Lieutenant general ( Lt Gen , LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank originates from the Old European System . The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages , where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was normally subordinate to a captain general .
22-528: The United Arab Command (UAC) (also Unified Arab Command or Joint Arab Command ) was a unified Arab military command established by unanimous resolution of the thirteen member states of the Arab League at the summit held in Cairo , Egypt , on 13–16 January 1964. The UAC was the culmination of a history of pan-Arabist collective security initiatives, which began to coalesce from 1960 until
44-481: A major outranks a lieutenant ) is due to the derivation of major general from sergeant major general , which was a rank subordinate to lieutenant general (as a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major ). Several countries (e.g. Balkan states) use the rank of lieutenant colonel general instead of lieutenant general, in an attempt to solve this apparent anomaly. In contrast, in Russia and a number of other countries of
66-600: A "somewhat more dangerous phase" of the Arab–Israeli conflict . Certainly, Britain conceded that the UAC had become a "relatively competent and effective body", capable of ordering a retaliatory action against Israel should the Arab water diversion plan come under attack. Arthur Lourie, Israeli ambassador to Britain, claimed that the establishment of the UAC had raised the tension in the region and had enabled Egypt to gain control over
88-647: Is closely linked to the Arab–Israeli conflict . The 1950 Arab Joint Security Pact set out provisions for collective security among the Arab states, but only in 1961 was the Joint Arab Command (JAC) proposed as a unified military command for the Arab League first by the Joint Defence Council , an institution of the Arab League . Before the JAC could take shape, a unanimous resolution
110-479: Is equivalent to the navy rank of vice admiral , and in air forces with a separate rank structure, it is equivalent to air marshal . In the United States, a lieutenant general has a three star insignia and commands an army corps , typically made up of three army divisions , and consisting of around 60,000 to 70,000 soldiers. The seeming incongruity that a lieutenant general outranks a major general (whereas
132-531: The aftermath to the incident, the UAC was noticeable for its inaction. Following the Samu Incident , Jordan and Egypt, in signing a mutual defence pact on 30 May 1967, agreed to revitalise the UAC, placing it under the command of Abdul Munim Riad, chief of staff of the Egyptian military. Nonetheless, when the 1967 Six-Day War began, the UAC was no longer considered an active body. Military of
154-725: The Arab League The Arab League as an organization has no military force, like the United Nations or the European Union , but in the 2007 summit , the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defense and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon , Iraq , South Sudan , Federal Republic of Ethiopia and other hot spots. The military history of the Arab League
176-594: The Arab side in the 1948 Palestine war and was set up by the Arab League as a counter to the Arab High Committee 's Holy War Army , though in fact the League and Arab governments prevented thousands from joining either force. At the meeting in Damascus on 5 February 1948 to organize Palestinian Field Commands, Northern Palestine including Samaria was allocated to Qawuqji's forces, although Samaria
198-625: The Chief-of-Staffs Committee (the Military Advisory Committee) should be invoked to set up a joint apparatus of approximately 100 officers. Another pan-Arabist body, the Joint Defence Council , consisting of Arab foreign and defence ministers and chiefs-of-staff, met in Cairo (10 – 18 June 1961) and proposed the establishment of a Joint Arab Command . The UAR encouraged the delegation of decisive power to
220-560: The UAC in May 1967, appointing as its new commander Abdul Munim Riad , chief of staff of the Egyptian military . An early task of the UAC was the auditing of the Arab armies, in respect of strength and organisation, and, at the request of Hussein, King of Jordan , the command of the PLO's military operations. However, meaningful action by the UAC against Israel was given two pre-conditions by
242-500: The UAC's formal creation in 1964. The Permanent Military Committee (PMC) of the Arab League, composed of representatives from the headquarters of the Arab armies, had been asked on 29 February 1960 by the Council of the Arab League to prepare a comprehensive plan for all possible contingencies arising from Israeli water diversion initiatives. The PMC's response was that joint military action would require extensive preparation and that
SECTION 10
