136-481: This timeline of United States military operations , based in part on reports by the Congressional Research Service , shows the years and places in which United States Armed Forces units participated in armed conflicts or occupation of foreign territories. Items in bold are wars most often considered to be major conflicts by historians and the general public. Note that instances where
272-482: A Western Massachusetts debtor's revolt over a credit squeeze that had financially devastated many farmers. The federal government was fiscally unable to raise an army to assist the state militia in combating the uprising; the weakness of the national government bolstered the arguments in favor of replacing the Articles of Confederation with an updated governmental framework . 1791–1794 : Whiskey Rebellion :
408-513: A Member decides to introduce a bill, CRS analysts can assist the legislator in clarifying the purposes of the bill, identifying issues it may address, defining alternative ways for dealing with them, evaluating the possible advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, developing information and arguments to support the bill, and anticipating possible criticisms of the bill and responses to them. Although CRS does not draft bills, resolutions, and amendments, its analysts may join staff consulting with
544-456: A collection of newspaper and journal articles discussing an issue from different perspectives, or a comparative analysis of several explanations that have been offered to account for a generally recognized problem. CRS also identifies national and international experts with whom Members and staff may consult about whatever issues concern them and sponsors programs at which Members meet with experts to discuss issues of broad interest to Congress. If
680-512: A continuation of the Second Cherokee War, which included a larger number of native tribes attempting to halt the expansion of settlers into Kentucky and Tennessee 1785–1795 : Northwest Indian War : a series of battles with various native tribes in present-day Ohio . The goal of the campaign was to affirm American sovereignty over the region and to create increased opportunities for settlement. 1786–1787 : Shays' Rebellion :
816-800: A fort on the island of Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands (now part of French Polynesia ) to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British. The American force subsequently fought with and against native tribes. 1814 : Spanish Florida: General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out the British forces. 1814–1825 : Caribbean: Engagements between pirates and U.S. Navy ships or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about Cuba , Puerto Rico , Santo Domingo , and Yucatán . Three thousand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In 1822, Commodore James Biddle employed
952-810: A group of some twelve or thirteen Regulator families from North Carolina to the Watauga River . On May 8, 1772, the settlers on the Watauga and on the Nolichucky signed the Watauga Compact to form the Watauga Association . Each of the groups thought they were within the territorial limits of the colony of Virginia. After a survey proved their mistake, Alexander Cameron, Deputy Superintendent for Indian Affairs, ordered them to leave. Attakullakulla, First Beloved Man (Principal Chief) of
1088-669: A large contingent of Catawba warriors, encountered an ambush by the Cherokee at the Battle of Cowee Gap in what is now western North Carolina. After defeating the attackers, he proceeded to a designated rendezvous with the South Carolina militia. On August 1, Cameron and the Cherokee ambushed Andrew Williamson and his South Carolina militia force near the Lower Cherokee town of Isunigu known to whites as Seneca, in
1224-645: A large contingent of Cherokee and Muscogee warriors against the back country settlements of the Carolinas and Georgia. The Cherokee established a camp at the confluence of the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers (near present-day Paducah, Kentucky ) to prevent infiltration into the Mississippi in the spring of 1778. In late 1778, British strategy shifted south. As their attention went, so too did their efforts, their armies, and their supplies, including those slated for
1360-411: A letter to indicate a large force of regular troops, plus Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Muscgoee, was on the march from Pensacola and planning to pick up reinforcements from the Cherokee. The forged letters alarmed the settlers, who began gathering together in closer, fortified groups, building stations (small forts), and otherwise preparing for an attack. In May 1776, partly at the behest of Henry Hamilton ,
1496-523: A link to Henry Stuart, brother of John, in the West Florida capital of Pensacola . Cameron, the British deputy Indian superintendent, accompanied Dragging Canoe to Chickamauga. Nearly all the whites legally resident among the Cherokee were part of the related exodus. In March 1777, Cameron sent the refugees to Chickamauga along with a sizable amount of goods. The colonials learned of the materiel and planned to intercept it. When Cameron informed him of
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#17327944043751632-788: A major war chief of the Iroquois, had organized the Western Confederacy of tribes to resist American settlement in Ohio Country. The Lower Cherokee were founding members and fought in the Northwest Indian War that resulted from this conflict. The Northwest Indian War ended with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The conclusion of the Indian wars enabled the settlement of what had been called "Indian territory" in
1768-678: A manner that his measures were disavowed by the President. 1812–1815 : War of 1812 : On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy , interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France, and support for Indian attacks on American settlers in
1904-712: A metaphor for the entire struggle for the Southern frontier. The governors of Virginia and North Carolina repudiated the Watuga treaty, and Henderson fled to avoid arrest. George Washington also spoke out against it. The Cherokee appealed to John Stuart , the Indian Affairs Superintendent, for help, which he had provided on previous such occasions, but the outbreak of the American Revolution intervened. Henderson and frontiersmen thought
2040-764: A notable incident on May 26, 1637, English militia, accompanied by members of the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes, launched an assault on the Pequot at Mystic. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Pequot individuals, including women and children. Subsequently, many Pequots abandoned their territory, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Pequot nation through the Treaty of Hartford. The American Revolutionary War occurred between 1765 to 1783, during which 13 British North American colonies rebelled against imperial rule. The protests initially arose due to taxes imposed by
2176-575: A series of protests against the institution of a federal tax on the distillation of spirits as a revenue source for repaying the nation's war bonds . The revolt was centered upon southwestern Pennsylvania , although violence occurred throughout the Trans-Appalachian region. 1798–1800 : Quasi-War : an undeclared naval war with the French First Republic over American default on its war debt. Another contributing factor
