Misplaced Pages

#754245

42-535: Thomas P. Rosandich founded the academy in 1972 in response to an inferior performance by the United States Olympic team in the 1972 Summer Olympics . Athletes were lacking quality coaching and training. The academy's programs served as an education resource to upgrade coaching through instruction, research, and service. Steve Condon, a longtime chancellor, university president, collegiate athletics director, coach, professor, and higher education leader,

84-702: A 34-hour suspension. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1972 Games.   *   Host nation (West Germany) The report, titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today" , details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping program. Doping of East German athletes also, by the GDR government, was systematic and prevalent at the Munich Games of 1972. Acrylic glass Poly ( methyl methacrylate ) ( PMMA )

126-845: A brittle manner when under load, especially under an impact force , and is more prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified PMMA is sometimes able to achieve high scratch and impact resistance. PMMA is a strong, tough, and lightweight material. It has a density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm , which is approximately half that of glass, which is generally, depending on composition, 2.2–2.53 g/cm . It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and polystyrene, but significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns , forming carbon dioxide , water , carbon monoxide , and low-molecular-weight compounds, including formaldehyde . PMMA transmits up to 92% of visible light (3 mm (0.12 in) thickness), and gives

168-422: A casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes. It is often technically classified as a type of glass , in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous substance—hence its occasional historic designation as acrylic glass . The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. Methacrylic acid , derived from acrylic acid , was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and methanol results in

210-790: A reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces due to its refractive index (1.4905 at 589.3   nm). It filters ultraviolet (UV) light at wavelengths below about 300 nm (similar to ordinary window glass). Some manufacturers add coatings or additives to PMMA to improve absorption in the 300–400 nm range. PMMA passes infrared light of up to 2,800 nm and blocks IR of longer wavelengths up to 25,000 nm. Colored PMMA varieties allow specific IR wavelengths to pass while blocking visible light (for remote control or heat sensor applications, for example). PMMA swells and dissolves in many organic solvents ; it also has poor resistance to many other chemicals due to its easily hydrolyzed ester groups. Nevertheless, its environmental stability

252-643: Is 105 °C (221 °F). The T g values of commercial grades of PMMA range from 85 to 165 °C (185 to 329 °F); the range is so wide because of the vast number of commercial compositions that are copolymers with co-monomers other than methyl methacrylate. PMMA is thus an organic glass at room temperature; i.e., it is below its T g . The forming temperature starts at the glass transition temperature and goes up from there. All common molding processes may be used, including injection molding , compression molding , and extrusion . The highest quality PMMA sheets are produced by cell casting , but in this case,

294-400: Is a commonly used material in modern dentistry, particularly in the fabrication of dental prosthetics, artificial teeth, and orthodontic appliances. Methyl methacrylate " synthetic resin " for casting (simply the bulk liquid chemical) may be used in conjunction with a polymerization catalyst such as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), to produce hardened transparent PMMA in any shape, from

336-515: Is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when tensile strength , flexural strength , transparency , polishability, and UV tolerance are more important than impact strength , chemical resistance, and heat resistance. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate and is a far better choice for laser cutting. It is often preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified PMMA behaves in

378-514: Is dedicated to celebrating sport with the erection of numerous environmentally friendly sculptures. The academy also hosts the Awards of Sport series, also known as its tribute to "The Artist and the Athlete". These awards honor sports figures for their accomplishments and achievements in such things as performance, humanitarian activities, fitness, and media. The Amos Alonzo Stagg Coaching Award

420-519: Is poly(methyl 2-methylprop en oate). (It is a common mistake to use "an" instead of "en".) Although PMMA is often called simply "acrylic", acrylic can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing polyacrylonitrile . Notable trade names and brands include Acrylite, Altuglas, Astariglas, Cho Chen, Crystallite, Cyrolite, Hesalite (when used in Omega watches ), Lucite, Optix, Oroglas, PerClax, Perspex, Plexiglas, R-Cast, and Sumipex. PMMA

462-623: Is presented each year, for the preceding calendar year. It was first presented in 1985, for the 1984 sports year. Each recipient receives the USSA's Order of the Eagle Exemplar medal and Academy Rosette. For list of awardees through 2014, see footnote There is also a separate Amos Alonzo Stagg Award presented by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA). The Carl Maddox Sport Management Award

SECTION 10

#1732787813755

504-751: Is presented each year. It was first presented in 1991. 30°38′21″N 87°54′43″W  /  30.639197°N 87.911836°W  / 30.639197; -87.911836 1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ), officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad ( German : Spiele der XX. Olympiade ) and officially branded as Munich 1972 ( German : München 1972 ; Bavarian : Minga 1972 ), were an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972. It

546-574: Is rarely sold as an end product, since it is not optimized for most applications. Rather, modified formulations with varying amounts of other comonomers , additives, and fillers are created for uses where specific properties are required. For example: PMMA is routinely produced by emulsion polymerization , solution polymerization , and bulk polymerization . Generally, radical initiation is used (including living polymerization methods), but anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be performed. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) of atactic PMMA

