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59-452: The unified process is not simply a process, but rather an extensible framework which should be customized for specific organizations or projects. The rational unified process is, similarly, a customizable framework. As a result, it is often impossible to say whether a refinement of the process was derived from UP or from RUP, and so the names tend to be used interchangeably. The name unified process as opposed to rational unified process

118-411: A mail message." Artifacts are the physical entities that are deployed on Nodes (i.e. Devices and Execution Environments). Other UML elements such as classes and components are first manifested into artifacts and instances of these artifacts are then deployed. Artifacts can also be composed of other artifacts. The Object Management Group (OMG) has developed a metamodeling architecture to define

177-468: A design silver bullet , which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it. It is considered a large language, with many constructs . Some people (including Jacobson ) feel that UML's size hinders learning and therefore uptake. MS Visual Studio dropped support for UML in 2016 due to lack of usage. According to Google Trends UML has been on

236-415: A few that represent different aspects of interactions . These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram: These diagrams may all contain comments or notes explaining usage, constraint, or intent. Structure diagrams represent the static aspects of the system. It emphasizes the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent

295-405: A sequence diagram using tools like Lucidchart, Draw.io, or any UML diagram software. The diagram would have actors on the left side, with arrows indicating the sequence of actions and interactions between systems and actors as described please Sequence diagram drow Sequence diagrams should be drawn for each use case to show how different objects interact with each other to achieve the functionality of

354-406: A series of timeboxed iterations. (The inception phase may also be divided into iterations for a large project.) Each iteration results in an increment , which is a release of the system that contains added or improved functionality compared with the previous release. Although most iterations will include work in most of the process disciplines ( e.g. requirements, design, implementation, testing)

413-475: A series of short, time-boxed iterations. Each iteration results in an executable release of the software. It is customary to write full-text use cases during the construction phase and each one becomes the start of a new iteration. Common Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used during this phase include activity diagrams , sequence diagrams , collaboration diagrams , state transition diagrams and interaction overview diagrams . Iterative implementation for

472-484: A single language. Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994 and after that, the company became the source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's object-modeling technique (OMT) and Grady Booch 's method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson , the creator of the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995. Under

531-430: A standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into three main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and structure diagrams. The creation of UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It was developed at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996. In 1997, UML

590-487: Is a list of some of the better known refinements and variations. Rational unified process The rational unified process ( RUP ) is an iterative software development process framework created by the Rational Software Corporation, a division of IBM since 2003. RUP is not a single concrete prescriptive process, but rather an adaptable process framework , intended to be tailored by

649-536: Is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases). UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model: UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format. In UML, one of

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708-431: Is built in a series of small time-boxed iterations. By the end of the elaboration phase, the system architecture must have stabilized and the executable architecture baseline must demonstrate that the architecture will support the key system functionality and exhibit the right behavior in terms of performance, scalability, and cost. The final elaboration phase deliverable is a plan (including cost and schedule estimates) for

767-411: Is created during the elaboration phase. This partial implementation of the system serves to validate the architecture and act as a foundation for remaining development. The unified process requires the project team to focus on addressing the most critical risks early in the project life cycle. The deliverables of each iteration, especially in the elaboration phase, must be selected in order to ensure that

826-460: Is established. To complement the business case, a basic use case model, project plan, initial risk assessment and project description (the core project requirements, constraints and key features) are generated. After these are completed, the project is checked against the following criteria: If the project does not pass this milestone, called the life cycle objective milestone, it either can be cancelled or repeated after being redesigned to better meet

885-583: Is generally used to describe the generic process, including those elements which are common to most refinements. The unified process name is also used to avoid potential issues of trademark infringement since Rational Unified Process and RUP are trademarks of IBM . The first book to describe the process was titled The Unified Software Development Process ( ISBN   0-201-57169-2 ) and published in 1999 by Ivar Jacobson , Grady Booch and James Rumbaugh . Since then various authors unaffiliated with Rational Software have published books and articles using