2312-497: A significant land transaction proposed by land speculators from North Carolina. These speculators sought to create a new colony in the region known as “Kaintuckee”, inspired by Daniel Boone's explorations, in order to gain access to valuable Cherokee hunting grounds. In March 1775, discussions occurred between Cherokee elders and the speculators at Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga River in southwest Virginia. The agreement entailed
2448-490: A small strip in what is now Oconee County . One provision of the Treaty of Fort Henry required that James Robertson and a small garrison be quartered at Chota on the Little Tennessee. He had been appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for North Carolina, while Joseph Martin had been appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Virginia. From their new bases, the Cherokee conducted raids against settlers on
2584-443: A specific congressional request and are often designed for a congressional reader with a high level of expertise in a given topic. These memoranda are prepared for the use of the requester and are not distributed by CRS to a larger audience unless the requester gives permission. Email Responses : Email responses to request for information can range from providing a statistic or a name to a short briefing to an interactive discussion on
2720-867: A squadron of two frigates , four sloops of war , two brigs , four schooners , and two gunboats in the West Indies . 1815 : Algiers : The Second Barbary War was declared against the United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states , an act not reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military expedition by statute. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities. 1815 : Tripoli: After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain Stephen Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during
2856-424: A variety of issues. Briefing Books : Prepared for use by congressional delegations traveling abroad, these books are collections of material that support the specific purposes of a congressional trip. Briefing books can include a variety of materials, such as maps, selected products, and brief tailored written work, all of which contain background and current issues regarding U.S. relations with specific countries on
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#17327944043752992-489: Is broken into two subcategories: Reports for Congress and Congressional Distribution Memoranda. Reports for Congress : CRS often prepares reports for Congress, analyses, or studies on specific policy issues of legislative interest. These reports clearly define issues in legislative contexts. Analysts define and explain technical terms and concepts, frame the issues in understandable and timely contexts, and provide appropriate, accurate, and valid quantitative data. The content of
3128-531: Is nominated by the President for another office. CRS is divided into six interdisciplinary research divisions, each of which is further divided into subject specialist sections. The six divisions are: American Law; Domestic Social Policy; Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade; Government and Finance; Knowledge Services; and Resources, Science and Industry. The six research divisions are supported in their work by five "infrastructure" offices: Finance and Administration, Information Management and Technology, Counselor to
3264-557: Is sufficiently transient that CRS deems it inappropriate to include it in its list of products. Memoranda can be recast as a report if it becomes important to a larger congressional audience. Responses to Individual Members and Committees : CRS staff provide custom services for Members and committees and their staff, tailored to address specific questions, and usually in a memorandum format. Written documents include Confidential Memoranda, Email Responses, and Briefing Books. Confidential Memoranda : Confidential memoranda are prepared to meet
3400-539: The Battle of Twelve Mile Creek . The South Carolina Militia retreated and later joined up with the militia force of Andrew Pickens . The next day, August 2, the joint militia force bivouacked, and Pickens led a party of 25 to forage for food and firewood. In what is known as the Ring Fight , 200 Cherokee surrounded and attacked the party, which withdrew into a ring and were able to hold their attackers at bay until reinforcements arrived. Pickens and his militia defeated
3536-585: The British Empire by the Thirteen Colonies that would subsequently become the United States. 1776–1777 : Cherokee War of 1776 : a series of armed conflicts when the Cherokee fought to prevent the encroachment of American settlers into eastern Tennessee and eastern Kentucky ; under British rule, this land had been preserved as native territory. 1776–1794 : Cherokee–American wars :
3672-654: The Chattanooga, Tennessee area, where the Great Indian Warpath crossed the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek ). Since Dragging Canoe made that town his seat of operations, frontier Americans called his faction the "Chickamaugas". Other Cherokee refugees turned up in Pensacola and wintered there. John McDonald already had a trading post across the Chickamauga River. This provided
3808-556: The Cherokee and American settlers on the frontier. Most of the events took place in the Upper South region. While the fighting stretched across the entire period, there were extended periods with little or no action. The Cherokee leader Dragging Canoe , whom some historians call "the Savage Napoleon", and his warriors, and other Cherokee fought alongside and together with warriors from several other tribes, most often
3944-598: The Congressional Budget Office (which provides Congress with budget-related information, reports on fiscal, budgetary, and programmatic issues, and analyses of budget policy options, costs, and effects) and the Government Accountability Office (which assists Congress in reviewing and monitoring the activities of government by conducting independent audits, investigations, and evaluations of federal programs). Collectively,
4080-539: The Congressional Research Service Review was launched in 1980, it continued for a little more than a decade before congressional appropriators, once again, invoked fiscal closure with the last issue published v. 13 #9 (Sept. 1992). The Review, which was published ten times a year and available to the public by subscription, offered original analytical articles, summaries highlighting CRS research products, and other kinds of assistance to
4216-689: The French and Indian War . To recover expenses and generate revenue, the British government introduced various taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, the first direct tax on the American colonies. Benjamin Franklin argued before Parliament that the tax was excessive, considering the colonies' contributions during the war. This period also saw the formation of the Sons of Liberty. In 1767, Parliament implemented
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4352-707: The Illinois Country . His plans were to assemble 500 warriors from various Indian nations, including the Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Shawnee, and others, for a campaign to expel Clark's forces back east, then drive through Kentucky clearing American settlements. McDonald's headquarters at Chickamauga was to be the staging ground and commissary for the Cherokee and the Muscogee. Clark recaptured Fort Vincennes, and Hamilton along with it, on February 25, 1779, after
4488-585: The Iroquois in 1768. The Cherokee were initially to retain their lands west of the Kanawha River , from its confluence with the Ohio to its headwaters, with the boundary continuing south to Spanish Florida. However, colonists in the Cherokee region continued to ignore the treaty line, in part because Fort Stanwix promulgated a boundary in the north that simply continued west along the Ohio. To further adjust
