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28-799: At the first meeting in August 1991, six categories of claims were set up: claims from individuals forced to flee Kuwait between the invasion and the cease fire (Category A); claims from individuals who (or whose family) suffered injuries or death as a result of the invasion (B); claims from individuals for business losses, pain and anguish, property damage etc. less than $ 100,000 (C); claims from individuals for business losses, pain and anguish, property damage etc. more than $ 100,000 (D); claims from corporations and other entities for business (including oil sector) losses (E); and governmental and international agency claims for cost of resettling and providing relief to citizens, claims for damage to government property and to

56-439: A sane adult human being is usually considered by the state as an "individual person" in law, even if the person denies individual culpability ("I followed instructions"). An individual person is accountable for their actions/decisions/instructions, subject to prosecution in both national and international law, from the time that they have reached the age of majority , often though not always more or less coinciding with

84-467: A certain context; thus the mind continually revises these incomplete concepts so as to reflect a fuller reality (commonly known as the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis). The individual comes to rise above their own particular viewpoint, and grasps that they are a part of a greater whole insofar as they are bound to family, a social context, and/or a political order. With the rise of existentialism , Søren Kierkegaard rejected Hegel's notion of

112-419: A corporate entity). In politics , entity is used as term for territorial divisions of some countries (e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina ). In medicine, a disease entity is an illness due to a particular definite cause or to a specific pathological process. While a disease entity is not defined by a syndrome , it may or may not be manifest in one or more particular syndromes. In computer science , an entity

140-545: A kind of bundle theory . Instead of an atomic, indivisible self distinct from reality, the individual in Buddhism is understood as an interrelated part of an ever-changing, impermanent universe (see Interdependence , Nondualism , Reciprocity ). Empiricists such as Ibn Tufail in early 12th century Islamic Spain and John Locke in late 17th century England viewed the individual as a tabula rasa ("blank slate"), shaped from birth by experience and education. This ties into

168-501: A policy of paying individuals first, with the result that the remaining sum is owed entirely to a government entity, specifically the state oil company of Kuwait . The UNCC is making payments at approximately $ 1 billion per quarter, depending on the extent of Iraq's oil revenue. In December 2021, Iraq's central bank announced that it had paid off its entire debt of $ 52 billion in war reparations to Kuwait. Copies of all major decisions and major evidence in support of claims can be found at

196-401: A right derived from their nature as a rational being. Individualism and Objectivism hold that a civilized society, or any form of association, cooperation or peaceful coexistence among humans, can be achieved only on the basis of the recognition of individual rights  — and that a group, as such, has no rights other than the individual rights of its members. The principle of individual rights

224-504: Is also central to Sartre 's philosophy, which emphasizes individual authenticity, responsibility, and free will . In both Sartre and Nietzsche (and in Nikolai Berdyaev ), the individual is called upon to create their own values, rather than rely on external, socially imposed codes of morality. Ayn Rand 's Objectivism regards every human as an independent, sovereign entity that possesses an inalienable right to their own life,

252-418: Is also no presumption that an entity is animate , or present . The term is broad in scope and may refer to animals; natural features such as mountains; inanimate objects such as tables; numbers or sets as symbols written on a paper; human contrivances such as laws, corporations and academic disciplines; or supernatural beings such as gods and spirits. The adjectival form is entitative . The word entity

280-508: Is derived from the Latin entitas , which in turn derives from the Latin ens meaning "being" or "existing" (compare English essence ). Entity may hence literally be taken to mean "thing which exists". Ontology is the study of concepts of existence, and of recognition of entities. The words ontic and entity are derived respectively from the ancient Greek and Latin present participles that mean " being ". In an ontic inquiry... one asks about

308-407: Is the only moral base of all groups or associations. Since only an individual man or woman can possess rights, the expression "individual rights" is a redundancy (which one has to use for purposes of clarification in today's intellectual chaos), but the expression " collective rights " is a contradiction in terms. Individual rights are not subject to a public vote; a majority has no right to vote away

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336-717: The UNCC website. The process of assessing and awarding claims was begun during the period of Saddam Hussein 's stewardship of Iraq. However, many of the claims (especially major claims) were not settled until after a new government was in place in Iraq . Efforts by the Paris Club (an organisation set up by the world's industrialised nations during the 1950s to restructure debt from severely indebted nations) to seek debt forgiveness in order to allow Iraq to use its oil revenues for reconstruction met with some success among wealthy nations with

364-519: The case of humans) as a person unique from other people and possessing one's own needs or goals , rights and responsibilities . The concept of an individual features in many fields, including biology , law , and philosophy . Every individual contributes significantly to the growth of a civilization. Society is a multifaceted concept that is shaped and influenced by a wide range of different things, including human behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. The culture, morals, and beliefs of others as well as