944-549: Is included in the IBM Rational Method Composer (RMC) product which allows customization of the process. Philippe Kruchten , an experienced Rational technical representative was tasked with heading up the original RUP team. These initial versions combined the Rational Software organisation's extensive field experience building object-oriented systems (referred to by Rational field staff as

1003-458: Is not a development method by itself; however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development methods of its time, for example, OMT , Booch method , Objectory , and especially RUP it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software. It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram

1062-459: The HTML -based process delivery mechanism developed by Objectory. The resulting "Rational Unified Process" (RUP) completed a strategic tripod for Rational: This guidance was augmented in subsequent versions with knowledge based on the experience of companies that Rational had acquired. In 1997, a requirements and test discipline were added to the approach, much of the additional material sourced from

1121-410: The "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to n -ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2. Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages,

1180-409: The 52 question exam. The passing score is 62%. Six best software engineering practices are defined for software projects to minimize faults and increase productivity. These are: Unified Modeling Language The unified modeling language ( UML ) is a general-purpose visual modeling language that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML provides

1239-790: The M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used to describe runtime instances of the system. The meta-model can be extended using a mechanism called stereotyping . This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by Brian Henderson-Sellers and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0". In 2013, UML had been marketed by OMG for many contexts, but aimed primarily at software development with limited success. It has been treated, at times, as

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1298-741: The OMG in November 1997. After the first release, a task force was formed to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5. The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent. As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO ER diagrams , class models are specified to use "look-across" cardinalities , even though several authors ( Merise , Elmasri & Navathe, amongst others ) prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer and Dullea et al. ) have shown that

1357-695: The RUP framework. These changes included: IBM acquired Rational Software in February 2003. In 2006, IBM created a subset of RUP tailored for the delivery of Agile projects - released as an OpenSource method called OpenUP through the Eclipse web-site. RUP is based on a set of building blocks and content elements, describing what is to be produced, the necessary skills required and the step-by-step explanation describing how specific development goals are to be achieved. The main building blocks, or content elements, are

1416-522: The Rational Approach) with Objectory's guidance on practices such as use cases, and incorporated extensive content from Jim Rumbaugh's Object Modeling Technology (OMT) approach to modeling, Grady Booch's Booch method , and the newly released UML 0.8. To help make this growing knowledge base more accessible, Philippe Kruchten was tasked with the assembly of an explicit process framework for modern software engineering. This effort employed

1475-649: The Requirements College method developed by Dean Leffingwell et al. at Requisite, Inc., and the SQA Process method developed at SQA Inc., both companies having been acquired by Rational Software. In 1998 Rational Software added two new disciplines: These additions lead to an overarching set of principles that were defined by Rational and articulated within RUP as the six best practices for modern software engineering: These best practices were tightly aligned with Rational's product line, and both drove

1534-564: The UML, called the Meta-Object Facility . MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models. The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes the UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of

1593-431: The addition of eight "enterprise" disciplines. Agile refinements of UP such as OpenUP/Basic and the agile unified process simplify RUP by reducing the number of disciplines. Refinements also vary in the emphasis placed on different project artifacts . Agile refinements streamline RUP by simplifying workflows and reducing the number of expected artifacts. Refinements also vary in their specification of what happens after

1652-632: The behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. As an example, the activity diagram describes the business and operational step-by-step activities of the components in a system. Visual Representation: Staff User → Complaints System: Submit Complaint Complaints System → HR System: Forward Complaint HR System → Department: Assign Complaint Department → Complaints System: Update Resolution Complaints System → Feedback System: Request Feedback Feedback System → Staff User: Provide Feedback Staff User → Feedback System: Submit Feedback This description can be used to draw

1711-409: The construction phase. At this point the plan should be accurate and credible since it should be based on the elaboration phase experience and since significant risk factors should have been addressed during the elaboration phase. Construction is the largest phase of the project. In this phase, the remainder of the system is built on the foundation laid in elaboration. System features are implemented in