4624-592: The Kingdom of Great Britain against the American colonies. The Cherokee War of 1776 encompassed the entirety of the Cherokee nation. At the end of 1776, the only militant Cherokee were those who migrated with Dragging Canoe to the Chickamauga towns and became known as the " Chickamauga Cherokee ". The second phase lasted from 1783 to 1794. The Cherokee served as proxies of the Viceroyalty of New Spain against
4760-539: The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 reflected the service's changing mission: This legislation directed CRS to devote more of its efforts and increased resources to doing research and analysis that assists Congress in direct support of the legislative process. The Congressional Research Service Review launched in 1980 and continued until the early 1990s; then congressional appropriators, once again, invoked "fiscal closure." The Review
4896-566: The Library of Congress , it works primarily and directly for members of Congress and their committees and staff on a confidential, nonpartisan basis. CRS is sometimes known as Congress' think tank due to its broad mandate of providing research and analysis on all matters relevant to national policymaking. CRS has roughly 600 employees reflecting a wide variety of expertise and disciplines, including lawyers, economists, historians, political scientists, reference librarians, and scientists. In
5032-619: The Mississippi River as far as the Pearl River , later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River . 1812 : Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain: Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular
5168-886: The Muscogee in the Old Southwest and the Shawnee in the Old Northwest . During the Revolutionary War , they also fought alongside British troops, Loyalist militia, and the King's Carolina Rangers against the rebel colonists, hoping to expel them from their territory. Open warfare broke out in the summer of 1776 in the Overmountain settlements of the Washington District , mainly those along
5304-550: The Northwest Territory . The war ended with the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. 1813 : West Florida (Spanish territory): On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced into disputed territory to the Perdido River , as projected in 1810. No fighting. 1813–1814 : Nuku Hiva Campaign : U.S. forces built
5440-665: The Overhill Cherokee . At the end of this conflict, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston with the Colony of Virginia (1761) and the Treaty of Charlestown with the Province of South Carolina (1762). Conocotocko (Standing Turkey), the First Beloved Man during the conflict, was replaced by Attakullakulla , who was pro-British. Having concluded the Treaty of Paris in 1763 to settle
5576-531: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , and culminated in the first trans-Appalachian states, Kentucky in 1792 and Ohio in 1803. The French and Indian War and the related European theater conflict known as the Seven Years' War laid many of the foundations for the conflict between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier. These tensions on the frontier broke out into open hostilities with
Timeline of United States military operations - Misplaced Pages Continue
5712-498: The Siege of Fort Vincennes . The Chickamauga Cherokee turned their sights to the northeast. The British captured Savannah on December 29, 1778, with help from Dragging Canoe, John McDonald, and the Cherokee, along with McGillivray's Upper Muscogee force and McIntosh's band of Hitichiti warriors. Just over a month later, January 31, 1779, they captured Augusta, Georgia , as well, though they quickly had to retreat. With these victories,
5848-718: The Watauga , Holston , Nolichucky , and Doe rivers in East Tennessee , as well as the colonies (later states) of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . It later spread to settlements along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and in Kentucky . The wars can be divided into two phases. The first phase took place from 1776 to 1783, in which the Cherokee fought as allies of
5984-600: The " Long Knives ", the squatters who settled and remained in Kain-tuck-ee, or, as the settlers called it, Transylvania . At the close of his speech, Cornstalk offered his war belt, and Dragging Canoe accepted it. Dragging Canoe also accepted belts from the Ottawa and the Iroquois. To prepare themselves for the coming campaign, the Overhill Cherokee began raiding into Kentucky, often with the Shawnee. Before
6120-426: The 2023 fiscal year, it was appropriated a budget of roughly $ 133.6 million by Congress. Modeled after the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau , CRS was founded during the height of the Progressive Era as part of a broader effort to professionalize the government by providing independent research and information to public officials. Its work was initially made available to the public, but between 1952 and 2018
6256-443: The American Indian Wars, involved various Indigenous tribes, as well as the English, French, Spanish, and U.S. Army. As a consequence of these wars, Native American lives were tragically lost, and tribal lands were significantly diminished, ultimately resulting in the forced relocation of survivors to reservations. Outlined below is a chronological account of significant battles and massacres that occurred during these conflicts: During
6392-420: The Beloved Woman (leader or Elder). The Cherokee offensive proved to be disastrous for the attackers. On July 3, a small war party of Cherokee besieged a small fort on the North Carolina frontier. The garrison managed to keep from being overrun until a large body of militia arrived in the rear of besiegers, who then retreated. A 190-strong war party of Cherokee and Loyalist partisans dressed as Cherokee attacked
6528-422: The Blue Ridge on September 1, and reached the outskirts of the Out, Valley, and Middle Towns on September 14, at which they started burning towns and crops. Williamson's militia were attacked at the Battle of Black Hole near Franklin, North Carolina on September 19 but were able to fend off the Cherokee and meet up with Rutherford. In all, Williamson, Pickens, and Rutherford destroyed more than 50 towns, burned
6664-419: The British against their rebel subjects, and for help with the illegal settlers. The two men told him to wait for regular troops to arrive before taking any action. When the two arrived at Chota, Henry Stuart sent out letters to the frontier settlers. He informed them that they were illegally on Cherokee land and gave them 40 days to leave. In an exercise of propaganda, people sympathetic to the Revolution forged
6800-400: The British governor in Detroit, the Shawnee chief Cornstalk led a delegation from the northern tribes (Shawnee, Lenape, Iroquois, Ottawa and others) to the southern tribes. He traveled to Chota to meet with the southern tribes (Cherokee, Muscogee, Chickasaw, Choctaw ) about fighting with the British against their common enemy. Cornstalk called for united action against those they called
6936-434: The British monarchy and Parliament without colonial representation. These disputes escalated into a series of defiant actions and repressive laws, ultimately leading to open rebellion. With the support of France, the American colonies successfully overcame the British forces, gained independence, and established the United States of America. From 1754 to 1763, the British colonies engaged in a costly conflict with France known as
