Economic reconstruction is a process for creating a proactive vision of economic change. The most basic idea is that problems in the economy , such as deindustrialization , environmental decay , outsourcing , industrial incompetence , poverty and addiction to a permanent war economy are based on the design and organization of economic institutions. Economic reconstruction builds on the ideas of various institutional economists and thinkers whose work both critiques existing economic institutions and suggests modes of organizing society differently (cf. Veblen, 1998). Economic reconstruction, however, places much more emphasis on the idea of alternative plans and alternative organization.
33-605: The United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency ( UNKRA ) was an economic reconstruction program created by the United Nations to bolster war devastated South Korea . The proposal for the program was drafted by the United States in 1950 after victory by United Nations forces appeared rapidly obtainable. On December 1, 1950, the General Assembly enacted the program. However, Chinese entrance into
66-414: A key challenge is to promote economic democracy, through concrete institutions and actions such as cooperatives, worker participation and control, employee ownership plans, socially responsible firms, community procurement, and various initiatives to organize the economy on a decentralized basis. In many cases, federations among local cooperatives or networks of such firms may prove essential to move beyond
99-730: Is no longer to be a goal without means of achieving it, without means of verifying its progress, without means of keeping the peace. It is now a realistic plan, and a test – a test of those only willing to talk and a test of those willing to act. Major nuclear disarmament groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament , Greenpeace and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War . There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests . On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to
132-448: Is that many of these plans lack operational details related to how alternative institutions would actually be designed. These details are essential for creating operational plans and actions. In addition, economic reconstruction is not limited to a specific challenge such as capitalism, but must also address other challenges, i.e. militarism, environmental decay, the sexual and ethnic division of labor, etc. A goal of economic reconstruction
165-407: Is to show the need for multiple, yet integrated solutions to societal breakdown. Disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons . Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction , such as nuclear arms . General and Complete Disarmament
198-673: The Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire , England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches. In 1961, US President John F. Kennedy gave a speech before the UN General Assembly where he announced the US "intention to challenge
231-699: The Cold War arms race . It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. Following decades of campaigning the New Zealand government banned nuclear-armed and powered ships from entering the country's territorial waters in 1984 with the ban later extended to cover land and airspace. The police disarmament movement is a political movement that advocates disarming police officers and law enforcement officers who regularly carry weaponry, such as those in
264-459: The Korean War by October 1950 had dispelled the expectation of promptly beginning a rebuilding program. After an armistice was agreed to in 1953, reconstruction began and focused on aiding war refugees and homeless. Nearly US$ 150 million was contributed to the program, a majority of funds were paid by South Korea's primary benefactor, the U.S.. The program closed in 1958 after no more funding
297-502: The Treaty of Versailles effectively disarmed Germany, a clause was inserted that called on all the great powers to likewise progressively disarm over a period of time. The newly formed League of Nations made this an explicit goal in the covenant of the league , which committed its signatories to reduce armaments 'to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations'. One of
330-405: The 1900s and has historically been championed by anarchists and libertarians alike. Proponents of police disarmament cite police brutality and militarization , safety and trust concerns, and the potential in other public safety apparatuses instead of armed police, as factors that make police disarmament ideal or necessary. Critics of police disarmament argue the concept is unrealistic, citing
363-499: The Soviet Union, not to an arms race, but to a peace race – to advance together step by step, stage by stage, until general and complete disarmament has been achieved." He went on to call for a global general and complete disarmament, offering a rough outline for how this could be accomplished: The program to be presented to this assembly – for general and complete disarmament under effective international control – moves to bridge
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#1732790259457396-480: The United States . Proposed police disarmament methods range from simply emphasizing de-escalation and less-lethal alternatives over lethal force ; to limiting police access to firearms to specific units (such as police tactical units or authorised firearms officers ) or to when authorized or necessary; to defunding or replacing police with other systems of public safety . The concept dates back to
429-539: The big powers alone, not with one's adversary or one's self, but in an international organization within the framework of the United Nations. It would assure that indispensable condition of disarmament – true inspection – and apply it in stages proportionate to the stage of disarmament. It would cover delivery systems as well as weapons. It would ultimately halt their production as well as their testing, their transfer as well as their possession. It would achieve under
462-519: The conference. Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. In the United Kingdom, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) held an inaugural public meeting at Central Hall, Westminster , on 17 February 1958, attended by five thousand people. After
495-463: The contemporary organization of the economic, political, and even "oppositional" spheres, such as the contemporary organization of social movements . These spheres each tend to support short-term solutions that do not leave in their wake the organization of resources and power in a way that is responsive to citizen needs. Power , democracy and critical alternatives are not linked. In contrast to this state of affairs, economic reconstruction supports
528-462: The creation of an international court with binding powers. The court was considered necessary because it was understood that nation-states could not disarm into a vacuum. After World War I revulsion at the futility and tremendous cost of the war was widespread. A commonly held belief was that the cause of the war had been the escalating buildup of armaments in the previous half century among the great powers (see Anglo-German naval arms race ). Although