#1732797389379264-531: The commander-in-chief, Ali Ali Amer, at the second Arab League summit , held in Alexandria , Egypt, in September 1964. Firstly, the confrontation states – Lebanon , Jordan and Syria – must allow the UAC to station foreign Arab troops on their soil at the UAC's discretion. Secondly, there must be co-ordination and standardisation of strategy, tactics, organisation and weaponry. While the second pre-condition
286-411: The commanding officer of this new command; under the terms of the 1950 Arab Joint Security Pact, such a commanding officer "would be chosen from the member state with the largest troop presence", namely Egypt. The UAC was proposed by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918 – 1970) in the face of repeated Syrian accusations of Egyptian reluctance for military confrontation with Israel , although
308-446: The former Soviet Union , lieutenant general is a rank immediately below colonel general , and above major general – in these systems there is no use of the brigadier general of many Western countries. In addition, some countries use the lieutenant general as the rank of divisional commander, and some have designated them with French revolutionary system . For example, some countries of South America use divisional general as
330-423: The military forces of its fellow Arab states. The UAC was to be headed by an Egyptian lieutenant general , Ali Ali Amer, and with headquarters in Cairo. Notwithstanding the Egyptian bent to the UAC, its cost of creation, GBP 15 million, was mostly contributed by the oil-rich member states, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait topping the list. Following the 1966 Samu Incident , Egypt and Jordan agreed to revitalise
352-622: The military operations of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as a condition to Jordan's co-operation, lest the PLO draw Jordan into a war with Israel for which it was ill-prepared. Michael Stewart , British foreign minister (22 January 1965 – 11 August 1966), in a memorandum to the Defence and Oversea Policy cabinet committee , wrote that the formation of the UAC and its undertaking of "ostensibly defensive military planning against Israel" constituted
374-576: The more immediate catalyst was Israel's proposed diversion of water from Lake Tiberias . The creation of the UAC was part of the Arab League's response to Israel's proposal, together with a plan to divert two sources of the River Jordan : the Hasbani River and the Banias . The creation of the UAC was announced by Cairo Radio; no mention of the UAC was made in the official communiqué from
396-415: The summit, although the secretary-general of the Arab League himself, Abdel Khalek Hassouna , had stated that certain adopted resolutions would remain secret. Hussein , king of Jordan , had experience of joint defence arrangements among the Arab states, and was not particularly enthusiastic about the establishment of the UAC. Nonetheless, he gave it his support, and later charged the UAC with command of
418-537: Was de facto already under the control of Transjordan . The Arab League Military Committee, with headquarters in Damascus, was responsible for the movements and servicing of the Army. The Committee consisted of General: Ismail Safwat (Iraq, Commander-in-Chief), General: Taha al-Hashimi ( Iraq ), Colonel: Shuqayri (Lebanon), Colonel: Muhammed al-Hindi ( Syria ) and Colonel: Abd al-Qadir al-Jundi (Transjordan). The ALA
440-722: Was agreed to in principle, the three confrontation states baulked at allowing Egyptian encroachment on their territory. The pre-conditions to military action set at the September 1964 Arab League summit proved insurmountable: in November 1966, the Israeli military stormed the village of as-Samu in the Jordanian-controlled West Bank in an operation code-named Shredder . Casualties among the Jordanian military numbered 16, with 3 civilians and 1 Israeli. In
462-592: Was dissolved at the end of the Palestine War . Egypt 's membership was suspended in 1979 after it signed a peace treaty with Israel; the league's headquarters was moved from Cairo, Egypt , to Tunis, Tunisia . In 1987, AL leaders decided to renew diplomatic ties with Egypt , who was readmitted in 1989 and the league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo. Lieutenant general In modern armies, lieutenant general normally ranks immediately below general (or colonel general ) and above major general ; it
SECTION 20
#1732797389379484-595: Was passed at the first Arab League summit (January 1964) establishing the United Arab Command (UAC), although the UAC's inactivity following the Samu Incident (1966) and during the Six-Day War (1967) signalled its de facto dissolution. The Arab Liberation Army (جيش الإنقاذ العربي Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi ), also translated as Arab Countries Salvation Army , was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji . It fought on
#378621