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#17327944043757072-453: The Cherokee on the Tugaloo River in the Battle of Tugaloo , which they then burned on August 10. On August 12, Williamson and Pickens defeated the Cherokee at the Battle of Tamassee . With this, they had completed their destruction of the Lower Towns, Keowee , Estatoe, Seneca, and the rest. Afterwards, they proceeded north to meet up with the North Carolina militia of Griffith Rutherford. Rutherford's militia traversed Swannanoa Gap in
7208-441: The Cherokee, interceded on their behalf. The settlers were allowed to remain, provided no additional people joined them. In 1769, developers and land speculators planned to start a new colony called Vandalia in the territory ceded by the Cherokee. Plans for that fell through, however, and Virginia annexed it as the District of West Augusta in 1774. On June 1, 1773, the Cherokee and the Muskogee ceded their claims to 2 million acres in
7344-431: The Cherokee. North Carolina sent Griffith Rutherford with 2,400 militia to scour the Oconaluftee and Tuckasegee river valleys, and the headwaters of the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee . South Carolina sent 1,800 men to the Savannah , and Georgia sent 200 to attack Cherokee settlements along the Chattahoochee and Tugaloo rivers. Not long after leaving Fort McGahey on July 23, Rutherford's militia, accompanied by
7480-610: The Congress if and when it becomes necessary. Although it rarely conducts field research, CRS assists committees in other aspects of their study and oversight responsibilities. In addition, it offers numerous courses, including legal research seminars and institutes on the legislative process, the budget processes, and the work of district and state staff. At the beginning of each Congress, CRS also provides an orientation seminar for new Members. CRS does not conduct research on sitting Members or living former Members of Congress, unless granted specific permission by that Member or if that Member
7616-479: The Cumberland Basin, defending against territorial settlements, they also fought as allies of Great Britain against American patriots. British strategy was focused on the North, and not so much on the backwoods settlements, especially those in the west. The Cherokee, therefore, were on their own, except for supplies from British ports on the coast and some joint operations in South Carolina. As tensions rose, Loyalist John Stuart, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
7752-419: The Director, Congressional Information and Publishing, and Workforce Management and Development. Responses to Congressional requests take the form of reports, memoranda, customized briefings, seminars, videotaped presentations, information obtained from automated databases, and consultations in person and by telephone. CRS "supports the Members, committees, and leaders of the House and Senate at all stages of
7888-440: The European conflict, the British hoped to maintain peace in the colonies and were surprised with the outbreak of Pontiac's War in the north soon thereafter. In response, King George III hastened to issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in an effort to impose a boundary between the native tribes and encroaching colonists. The proclamation prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , at least temporarily, but
8024-411: The Floridas were ceded to the United States . 1817 : Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida): Under orders of President James Monroe , United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters. This episode in Florida's history became known as the Amelia Island Affair . 1818 : Oregon : USS Ontario , dispatched from Washington, made a landing at
8160-401: The French Salt Lick at Nashville ), the Cumberland Trail (from the Upper Creek Path to the Great Lakes ), and the Nickajack Trail ( Nickajack to Augusta ). Later, the Cherokee stalked the Natchez Trace and roads improved by the uninvited settlers, such as the Kentucky, Cumberland, and Walton roads. Occasionally, the Cherokee attacked targets in Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, and
8296-400: The Holston, Doe, Watauga, and Nolichucky rivers, on the Cumberland and Red rivers, and those in the isolated frontier stations in between. The Cherokee ambushed parties traveling on the Tennessee River, and on local sections of the many ancient trails that served as "highways", such as the Great Indian Warpath ( Mobile to northeast Canada), the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail ( St. Augustine to
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#17327944043758432-550: The Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam , to "employ competent persons to prepare such indexes, digests, and compilations of laws as may be required for Congress and other official use..." Renamed the Legislative Reference Service and given a permanent authorization with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 , it assisted Congress primarily by providing facts and publications and by transmitting research and analysis done largely by other government agencies, private organizations, and individual scholars. Verner W. Clapp headed
8568-424: The Little Tennessee in late October, Christian's Virginia force found those towns from whence the militant attackers had sprung—Great Island, Citico ( Sitiku ), Toqua ( Dakwayi ), Tuskegee ( Taskigi ), Chilhowee, and Great Tellico—not only deserted but burned to the ground by their own former inhabitants, along with all the food and stores that could not be carried away. Oconostota supported making peace with
8704-400: The Lower Towns began attacking the frontier of South Carolina. On July 1, the Out, Middle, and Valley Towns sent out war parties raiding the frontiers settlements of North Carolina east of the Blue Ridge coming down the Catawba River . Meanwhile, traders warned the Overmountain settlers of the impending attacks from the Overhill Towns. They had come from Chota bearing word from Nancy Ward ,
8840-461: The Mediterranean islands of Argentiere (Kimolos) , Myconos , and Andros . 1831 : Falkland Islands : Captain Silas Duncan of USS Lexington attacked, looted and burned Puerto Soledad (then under the control of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ). This was in response to the capture of three American sailing vessels which were detained after ignoring orders to stop depredation of local fishing resources without permission from
8976-476: The Ohio country. In contempt of the peace proceedings at Fort Henry in April 1777, Dragging Canoe led a war party that killed a settler named Frederick Calvitt and stole 15 horses from James Robertson, then moved to Carter's Valley, killing the grandparents of David Crockett along with several children near the modern Rogersville , and marauding across the valley. In all the raiders took twelve scalps. In summer 1777, Deputy Superintendents Cameron and Taitt led
9112-449: The Overhill Cherokee agreed to sell a significant portion of land in central Kentucky at the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, despite this agreement violating British laws. This transaction laid the groundwork for white settlement in the area. During the upheaval of the Revolution in 1775, the Cherokee faced a multitude of economic, political, and social obstacles. Struggling with severe economic hardships, Cherokee leaders reluctantly consented to
