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38-570: The United States Reports ( ISSN   0891-6845 ) are the official record ( law reports ) of the Supreme Court of the United States . They include rulings, orders, case tables (list of every case decided), in alphabetical order both by the name of the petitioner (the losing party in lower courts) and by the name of the respondent (the prevailing party below), and other proceedings. United States Reports , once printed and bound, are

76-702: A 977 "country code" (compare the 978 country code (" bookland ") for ISBNs ), followed by the 7 main digits of the ISSN (the check digit is not included), followed by 2 publisher-defined digits, followed by the EAN check digit (which need not match the ISSN check digit). ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris . The International Centre

114-603: A bound volume, which he called Reports of cases ruled and adjudged in the courts of Pennsylvania, before and since the Revolution . This would come to be known as the first volume of Dallas Reports . When the United States Supreme Court, along with the rest of the new Federal Government moved, in 1791, from New York City to the nation's temporary capital in Philadelphia , Dallas was appointed

152-485: A serial with the same content is published in more than one media type , a different ISSN is assigned to each media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media . The ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN ( p-ISSN ) and electronic ISSN ( e-ISSN ). Consequently, as defined in ISO 3297:2007, every serial in the ISSN system is also assigned a linking ISSN ( ISSN-L ), typically

190-463: Is a standard label for "Print ISSN", the ISSN for the print media (paper) version of a serial. Usually it is the "default media" and so the "default ISSN". e-ISSN (or eISSN ) is a standard label for "Electronic ISSN", the ISSN for the electronic media (online) version of a serial. Wheaton v. Peters Wheaton v. Peters , 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591 (1834), was the first United States Supreme Court ruling on copyright . The case upheld

228-480: Is an intergovernmental organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. As defined by ISO 3297:2007 , the "linking ISSN (ISSN-L)" provides a mechanism for collocation or linking among the different media versions of the same continuing resource. The ISSN-L

266-475: Is not freely available for interrogation on the web, but is available by subscription. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books . An ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to

304-476: Is one of a serial's existing ISSNs, so does not change the use or assignment of "ordinary" ISSNs; it is based on the ISSN of the first published medium version of the publication. If the print and online versions of the publication are published at the same time, the ISSN of the print version is chosen as the basis of the ISSN-L . With ISSN-L is possible to designate one single ISSN for all those media versions of

342-490: Is then calculated: 160 11 = 14  remainder  6 = 14 + 6 11 {\displaystyle {\frac {160}{11}}=14{\mbox{ remainder }}6=14+{\frac {6}{11}}} If there is no remainder, the check digit is 0; otherwise the remainder is subtracted from 11. If the result is less than 10, it yields the check digit: 11 − 6 = 5 . {\displaystyle 11-6=5\;.} Thus, in this example,

380-693: The United States Government Publishing Office . For lawyers, citations to United States Reports are the standard reference for Supreme Court decisions. Following The Bluebook , a commonly accepted citation protocol, the case Brown, et al., v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas , for example, would be cited as: This citation indicates that the decision of the Court in the case entitled Brown v. Board of Education , as abbreviated in Bluebook style for footnotes,

418-590: The digital object identifier (DOI), an ISSN-independent initiative, consolidated in the 2000s. Only later, in 2007, ISSN-L was defined in the new ISSN standard (ISO 3297:2007) as an "ISSN designated by the ISSN Network to enable collocation or versions of a continuing resource linking among the different media". An ISSN can be encoded as a uniform resource name (URN) by prefixing it with " urn:ISSN: ". For example, Rail could be referred to as " urn:ISSN:0953-4563 ". URN namespaces are case-sensitive, and

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456-401: The print and electronic media versions of a serial need separate ISSNs, and CD-ROM versions and web versions require different ISSNs. However, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats (e.g. PDF and HTML ) of the same online serial. This "media-oriented identification" of serials made sense in the 1970s. In the 1990s and onward, with personal computers, better screens, and

494-673: The publisher or its location . For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change. Since the ISSN applies to an entire serial, other identifiers have been built on top of it to allow references to specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable components (like the table of contents ): the Publisher Item Identifier (PII) and the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI). Separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media (except reproduction microforms ). Thus,