561-641: The creation of new institutions and the redesign of old ones. The basic idea is to create a new way to organize the economy and society so that institutions work for, rather than against, peoples' interests and needs. The first generation of economic reconstructionists included Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey . The second generation included Lewis Mumford . The third generation included Seymour Melman , Percival Goodman and Paul Goodman . Key reconstructionists today include Barry Commoner , Gar Alperovitz and Marcus Raskin . Key figures whose work informs
594-492: The critique of contemporary society found in the work of economic reconstructionists include Stanley Aronowitz (in his writings about social movements, the state, universities and culture), Noam Chomsky in his writings about anarchist cooperatives and democracy, and John Kenneth Galbraith (in his writings about the economy and economists). Another important figure is Simone Weil whose writings about problems or limits attached to militarism, social science atomization, Marxism,
627-567: The earliest successful achievements in disarmament was obtained with the Washington Naval Treaty . Signed by the governments of Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy, it prevented the continued construction of capital ships and limited ships of other classification to under 10,000 tons displacement. The size of the three country's navies (the Royal Navy , United States Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy )
660-424: The economy and political parties all resonate with an economic reconstruction agenda. Advocates of economic reconstruction advocate fundamental change related to key social problems related to environmental decay, militarism , parasitic globalization , unemployment and depressed living standards based on the social organization of work. In the environment, a key challenge is redesigning "the technosphere" or
693-411: The eyes of an international disarmament organization, a steady reduction in force, both nuclear and conventional, until it has abolished all armies and all weapons except those needed for internal order and a new United Nations Peace Force. And it starts that process now, today, even as the talks begin. In short, general and complete disarmament must no longer be a slogan, used to resist the first steps. It
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#1732790259457726-409: The gap between those who insist on a gradual approach and those who talk only of the final and total achievement. It would create machinery to keep the peace as it destroys the machinery of war. It would proceed through balanced and safeguarded stages designed to give no state a military advantage over another. It would place the final responsibility for verification and control where it belongs, not with
759-486: The meeting a few hundred left to demonstrate at Downing Street . CND's declared policies were the unconditional renunciation of the use, production of or dependence upon nuclear weapons by Britain and the bringing about of a general disarmament convention. The first Aldermaston March was organised by the CND and took place at Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square , London, to
792-545: The need for police officers to defend themselves, the inability of unarmed public safety agents to effectively handle violent crime and terrorism , and the necessity of law enforcement to maintain society. In his definition of "disarmament", David Carlton writes in the Oxford University Press political dictionary, "But confidence in such measures of arms control, especially when unaccompanied by extensive means of verification, has not been strengthened by
825-590: The possibilities for the reduction of army size, met similar difficulties. However acting outside the League. French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg drafted a treaty known as the Kellogg–Briand Pact , which denounced war of aggression. There were 65 signatories to the pact, but it set out no guidelines for action in the event of a war. It was in 1946 used to convict and execute Nazi leaders of war crimes. A final attempt
858-587: The problem of "economic democracy in one firm." Economic reconstruction also extends to the ways in which housing or communities and media are organized. By reducing dependency on the automobile, by linking work and residence, we can limit the problems creating by congestion, pollution and commuting (particularly those problems based on petroleum based automobile transportation. Some may argue that economic reconstruction can be reduced to socialism or economic democracy itself or perhaps principles found in various anarchist or radical writings. The problem, however,
891-545: The revelation that the Soviet Union in its last years successfully concealed consistent and systematic cheating on its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention ." He also notes, "Now a freeze or a mutually agreed increase is not strictly speaking disarmament at all. And such measures may not even be intended to be a first step towards any kind of reduction or abolition. For the aim may simply be to promote stability in force structures. Hence
924-402: The ways in which the means of production, transportation and distribution are designed on a relatively unsustainable basis. When it comes to militarism, the key challenge is to support a demilitarized society through economic conversion , disarmament , alternative security, military budget reductions and related social innovations. When it comes to unemployment and depressed living standards,
957-566: Was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was opposed by the First MacDonald ministry of the British government, whose opposition to the treaty, made official on 5 July 1924, "effectively buried the proposal for good." Another commission in 1926, set up to explore
990-639: Was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all WMD, coupled with the “balanced reduction of armed forces and conventional armaments, based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties with a view to promoting or enhancing stability at a lower military level, taking into account the need of all States to protect their security.” At the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 government delegations debated about disarmament and
1023-683: Was made at the Geneva Disarmament Conference from 1932 to 1937, chaired by former British Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson . Germany demanded the revision of the Versailles Treaty and the granting of military parity with the other powers, while France was determined to keep Germany demilitarised for its own security. Meanwhile, the British and Americans were not willing to offer France security commitments in exchange for conciliation with Germany. The talks broke down in 1933, when Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from
United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-403: Was made available. The Chief of Mission from 1951 to 1953 was former Australian general, Charles Lloyd . This United Nations –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about the Korean War is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Economic reconstruction The need for reconstruction occurs as fundamental problems plague
1089-491: Was set at the ratio 5-5-3. In 1921, the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments was set up by the League of Nations to explore possibilities for disarmament. It was made up not of government representatives but of famous individuals who rarely agreed. Proposals ranged from abolishing chemical warfare and strategic bombing to the limitation of more conventional weapons, such as tanks. A draft treaty
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