9248-421: The Overhill towns and other Cherokee towns. Dragging Canoe , headman of Great Island Town and son of Attakullakulla, refused to go along with the deal. He told the North Carolina men, "You have bought a fair land, but there is a cloud hanging over it; you will find its settlement dark and bloody". This utterance gave rise to the contentious epithet for Kentucky as the dark and bloody ground . The phrase became
9384-430: The Powhatan Wars, Powhatan Chief Opechancanough orchestrated an attack that claimed the lives of nearly 350 out of the 1,200 colonists. In response, the English launched counterattacks on Native American villages, causing destruction to crops and displacing Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands. Competition for control over the fur and wampum trade in Colonial Connecticut led to escalating tensions and conflicts. In
9520-463: The Seminole commanding his East Florida Rangers, who fought with them and some of the Lower Muskogee. From St. Augustine, Stuart sent his deputy, Alexander Cameron, and his brother Henry to Mobile to obtain short-term supplies and arms for the Cherokee. Dragging Canoe took a party of 80 warriors to provide security for the pack train. He met Henry Stuart and Cameron (whom he had adopted as a brother) at Mobile on March 1, 1776. He asked how he could help
9656-436: The Seminoles to west of the Mississippi are hindered by 7 years of war. 1838 : The Caroline affair on Navy Island , Upper Canada : After the failure of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and independence from the British Empire ; William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada . American sympathizers sent supplies on SS Caroline , which
9792-663: The Southern Indians. The Southern theater had the added advantage of being home to more Loyalists than the North. With all these new advantages, the Cherokee were able to greatly renew their territorial defense. Both the Cherokee and the Upper Creek signed on for active participation. On December 17, 1778, Henry Hamilton captured Fort Vincennes and used it as a base to plan a spring offensive against George Rogers Clark , whose forces had recently seized control of much of
9928-539: The Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on essential goods like tea. The seizure of John Hancock's ship, the Liberty, for suspected smuggling in 1768 heightened tensions that culminated in the British occupation of Boston. The Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, where British soldiers fired into a crowd after being provoked by protestors, resulted in five deaths and six injuries. While John Adams successfully defended
10064-659: The Tripolitan request for an annual tribute to guarantee safe passage, and an American naval blockade ensued. After the seizure of USS Philadelphia , American forces under William Eaton invaded coastal cities. A peace treaty resulted in the payment of a ransom for the return of captured American soldiers and only temporarily eased hostilities. 1806 : Pike Expedition : On an exploratory expedition ordered by Gen. James Wilkinson , an Army platoon under Captain Zebulon Pike unintentionally entered Spanish Mexico at
10200-563: The U.S. Armed Forces even if they are federalized for duty within the United States itself. Throughout its history, the United States has engaged in numerous military conflicts. The country has officially declared war on foreign nations on five occasions. Additionally, the United States Congress and the United Nations Security Council have authorized and funded various military engagements. In
10336-504: The U.S. government gave aid alone, with no military personnel involvement, are excluded, as are Central Intelligence Agency operations. In domestic peacetime disputes such as riots and labor issues , only operations undertaken by active duty personnel (also called "federal troops" or "U.S. military") are depicted in this article; state defense forces and the National Guard are not included, as they are not fully integrated into
10472-502: The United Provinces government. 1832 : First Sumatran expedition : Sumatra , Indonesia – February 6 to 9, U.S. forces under Commodore John Downes aboard the frigate USS Potomac landed and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the American cargo ship Friendship . 1833 : Argentina : October 31 to November 15, A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect
10608-549: The War of 1812. 1816 : Spanish Florida: United States forces destroyed Negro Fort , which harbored fugitive slaves making raids into United States territory. 1816–1818 : Spanish Florida – First Seminole War : The Seminole Indians , whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmund P. Gaines and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819
10744-521: The Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library in 1901, they were motivated by Progressive era ideas about the importance of the acquisition of knowledge for an informed and independent legislature. The move also reflected the expanding role of the librarian and the professionalization of the profession. The new department was charged with responding to congressional requests for information. The legislation authorized
10880-690: The advent of the American Revolution . The action of the French and Indian War in North America included the Anglo-Cherokee War , lasting 1758–1761. British forces under General James Grant destroyed a number of Cherokee towns, which were never reoccupied. Kituwa was abandoned, and its former residents migrated west; they took up residence at Mialoquo , called Great Island Town , on the Little Tennessee River among
11016-490: The allied tribes. This victory put an end to longstanding land disputes between the U.S. and the confederation over what is now Ohio. The conflict highlighted the challenges of frontier relations and the complexities of balancing territorial ambitions with indigenous rights and sovereignty. Portions of this list are from the Congressional Research Service report RL30172, version of October 5, 2004. 1775–1783 : American Revolutionary War : an armed struggle for secession from
11152-492: The boundary, John Stuart , as Superintendent for Southern Indian Affairs, negotiated a second treaty with the Cherokee in 1770, the Treaty of Lochaber . This surrendered their remaining claims in what is now West Virginia and Kentucky and protected colonists north of the Holston River , in the region of today's Tennessee-Virginia border. The earliest colonial settlement in the vicinity of what became Upper East Tennessee
11288-682: The colonists. Dragging Canoe called for the women, children, and old to be sent below the Hiwassee and for the warriors to burn the towns, then ambush the Virginians at the French Broad River . Oconostota, Attakullakulla, and the older chiefs decided against that plan. Oconostota sent word to the approaching colonial army, offering to exchange Dragging Canoe and Cameron if the Overhill Towns were spared. Dragging Canoe spoke to
11424-497: The congressional community. The New York Times has written that the reports contain neither classified information nor copyrighted information. However, in a passage analyzing its own liability under United States copyright law, the CRS has written that: CRS may incorporate preexisting material in its written responses to congressional requests. Although such material is often from public domain sources, in certain instances
11560-459: The council of the Overhill Towns, denouncing the older leaders as rogues and "Virginians" for their willingness to cede land for an ephemeral safety. He concluded, "As for me, I have my young warriors about me. We will have our lands." Afterward, he and other militant leaders, including Ostenaco , gathered like-minded Cherokee from the Overhill, Valley, and Hill towns, and migrated to what is now