532-539: The Court, complete with annotations and summaries of the arguments in Court. This was useful material but made the volumes of his reports costly and out of the reach of most lawyers. His successor as reporter, Richard Peters , in addition to publishing the current volumes of reports, had gone over his predecessor's work, eliminated the arguments of counsel and other material beyond the opinions themselves, and published an abridged edition reducing twenty-four volumes into six. The Reporter's salary of $ 1,000 per year did not cover

570-410: The ISSN (also named "ISSN structure" or "ISSN syntax") can be expressed as follows: where N is in the set { 0,1,2,...,9 }, a decimal digit character, and C is in { 0,1,2,...,9,X }; or by a Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) regular expression : For example, the ISSN of the journal Hearing Research , is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, that is C =5. To calculate

608-597: The ISSN namespace is all caps. If the checksum digit is "X" then it is always encoded in uppercase in a URN. The URNs are content-oriented , but ISSN is media-oriented: A unique URN for serials simplifies the search, recovery and delivery of data for various services including, in particular, search systems and knowledge databases . ISSN-L (see Linking ISSN above) was created to fill this gap. The two standard categories of media in which serials are most available are print and electronic . In metadata contexts (e.g., JATS ), these may have standard labels. p-ISSN

646-602: The Supreme Court had directed, the Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania held a trial on the issue of whether Wheaton had satisfied the copyright formalities. The court ruled that he had. Peters appealed, but while the second appeal was pending, both Wheaton and Peters died. The case was then settled, with Peters' estate paying Wheaton's estate $ 400. Wheaton v. Peters was the first in

684-763: The Supreme Court moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800, Dallas remained in Philadelphia, and William Cranch took over as unofficial reporter of decisions. In 1817, Congress made the Reporter of Decisions an official, salaried position, although the publication of the Reports remained a private enterprise for the reporter's personal gain. The reports themselves were the subject of an early copyright case, Wheaton v. Peters , in which former reporter Henry Wheaton sued then current reporter Richard Peters for reprinting cases from Wheaton's Reports in abridged form. In 1874,

722-409: The Supreme Court's first unofficial, and unpaid, Supreme Court Reporter. Court reporters in that age received no salary, but were expected to profit from the publication and sale of their compiled decisions. Dallas continued to collect and publish Pennsylvania decisions in a second volume of his Reports. When the U.S. Supreme Court began to hear cases, he added those cases to his reports, starting near

760-436: The Supreme Court. Justice John McLean , who had publishing experience as the founder of an Ohio newspaper , wrote the opinion of the Court. It ruled that while the common law protected copyright in unpublished writings (such as diaries or personal letters), "this is a very different right from that which asserts a perpetual and exclusive property in the future publication of the work, after the author shall have published it to

798-504: The U.S. government began to fund the reports' publication (18  Stat.   204 ), creating the United States Reports . The earlier, private reports were retroactively numbered volumes 1–90 of the United States Reports , starting from the first volume of Dallas Reports . Therefore, decisions appearing in these early reports have dual citation forms: one for the volume number of the United States Reports , and one for

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836-478: The Web, it makes sense to consider only content , independent of media. This "content-oriented identification" of serials was a repressed demand during a decade, but no ISSN update or initiative occurred. A natural extension for ISSN, the unique-identification of the articles in the serials, was the main demand application. An alternative serials' contents model arrived with the indecs Content Model and its application,

874-460: The check digit C is 5. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by their position in the number, counting from the right. (If the check digit is X, add 10 to the sum.) The remainder of the sum modulo 11 must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, based on the above algorithm. ISSNs can be encoded in EAN-13 bar codes with

912-607: The check digit, the following algorithm may be used: 0 ⋅ 8 + 3 ⋅ 7 + 7 ⋅ 6 + 8 ⋅ 5 + 5 ⋅ 4 + 9 ⋅ 3 + 5 ⋅ 2 = 0 + 21 + 42 + 40 + 20 + 27 + 10 = 160 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&0\cdot 8+3\cdot 7+7\cdot 6+8\cdot 5+5\cdot 4+9\cdot 3+5\cdot 2\\&=0+21+42+40+20+27+10\\&=160\;.\end{aligned}}} The remainder of this sum modulo 11