1770-417: The criteria. The primary objective is to mitigate the key risk items identified by analysis up to the end of this phase. The elaboration phase is where the project starts to take shape. In this phase the problem domain analysis is made and the architecture of the project gets its basic form. The outcome of the elaboration phase is: This phase must pass the lifecycle architecture milestone criteria answering

1829-507: The development organizations and software project teams that will select the elements of the process that are appropriate for their needs. RUP is a specific implementation of the Unified Process . Rational Software originally developed the rational unified process as a software process product. The product includes a hyperlinked knowledge-base with sample artifacts and detailed descriptions for many different types of activities. RUP

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1888-466: The end user. The activities of this phase include training the end users and maintainers and beta testing the system to validate it against the end users' expectations. The system also goes through an evaluation phase, any developer which is not producing the required work is replaced or removed. The product is also checked against the quality level set in the Inception phase. If all objectives are met,

1947-414: The first book to describe the process, The Unified Software Development Process ( ISBN   0-201-57169-2 ) by Ivar Jacobson , Grady Booch and James Rumbaugh ., was published in the same year. Between 2000 and 2003, a number of changes introduced guidance from ongoing Rational field experience with iterative development, in addition to tool support for enacting RUP instances and for customization of

2006-423: The following questions: If the project cannot pass this milestone, there is still time for it to be canceled or redesigned. However, after leaving this phase, the project transitions into a high-risk operation where changes are much more difficult and detrimental when made. The key domain analysis for the elaboration is the system architecture. The primary objective is to build the software system. In this phase,

2065-401: The following: Within each iteration, the tasks are categorized into nine disciplines: The RUP has determined a project life-cycle consisting of four phases. These phases allow the process to be presented at a high level in a similar way to how a 'waterfall'-styled project might be presented, although in essence the key to the process lies in the iterations of development that lie within all of

2124-497: The greatest risks are addressed first. Use cases are the primary modeling tools to define the system functionalities. It also acts as straightforward communication means for technical and non-technical team members. The unified process divides the project into four phases: Each phase will generally contain multiple iterations (named I1, E1, E2, C1, etc. in the UP phase illustration). The exact number of iterations in each phase depends on

2183-433: The key tools for behavior modeling is the use-case model, caused by OOSE . Use cases are a way of specifying required usages of a system. Typically, they are used to capture the requirements of a system, that is, what a system is supposed to do. UML 2 has many types of diagrams, which are divided into two categories. Some types represent structural information, and the rest represent general types of behavior , including

2242-478: The latest versions of these standards are now: It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language. UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as: Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been extended to a larger set of design documentation (as listed above), and has been found useful in many contexts. UML

2301-496: The look-across interpretation introduces several difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to n -ary associations." UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experiences on the usage of its features. Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3

2360-506: The lower risks and easier elements are done. The final construction phase deliverable is software ready to be deployed in the transition phase. The final project phase is transition. In this phase the system is deployed to the target users. Feedback received from an initial release (or initial releases) may result in further refinements to be incorporated over the course of several transition phase iterations. The transition phase also includes system conversions and user training. Refinements of

2419-436: The main focus is on the development of components and other features of the system. This is the phase when the bulk of the coding takes place. In larger projects, several construction iterations may be developed in an effort to divide the use cases into manageable segments to produce demonstrable prototypes. The primary objective is to 'transit' the system from development into production, making it available to and understood by

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2478-469: The name Unified Process , whereas authors affiliated with Rational Software have favored the name Rational Unified Process . In 2012 the disciplined agile delivery framework was released, a hybrid framework that adopts and extends strategies from unified process, scrum , extreme programming , and other methods. The unified process is an iterative and incremental development process. The elaboration, construction and transition phases are divided into

2537-498: The ongoing development of Rational's products, as well as being used by Rational's field teams to help customers improve the quality and predictability of their software development efforts. Additional techniques including performance testing, UI Design, data engineering were included, and an update to reflect changes in UML 1.1. In 1999, a project management discipline was introduced, as well as techniques to support real-time software development and updates to reflect UML 1.3. Besides,