11696-595: The cruise authorized in 1822. 1824 : Puerto Rico (Spanish territory): Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his powers. 1825 : Cuba: In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates. 1827 : Greece : In October and November, landing parties hunted pirates on
11832-469: The danger, Emistisigua, Paramount Chief of the Upper Muscogee , sent a force of 350 warriors to guard them as well as to assist in rebuilding and waging war. Preliminary negotiations between the Overhill Towns and Virginia were held at Fort Patrick Henry in April 1777. Nathaniel Gist , later father of Sequoyah , led the talks for Virginia, while Attakullakulla, Oconostota, and Savanukah headed
11968-615: The delegation of Cherokee. The Cherokee signed the Treaty of Dewitt's Corner with Georgia and South Carolina on May 20 and the Treaty of Fort Henry , also known as the Avery Treaty , with Virginia and North Carolina on July 20. They promised to stop warring, with those colonies promising in return to protect them from attack. In the Treaty of Dewitt's Corner, the Lower Towns ceded all their land in modern South Carolina except for
12104-490: The desired results. CRS also can help Members prepare for the debate by providing data and other information that they can use to support the positions they have decided to take. CRS also performs several functions that support Congressional and public understanding of the legislative process and other issues. Reports by the Congressional Research Service, usually referred to as CRS Reports , are
12240-694: The enactment of new real estate taxes to pay for the Quasi-War. Hostilities were concentrated in the communities of the Pennsylvania Dutch . 1801–1805 : First Barbary War : a series of naval battles in the Mediterranean against the Kingdom of Tripoli , a quasi-independent state of the Ottoman Empire . Action was in response to the capture of numerous American ships by the infamous Barbary pirates . The federal government rejected
12376-613: The encroaching colonists. The Battle of Fallen Timbers, which occurred on August 20, 1794, was a significant military clash between the United States and the Northwest Indian Confederation along the Maumee River near present-day Toledo, Ohio. Following two major defeats suffered by the U.S. at the hands of the confederation, Major General Anthony Wayne assumed command of the U.S. Army and led an expeditionary force of around 3,300 soldiers to retaliate against
12512-496: The encyclopedic research reports written to clearly define issues in a legislative context. Over 700 new CRS reports are produced each year; 566 new products were prepared in Fiscal Year 2011. Nearly 7,800 were in existence as of the end of 2011. The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs (IB), Research Memos (RM), and Reports, which appear in both Short (RS) and Long (RL) formats. A categorical listing of CRS reports
12648-543: The expansion of white settlement and speculation in the region. The Cherokee, numbering around 22,000 individuals living in 200 villages, had maintained friendly relations with the British for trading and military purposes since the early 18th century. In 1773, the Treaty of Augusta was signed at the request of both Cherokee and Creek Indians, resulting in the cession of over 2,000,000 acres of tribal land in Georgia to alleviate Indian debts to white traders. Subsequently, in 1775,
12784-526: The group. The Shawnee , Lenape (Delaware), Mingo , and some Cherokee attacked a scouting and forage party, which included Boone's son James. James Boone and Henry Russell, son of William Russell , a compatriot of Daniel Boone, were captured by the Native Americans and ritually tortured to death. The settlement attempt was abandoned. When word got back to Virginia, the colonists led by Lord Dunmore himself retaliated with Dunmore's War (1774) which
12920-859: The headwaters of the Rio Grande . Pike and his troops were made prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present-day Colorado , taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers. 1806–1810 : Action in the Gulf of Mexico : American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta , chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Commodore David Porter . 1810 : West Florida (Spanish territory): Governor William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana , on orders of President James Madison , occupied with troops territory in dispute east of
13056-652: The home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication Public Affairs Bulletins , which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by Archibald MacLeish , the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100 Public Affairs Bulletins were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951. When
13192-538: The houses and food stores, destroyed the orchards, slaughtered livestock, and killed hundreds of Cherokee. They sold captives into slavery, and these were often transported to the Caribbean. In the meantime, the Continental Army sent Col. William Christian to the lower Little Tennessee Valley with a battalion of Continentals, 500 Virginia militia, 300 North Carolina militia, and 300 rangers. Upon reaching
13328-538: The intent, scope, and limits, of the various proposals. The report goes on: During committee and floor consideration, CRS can assist Representatives and Senators in several different ways, in addition to providing background information to assist Members in understanding the issues a bill addresses. CRS attorneys can help clarify legal effects the bill may have. CRS policy analysts can work with Members in deciding whether to propose amendments and then in making certain that their amendments are designed and phrased to achieve
13464-556: The interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection. 1835–1836 : Peru : December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 7, 1836, Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution. 1835–1842 : Florida Territory : United States Navy supports the Army's efforts at quelling uprisings and attacks on civilians by Seminole Indians. Government's efforts to relocate
13600-437: The island. However, on July 20, it encountered a larger force of militia six miles from their target, about half the size of his own but desperate, in a stronger position than the small group before. During the "Battle of Island Flats" which followed, Dragging Canoe was wounded in his hip by a musket ball, and his brother Little Owl incredibly survived after being hit eleven times. His force then withdrew, raiding isolated cabins on
13736-600: The large fort on the South Carolina frontier known as Lindley's Station . Its 150-man Patriot garrison had just finished building it the day before. After repulsing the attack, the Patriots gave chase, killing two Loyalists and capturing ten, but inflicting no casualties on the Cherokee. Dragging Canoe's forces advanced up the Great Indian Warpath and had a small skirmish with a body of militia numbering twenty who quickly withdrew. Pursuing them and intending to take Fort Lee at Long-Island-on-the-Holston, his force advanced toward
13872-405: The legislative process": At the preliminary stage, members may ask CRS to provide background information and analysis on issues and events so they can better understand the existing situation and then assess whether there is a problem requiring a legislative remedy. This assistance may be a summary and explanation of the scientific evidence on a technically complex matter, for example, or it may be