950-419: The end of the second volume, 2 Dallas Reports , with West v. Barnes (1791). As Lawrence M. Friedman has explained: "In this volume, quietly and unobtrusively, began that magnificent series of reports, extending in an unbroken line to the present, that chronicles the work of the world's most powerful court." Dallas went on to publish a total of four volumes of decisions during his tenure as Reporter. When

988-471: The entire first volume and most of the second volume of United States Reports are not decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . Instead, they are decisions from various Pennsylvania courts, dating from the colonial era and the first decade after American independence. Alexander Dallas , a lawyer and journalist, in Philadelphia , had been reporting these cases for newspapers and periodicals. He subsequently began compiling his case reports in

1026-511: The final version of court opinions and cannot be changed. Opinions of the court in each case are prepended with a headnote prepared by the Reporter of Decisions , and any concurring or dissenting opinions are published sequentially. The Court's Publication Office oversees the binding and publication of the volumes of United States Reports , although the actual printing, binding, and publication are performed by private firms under contract with

1064-411: The formal requirements for copyright, such as registering the copyright and placing a copyright notice in the work, in order to receive protection. Judge Hopkinson also ruled that there was no federal common law ; one must look to the states for common law ; and even then, the states did not necessarily adopt the entire English common law if there even was a common law copyright . Wheaton appealed to

1102-521: The full expenses of preparing the reports, and the Reporters relied on sales of their books to recoup their costs. By creating more affordable volumes, Peters devastated the market for Wheaton's more expensive ones. Wheaton sued Peters in Pennsylvania and lost in the circuit court. The judge, Joseph Hopkinson , ruled that copyright is purely the creation of statute and that one must comply with

1140-416: The judicially-authored texts of the opinions themselves. Justice Smith Thompson wrote a dissenting opinion in which he concluded that Wheaton was entitled to an injunction against Peters' publication of his reports. Justice Henry Baldwin also dissented, but his reasoning was not recorded in the original opinion. It appeared in a revised edition of the U.S. Reports , published posthumously in 1884. As

1178-425: The opinion concluded: "It may be proper to remark that the Court is unanimously of opinion that no reporter has or can have any copyright in the written opinions delivered by this Court, and that the judges thereof cannot confer on any reporter any such right." Thus, any copyright protection for published judicial opinions could cover ancillary materials such as summaries of the opinions and commentaries on them but not

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1216-409: The power of Congress to make a grant of copyright protection subject to conditions and rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright in published works. The Court also declared that there could be no copyright in the Court's own judicial decisions. The case arose out of the printing of the Supreme Court's own opinions. Henry Wheaton , the third reporter of decisions , had compiled the opinions of

1254-399: The same as the ISSN assigned to the serial in its first published medium, which links together all ISSNs assigned to the serial in every medium. An ISSN is an eight-digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers. The last digit, which may be zero through nine or an X, is a check digit , so the ISSN is uniquely represented by its first seven digits. Formally, the general form of

1292-402: The set of nominate reports. For example, the complete citation to McCulloch v. Maryland is 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819). ISSN (identifier) The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) international standard in 1971 and published as ISO 3297 in 1975. ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When

1330-646: The title. The use of ISSN-L facilitates search, retrieval and delivery across all media versions for services like OpenURL , library catalogues , search engines or knowledge bases . The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, the ISDS Register (International Serials Data System), otherwise known as the ISSN Register . At the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. The Register

1368-508: The world." McLean declared that post-publication copyright did not exist in the United States but only as a function of statute. "Congress, then, by this act, instead of sanctioning an existing right, as contended, created it." McLean also rejected Wheaton's contention that requiring registration and the deposit of a copy of the copyrighted work with the Department of State were improper prerequisites to copyright protection. Because Congress

1406-483: Was decided in 1954 and can be found in volume 347 of the United States Reports starting on page 483. The early volumes of the United States Reports were originally published privately by the individual Supreme Court Reporters . As was the practice in England , the reports were designated by the names of the reporters who compiled them, such as Dallas's Reports and Cranch's Reports . The decisions appearing in

1444-516: Was granting authors the protection of copyright, it could require them to observe the statutory formalities . That precedent corresponded to the English decision in Donaldson v Beckett , which was cited in the Court's opinion. The Court remanded the case to the circuit court to determine whether Wheaton had satisfied the requirements for copyright protection. Finally, in an often-quoted sentence,

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