2596-531: The phases. Also, each phase has one key objective and milestone at the end that denotes the objective being accomplished. The visualization of RUP phases and disciplines over time is referred to as the RUP hump chart. The primary objective is to scope the system adequately as a basis for validating initial costing and budgets. In this phase the business case which includes business context, success factors (expected revenue, market recognition, etc.), and financial forecast

2655-441: The product release milestone is reached and the development cycle is finished. The IBM Rational Method Composer product is a tool for authoring, configuring, viewing, and publishing processes. See IBM Rational Method Composer and an open source version Eclipse process framework (EPF) project for more details. In January 2007 the new RUP certification examination for IBM Certified Solution Designer - Rational Unified Process 7.0

2714-435: The relative effort and emphasis will change over the course of the project. The unified process insists that architecture sits at the heart of the project team's efforts to shape the system. Since no single model is sufficient to cover all aspects of a system, the unified process supports multiple architectural models and views. One of the most important deliverables of the process is the executable architecture baseline which

2773-404: The scale and nature of the project. The UP phase illustration here contains exactly 1, 2, 4 and 2 iterations in the four phases, but this is merely an example of how a specific project could look. Inception is the smallest phase in the project, and ideally, it should be quite short. If the inception phase is long then it may be an indication of excessive up-front specification, which is contrary to

2832-482: The second half of the 1990s and has its roots in the object-oriented programming methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The timeline (see image) shows the highlights of the history of object-oriented modeling methods and notation. It is originally based on the notations of the Booch method , the object-modeling technique (OMT), and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), which it has integrated into

2891-404: The spirit of the unified process. Develop an approximate vision of the system, make the business case, define the scope, and produce a rough cost estimate and project schedule. During the elaboration phase, the project team is expected to capture a healthy majority of the system requirements. However, the primary goals of Elaboration are to address known risk factors and to establish and validate

2950-411: The structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software architecture of software systems. For example, the component diagram describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components. Behavior diagrams represent the dynamic aspect of the system. It emphasizes what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate

3009-452: The system architecture. Common processes undertaken in this phase include the creation of use case diagrams , conceptual diagrams ( class diagrams with only basic notation) and package diagrams (architectural diagrams). The architecture is validated primarily through the implementation of an executable architecture baseline. This is a partial implementation of the system which includes the core most architecturally significant components. It

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3068-628: The technical leadership of those three (Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch), a consortium called the UML Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification and propose it to the Object Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example HP , DEC , IBM , and Microsoft ). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft

3127-409: The transition phase. In the rational unified process the transition phase is typically followed by a new inception phase. In the enterprise unified process the transition phase is followed by a production phase. The number of unified process refinements and variations are countless. Organizations utilizing the unified process invariably incorporate their own modifications and extensions. The following

3186-399: The unified process vary from each other in how they categorize the project disciplines or workflows . The rational unified process defines nine disciplines: business modeling , requirements , analysis and design , Implementation , test , deployment , configuration and change management , project management , and environment . The enterprise unified process extends RUP through

3245-401: The use case. In UML, an artifact is the "specification of a physical piece of information that is used or produced by a software development process , or by deployment and operation of a system." "Examples of artifacts include model files, source files, scripts, and binary executable files, a table in a database system , a development deliverable, a word-processing document , or

3304-900: Was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG) and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as the ISO/IEC 19501 standard. Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML. In software engineering, most practitioners do not use UML, but instead produce informal hand drawn diagrams; these diagrams, however, often include elements from UML. UML has evolved since

3363-810: Was formally released in May 2010. UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011. UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version and was officially released in June 2015. The formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017. There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification: Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were: Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without Superstructure and Infrastructure), and

3422-520: Was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During the same month, the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by Cris Kobryn and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by

3481-405: Was released which replaces the previous version of the course called IBM Rational Certified Specialist - Rational Unified Process . The new examination will not only test knowledge related to the RUP content but also to the process structure elements. To pass the new RUP certification examination, a person must take IBM's Test 839: Rational Unified Process v7.0 . You are given 75 minutes to take

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