hudson Strait , Ungava Bay, and the eastern side of Hudson Bay . Ungava's southern continental boundaries initially ranged as far south as Lake Timiskaming , well below James Bay on the modern Ontario/Quebec border. Note, however, that a dispute over the location of the boundary between Canada and Labrador (a dependency of

1426-463: The local dialect of Inuktitut and the Inuit inhabitants of the region call themselves Nunavimmiut . Until 1912, the region was part of the District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories . Negotiations for regional autonomy and resolution of outstanding land claims took place in the 2000s. The seat of government would be Kuujjuaq . Negotiations on better empowering Inuit political rights in their land are still ongoing. A flag for Nunavik

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1472-639: The modern-day Jamésie region of the province. After the transfer was complete, the mainland area of the District of Ungava reached no further south than the mouth of the Eastmain River —about halfway down James Bay, as shown on the accompanying map. With the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912 , all of Ungava's remaining continental land was transferred to Quebec. The almost entirely uninhabited offshore islands of Ungava (over 1,500 of them) were not officially transferred to

1518-510: The new regional government. The Quebec government has also expressed a desire to add an additional seat to the National Assembly to represent Nunavik, despite the region's small population. Currently, Nunavik is part of the riding of Ungava , its residents making up just under half of the riding's population. As a riding, Nunavik would be the second least populous in Quebec, slightly more populous than Îles-de-la-Madeleine , which

1564-537: The northeastern margin of the Superior Province during a Paleoproterozoic tectono - metamorphic event, resulting from probable continental collision. (Madore, 2001). Pingualuit impact crater is located on the peninsula. The Ungava brown bear , an extinct population of the grizzly bear , is named after this peninsula. The climate is extremely cold ( Dfc in the Köppen climate classification ) because

1610-536: The offshore islands to the west and north of Quebec, which are now part of Nunavut . The name "Ungava" is of Inuktitut origin, meaning "towards the open water". It is believed to be in reference to the lands inhabited by the Ungava Inuit , who lived at the mouth of the Arnaud River which flows into Ungava Bay . When created in 1895, the District of Ungava covered all of modern-day northern Quebec ,

1656-583: The relocation program. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report the following year entitled The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation . The government paid $ 10 million CAD to the survivors and their families, and finally apologized in 2010. The whole story is told in Melanie McGrath 's The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic . Nunavik and other parts of northern Quebec were part of Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1912. In 1912,

1702-459: The sea ice begins breaking up, as well as in fall during the Caribou migration period. Environmental levels of lead have also been changing in the Arctic with climatic shifts, presenting concerns for lead poisoning in northern communities. In Nunavik, Lead concentrations in maternal blood were the highest in Canada (50 μg/L). Increasing levels of lead in the environment are also associated with

1748-586: The tendency for high population growth in indigenous communities. Nunavik is separated from the territory of Nunavut by Hudson Bay to the west and Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay to the north. Nunavik shares a border with the Côte-Nord region of Quebec and the Labrador region of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador . The Ungava Peninsula forms the northern two-thirds of the region. There are no road links between Nunavik and southern Quebec, although

1794-502: The tundra is scarce, some tree species such as the Arctic Willow and Balsam Poplar are found in this region. Nunavik is also home to a variety of berry plants, including Cloudberry , Blueberry , Blackberry (Crowberry), and Cranberry (Redberry). Tree and shrub growth has been observed to be increasing in Nunavik in past years due to warming temperatures. Furthermore, sea ice is thinning and decreasing in longevity through

1840-606: The two craters that together form the Clearwater Lakes . Nunavik is dominated by tundra , which is characterized by its limited vegetation and low temperatures. Nunavik's climate features long and cold winters as the seas to the west, east and north freeze over, eliminating maritime moderation. Since this moderation exists in summer when the surrounding sea thaws, even those temperatures are subdued. Inukjuak for example has summer highs averaging just 13 °C (55 °F) with January highs of −21 °C (−6 °F). This

1886-699: The use of the lead shot in hunting, which was banned in 1999 (although lead shots continue to be shipped to northern communities). In 2019, a scientific study by researchers from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital of the McGill University found that the Nunavik Inuit are genetically distinct from any other known population. They possess distinct genetic signatures in pathways linked to lipid metabolism, allowing them to adjust to higher-fat diets and

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1932-672: The vast majority of whose residents are Inuit. The principal village and administrative centre in Nunavik is Kuujjuaq , on the southern shore of Ungava Bay; the other villages are Inukjuak (where the film Nanook of the North was shot), Salluit , Puvirnituq , Ivujivik , Kangiqsujuaq , Kangiqsualujjuaq , Kangirsuk , Tasiujaq , Aupaluk , Akulivik , Quaqtaq , Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq . The village population (census 2011) ranges from 2,375 (Kuujjuaq) to 195 (Aupaluk). There are five meteorite craters in Nunavik: Pingualuit crater , Couture crater , La Moinerie crater and

1978-584: The winters. This creates more risky areas for transportation over the ice. There have also been lowering fresh water levels reported due to decreasing annual precipitation in the Arctic. These changes are presenting potential threats to the health of communities and people that use water from natural sources. Lowering water quality in Nunavik can be associated with Gastrointestinal diseases , for example Giardia . Cases of Gastrointestinal diseases associated with natural sources were reported to increase in March when

2024-557: Was also claimed by Newfoundland. However, just three years later with the adoption of the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898 , the southernmost portion of the District of Ungava (excluding offshore islands) was transferred by the Parliament of Canada to Quebec. All told, the act transferred approximately 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi) of Ungava to Quebec, the majority of which now lies in

2070-466: Was largely inhabited by the aboriginal Cree , Innu (called "Montagnais" by French people), Naskapi , and Inuit . The northernmost inhabited area of the district, Akpatok Island in Ungava Bay, was infamous for its widespread cannibalism, which ended around 1900 as the inhabitants moved to the mainland. In 1927, the long-standing dispute over the location of the boundary between Labrador and

2116-494: Was proposed by Nunavik artist and graphic designer Thomassie Mangiok during an April 2013 Plan Nunavik consultation in Ivujivik. Concern about Canada's claims to sovereignty in the high Arctic resulted in the high Arctic relocation , where the federal government of Canada forced several Inuit families to leave Nunavik in the 1950s. They were transported much further north, to barren hamlets at Grise Fiord and Resolute in what

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