14008-436: The maintenance of historical legislative information. Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and Congressional Record citations for debates, full text of measures, and Member introductory remarks. The confidentiality status of Congressional Research Service reports, until September 18, 2018,
14144-776: The material, appropriately credited, may be from copyrighted sources. To the extent that the material is copyrighted, CRS either: However, the copyright permission obtained is usually understood to be for the purpose of legislative use by members of Congress. Thus, persons seeking public domain content in CRS reports can avoid infringing copyright by paying attention to the internal citations. CRS written work products fall into three major categories:(1) Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues, (2) Responses to Individual Members and Committees, and (3) Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations. Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues itself
14280-579: The military, specific names are assigned to operations and phases of wars. For example, during the Gulf War , operations were designated as Desert Shield, Desert Storm, and Desert Sabre. Furthermore, each operation may encompass distinct phases, each with its own unique name. For over 250 years, conflicts between European settlers and Native Americans in America revolved around disputes over land, resources, and trade. These clashes, collectively referred to as
14416-516: The most prominent, ceded the claim of the Cherokee to the Kentucky lands. The Transylvania Land Company believed it was gaining ownership of the land, not realizing that other tribes, such as the Lenape, Shawnee, and Chickasaw , also claimed these lands for hunting. Documented Cherokee towns like Sullen Possum in southeast Kentucky and in other areas of Kentucky did exist with links to what is called
14552-631: The mouth of the Columbia River to assert U.S. claims. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area. Subsequently, American and British claims to the Oregon Country were resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846. 1820–1823 : Africa: Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress . 1822 : Spanish Cuba : United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on
14688-498: The northern delegation had left, Dragging Canoe led a small war party into Kentucky and returned with four scalps to present to Cornstalk before they departed. In another raid, a war party led by Hanging Maw , captured three teenage settler girls, Jemima Boone and Elizabeth and Frances Callaway , on July 14 but lost them three days later to a rescue party led by Daniel Boone , father of Jemima, and Richard Callaway , father of Elizabeth and Frances. In late June 1776, war parties from
14824-476: The northern sector of the Georgia colony, in return for the cancellation of their debts. Most of the Muskogee refused to recognize the treaty, and the British government rejected it. In Sept. 1773, Daniel Boone led one of the first settler's expeditions through the fabled Cumberland Gap route to establish a temporary settlement inside the hunting grounds of modern-day Kentucky. There were about 50 settlers in
14960-401: The northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station. 1823 : Cuba: Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido ; April 16 near Cayo Blanco ; July 11 at Siquapa Bay ; July 21 at Cape Cruz ; and October 23 at Camrioca . 1823 : Arikara War . 1824 : Cuba: In October USS Porpoise landed sailors near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during
15096-742: The outbreak of the Revolution superseded the judgments of the royal governors. The Transylvania Company began recruiting settlers for the region they had "purchased". In 1776, the Virginia General Assembly prohibited further settlement, and in 1778, declared the Transylvania compact void. During the Revolutionary War, the Cherokee not only fought against the settlers in the Overmountain region, and later in
15232-561: The outskirts of Carter's Valley far into the Clinch River Valley in Virginia, but those targets contained only small settlements and isolated farmsteads, so he did no real military damage. The affected colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia conferred and decided that swift and massive retaliation was the only way to preserve peace on the frontier. The colonials gathered militia who retaliated against
15368-543: The professional draftsman within each chamber's Office of the Legislative Counsel as they translate the Member's policy decisions into formal legislative language. Members and committees also can request CRS to help them assess and compare legislative proposals, including competing bills introduced by Members and proposals presented by executive branch officials, private citizens and organizations. CRS can assess
15504-494: The public until September 18, 2018, when a provision of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 which directed that CRS reports be available to the public was implemented. CRS offers Congress research and analysis on all current and emerging issues of national policy. CRS offers timely and confidential assistance to all Members and committees that request it, limited only by CRS's resources and
15640-474: The recently formed United States of America . Because they migrated westward to new settlements initially known as the "Five Lower Towns", referring to their location in the Piedmont, these people became known as the Lower Cherokee. This term was used well into the 19th century. The Chickamauga ended their warfare in November 1794 with the Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse . In 1786, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant ,
15776-637: The remaining neutral towns of the Lower Muscogee threw in their lot with the British side. Thomas Brown of the King's Carolina Rangers was assigned to the Atlantic District to work with the Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole. Charlestown was captured on May 12, 1780, after a siege that began March 29. Along with it, the British took prisoner some 3,000 Patriots, including South Carolina militia leader Andrew Williamson. Upon giving his parole that he would not again take up arms, Williamson became
15912-404: The report is summarized on its first page. These reports may be updated as events occur, or archived when they no longer reflect the current legislative agenda but can provide background and historical context. Congressional Distribution Memoranda : Similar to the reports, memoranda are prepared when the interest of a relatively small number of congressional readers is anticipated or when an issue
16048-739: The requirements for balance, nonpartisanship and accuracy. CRS makes no legislative or other policy recommendations to Congress; its responsibility is to ensure that Members of the House and Senate have available the best possible information and analysis on which to base the policy decisions the American people have elected them to make. In all its work, CRS analysts are governed by requirements for confidentiality, timeliness, accuracy, objectivity, balance, and nonpartisanship. CRS services are not limited to those that relate directly to enacting new laws. For example, CRS attempts to assess emerging issues and developing problems so that it will be prepared to assist
16184-469: The soldiers in court, figures like Samuel Adams seized upon the incident to rally support for the independence movement. During the period of the U.S. War of Independence, a series of conflicts and agreements known as the Cherokee–American wars and treaties significantly diminished Cherokee influence and land holdings in Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and western North and South Carolina. This allowed for