392-516: The coastline. The anti-clockwise current pattern of the Persian Gulf forced the floating spill onto the Saudi coastline and fouled approximately 800 km (250 km as the crow flies) of almost pristine shoreline. Commercial fish stocks (shrimp and fin fish) plummeted but recovered within a few years. An extensive and very detailed study of the shoreline was conducted at 250-meter intervals for

420-410: The entire affected length, from the high-water mark to low water, to determine the extent of the contamination and its effect on biota. The Saudis claimed several billion dollars to compensate for these environmental damages. Individual An individual is one that exists as a distinct entity . Individuality (or self-hood ) is the state or quality of living as an individual; particularly (in

448-567: The environment (F). Category E and F claims were further broken down to subcategories. Each claim category had specific dates for initiating the claim and providing required evidence. A total of over $ 350 billion in claims was submitted in 2,686,131 claims. Of these claims, 1,543,619 (57%) resulted in some sort of award. The total awarded, to be paid by Iraq from oil revenues, was just over $ 52 billion. As of January 2021 approximately $ 50 billion of this total had been paid to claimants, with approximately $ 2.4 billion remaining to be paid. The UNCC adopted

476-540: The environment was largely terrestrial in the form of tarcrete and oil lakes surrounding the damaged wells. In 2001 the UNCC awarded Kuwait $ 108 million (the money to be taken from the Oil-for-Food Programme ) to study the effects of the environmental devastation to the desert and the coastline, and the effects of the oil fires on public health. Most of Kuwait's desert is in fact sparse shrubland and capable of sustaining sheep, goats and camels. Little damage

504-452: The general direction and trajectory of the society can all be influenced and shaped by an individual's activities. From the 15th century and earlier (and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics ) individual meant " indivisible ", typically describing any numerically singular thing, but sometimes meaning "a person". From the 17th century on, an individual has indicated separateness, as in individualism. In biology ,

532-470: The granting of voting rights , responsibility for paying tax , military duties , and the individual right to bear arms (protected only under certain constitutions). In Buddhism , the concept of the individual lies in anatman , or "no-self." According to anatman, the individual is really a series of interconnected processes that, working together, give the appearance of being a single, separated whole. In this way, anatman, together with anicca , resembles

560-475: The idea of the liberty and rights of the individual, society as a social contract between rational individuals, and the beginnings of individualism as a doctrine. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel regarded history as the gradual evolution of the Mind as it tests its own concepts against the external world. Each time the mind applies its concepts to the world, the concept is revealed to be only partly true, within

588-399: The individual as subordinated to the forces of history. Instead, he elevated the individual's subjectivity and capacity to choose their own fate. Later Existentialists built upon this notion. Friedrich Nietzsche , for example, examines the individual's need to define his/her own self and circumstances in his concept of the will to power and the heroic ideal of the Übermensch . The individual

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616-463: The individuals are genetically identical. Such a colony is called a genet , and an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. The colony, rather than the individual, functions as a unit of selection. In other colonial organisms, individuals may be closely related to one another but may differ as a result of sexual reproduction . Although individuality and individualism are commonly considered to mature with age/time and experience/wealth,

644-428: The notable exceptions of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Some entities have suggested the concept of odious debt , under which a country should not be held responsible for debt incurred by despotic regime for the purposes of strengthening itself and suppressing internal dissent. From the beginning of its operation, the UNCC system has been criticized for the lack of representation allowed to Iraq, the defendant government , in

672-516: The process. In particular no money from Iraq sales of oil was allowed to be used for Iraq's legal defence. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia suffered gross environmental damage as a result of the Iraqi occupation, as the retreating Iraqi forces blew up oil wells and released millions of barrels (estimated as high as 11 million barrels) of crude oil into the Persian Gulf . In Kuwait the damage to

700-411: The properties or the physical relations and structures peculiar to some entity – in the pen's case, for example, we might make the following ontic observations about it: it is black, full of blue ink, and sitting on top of my desk. In law , a legal entity is an entity that is capable of bearing legal rights and obligations , such as a natural person or an artificial person (e.g. business entity or

728-466: The question of the individual is related to the definition of an organism , which is an important question in biology and the philosophy of biology , despite there having been little work devoted explicitly to this question. An individual organism is not the only kind of individual that is considered as a "unit of selection ". Genes , genomes , or groups may function as individual units. Asexual reproduction occurs in some colonial organisms so that

756-400: The rights of a minority ; the political function of rights is precisely to protect minorities from oppression by majorities (and the smallest minority on earth is the individual). Entity An entity is something that exists as itself. It does not need to be of material existence. In particular, abstractions and legal fictions are usually regarded as entities. In general, there

784-550: Was found to Kuwait's shoreline and fishing industry. As a result of these studies claims were prepared for several billion dollars' worth of damages to the desert ecosystem resulting from the oil fires, uncontrolled oil releases, and military maneuvers by both Iraqi forces and coalition military. In contrast, the Saudi study (funded with $ 109 million from the Oil-for-Food Programme via the UNCC) found damage mostly to

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