16320-442: The surrender of 27,000 square miles of Cherokee land in exchange for modest items like blankets, knives, and gunpowder. Dragging Canoe, the son of a more conciliatory Cherokee elder who would later emerge as a key figure in the resistance movement, foresaw the disastrous repercussions of this transaction for his people. He issued a stern caution regarding the imminent devastation that would ensue if additional land deals were struck with
16456-548: The three agencies employ more than 4,000 people. In 1914, Senator Robert La Follette Sr. and Representative John M. Nelson , both of Wisconsin, promoted the inclusion in the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act of a provision directing the establishment of a special reference unit within the Library of Congress. Building upon a concept developed by the New York State Library in 1890, and
16592-476: The trip as well as questions Members may ask when meeting with government or other officials. Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations : Since 1935, the Legislative Analysis and Information Section (formerly the "Bill Digest" section) of CRS has had the statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and
16728-562: The unit. The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication Public Affairs Bulletins , which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by Archibald MacLeish , the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100 Public Affairs Bulletins were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951. The renaming under
16864-504: The way and returned to the Overhill area with plunder and scalps, after raiding further north into southwestern Virginia. On July 21, Abraham of Chilhowee led his party in attempting to capture Fort Caswell on the Watauga, but his attack was driven off with heavy casualties. Instead of withdrawing, however, he put the garrison under siege, a tactic which had worked well the previous decade with Fort Loudon. After two weeks, though, he and his warriors gave that up. Savanukah's party raided from
17000-515: Was Sapling Grove ( Bristol ). This initial North-of-Holston settlement was founded by Evan Shelby , who first entered the area as early as 1765, but "purchased" the land in 1768 from John Buchanan. Jacob Brown began another settlement on the Nolichucky River , and John Carter another in what became known as Carter's Valley (between Clinch River and Beech Creek), both in 1771. Following the Battle of Alamance in 1771, James Robertson led
17136-461: Was a matter of contention due to the lack of public access to research that was paid for by taxpayer money. Congress had historically reserved to itself control over the dissemination of CRS products to the public on the principle that CRS, as an extension of congressional staff, works exclusively for the Congress: "dissemination is limited to Members of Congress." From 1952 until 2018, a provision
17272-629: Was besieged by a mob at his house in Charleston and had to flee for his life. His first stop was St. Augustine in East Florida . Another noted Loyalist later associated with the Cherokee, Thomas Brown , was not nearly so fortunate. In his home of Brownsborough, Georgia, near Augusta, he was assaulted by a crowd of the Sons of Liberty , tied to a tree, roasted with fire, scalped, tarred, and feathered . After his escape, he took up residence among
17408-450: Was conducted mostly against Shawnee raiders from north of the Ohio. The Cherokee and the Muskogee were active also, mainly confining themselves to small raids on the backcountry settlements of the Carolinas and Georgia. On March 17, 1775, a group of North Carolina speculators led by Richard Henderson negotiated the extra-legal Treaty of Watauga at Sycamore Shoals with the older Overhill Cherokee leaders; Oconostota and Attakullakulla,
17544-484: Was included in CRS annual appropriations acts requiring approval by one of its two congressional oversight committees for acts of "publication" by the CRS. Cherokee%E2%80%93American wars The Cherokee–American wars , also known as the Chickamauga Wars , were a series of raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and several full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest from 1776 to 1794 between
17680-435: Was intercepted by the British and set ablaze, after killing one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and American forces retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters. Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress . Operating within
17816-762: Was published by Air War College of the United States Air Force, last updated on May 13, 2011. As of September 18, 2018, most CRS reports are available to the public through the official US Congress website crsreports.congress.gov . Older CRS reports versions may be accessed from community supported sources. Since as of September 18, 2018, the official US government website "makes non-confidential reports available on its website" alternative access sites are less needed. Previously they were confidential. While not classified , they were exempt from Freedom of Information Act requests due to Congressional privilege and therefore not readily accessible nor
17952-514: Was published ten times a year and was available to the public by subscription. It offered analytical articles, summaries of CRS research products, and other assistance to the congressional community. Inquiries increased from 400,000 questions per year in 1980 to 598,000 in 2000. CRS reorganized in 1999 partly to handle the load, relocating staff, adopting more efficient workstations, and attempting to enable more communication across disciplinary specialists. CRS reports were not generally available to
18088-402: Was restricted only to members of Congress and their staff; non-confidential reports have since been accessible on its website. In 2019, CRS announced it was adding "the back catalog of older CRS reports" and also introducing new publicly available reports, such as its "two-page executive level briefing documents". CRS is one of three major legislative agencies that support Congress, along with
18224-477: Was the continuation of American trade with Britain, with whom their former French allies were at war. This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic city of Puerto Plata , where U.S. Marines captured a French vessel under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes. 1799–1800 : Fries's Rebellion : a string of protests against
18360-492: Was their authenticity easily verifiable. Prior to September 2018, CRS products were only made directly available to members of Congress, Congressional committees, and CRS's sister agencies (CBO and GAO) through the internal CRS Web system. Other than a passing generic reference to "reports" in its statutory charter, CRS has no mandate for these products. They are created in the context of the overall mission of CRS to provide research support to Congress. The Library of Congress,
18496-426: Was widely resented by the colonists. Once they were able to end hostilities with Pontiac's confederation, the British refocused their attention to settling treaties that could resolve land claims with tribes across the colonies. The two Superintendents for Indian Affairs for the northern and southern colonies contemporaneously negotiated the Treaty of Hard Labour with the Cherokee and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with
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