588-500: Is superior to most other plastics such as polystyrene and polyethylene, and therefore it is often the material of choice for outdoor applications. PMMA has a maximum water absorption ratio of 0.3–0.4% by weight. Tensile strength decreases with increased water absorption. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is relatively high at (5–10)×10  °C . The Futuro house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate); one of them

630-470: Is the synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate . It is used as an engineering plastic , and it is a transparent thermoplastic . PMMA is also known as acrylic , acrylic glass , as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux , Hesalite , Plexiglas , Acrylite , Lucite , and Perspex , among several others ( see below ). This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass . It can also be used as

672-655: The Mossad . Jamal Al-Gashey , who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. The Olympic events were suspended several hours after the initial attack for the first time in the modern Olympic Games history, but once the incident was concluded, Avery Brundage , the International Olympic Committee president, declared that "the Games must go on". A memorial ceremony

714-553: The 1972 Summer Games was withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee four days before the opening ceremony, in response to African countries' (such as Ethiopia and Kenya ) protests against the Rhodesian government. (Rhodesia did, however, compete in the 1972 Summer Paralympics , held a little earlier in Heidelberg .) The People's Republic of China last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from

756-697: The 64th IOC Session in Rome , Italy , over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montréal would eventually host the following Olympic Games in 1976 . The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the "Munich massacre". Just before dawn on 5 September, a group of eight members of the Palestinian Black September militant organization broke into the Olympic Village and took eleven Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of

798-421: The Games' official motto, "Die Heiteren Spiele" , or "the cheerful Games". The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo (the "Bright Sun") by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission. The hostesses wore sky-blue dirndls as a promotion of Bavarian cultural heritage. The Olympic mascot, the dachshund " Waldi ", was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare

840-720: The Games. The cost for Munich 1972 compares with costs of US$ 4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$ 15 billion for London 2012 (the most costly Summer Olympics to date) and US$ 51 billion for Sochi 2014 — the most expensive Olympic Games in history. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960 is US$ 5.2 billion. The 1972 Summer Olympic programme featured 195 events in the following 21 sports: Eleven nations made their first Olympic appearance in Munich: Albania , Dahomey (now Benin ), Gabon , North Korea , Lesotho , Malawi , Saudi Arabia , Somalia , Swaziland , Togo , Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso ). Rhodesia 's invitation to take part in

882-684: The IOC due to a dispute with the Republic of China over the right to represent China. ‡ No medals were awarded on 5 September as all Olympic competitions were suspended during that day although events that were being held at the time of the suspension were allowed to finish to their conclusion. Note: The Memorial service was held in the Olympic Stadium on 6 September which was attended by 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes. Following this all Olympic competitions were then allowed to resume after

SECTION 20

#1732787813755

924-626: The M1911A1 pistol or clear handle grips for the M1 bayonet or theater knifes so that soldiers could put small photos of loved ones or pin-up girls' pictures inside. They were called "Sweetheart Grips" or "Pin-up Grips". Others were used to make handles for theater knives made from scrap materials and people who made them got artistic or creative. Civilian applications followed after the war. Common orthographic stylings include polymethyl methacrylate and polymethylmethacrylate . The full IUPAC chemical name

966-586: The Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September . An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films: the 1976 made-for-TV movie 21 Hours at Munich , the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon and Steven Spielberg 's 2005 film Munich . In her film 1972 , Artist Sarah Morris interviews Georg Sieber, a former police psychiatrist who advised the Olympics' security team, about

1008-460: The airport, tonight. They're all gone." —After a series of conflicting reports and rumours, Jim McKay of ABC brought the news at 3:24 a.m. local time. All but three of the terrorists were killed as well. Although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on 29 October 1972, in exchange for the hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 . Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by

1050-586: The entire surface of the cut parts, at great distances from the stressed edge. Annealing the PMMA sheet/parts is therefore an obligatory post-processing step when intending to chemically bond lasercut parts together. In the majority of applications, PMMA will not shatter. Rather, it breaks into large dull pieces. Since PMMA is softer and more easily scratched than glass, scratch-resistant coatings are often added to PMMA sheets to protect it (as well as possible other functions). Pure poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymer

1092-411: The ester methyl methacrylate . It was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William R. Conn, Otto Röhm , and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by German Röhm & Haas AG (as of January 2019, part of Evonik Industries ) and its partner and former U.S. affiliate Rohm and Haas Company under the trademark Plexiglas. Polymethyl methacrylate

1134-553: The events and aftermath of Black September. The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics at US$ 1.0 billion in 2015-dollars. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by

1176-746: The form of sheets affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows, skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs and displays, sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture and many other applications. It is also used for coating polymers based on MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental conditions with reduced emission of VOC. Methacrylate polymers are used extensively in medical and dental applications where purity and stability are critical to performance. In particular, acrylic-type lenses are useful for cataract surgery in patients that have recurrent ocular inflammation (uveitis), as acrylic material induces less inflammation. Due to its aforementioned biocompatibility, poly(methyl methacrylate)

1218-700: The glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas in 1933. Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windscreen, canopies, and gun turrets. Scraps of acrylic were also used to make clear pistol grips for

1260-479: The host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging

1302-534: The hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in; the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours. Late in the evening of 5 September that same day, the terrorists and their nine remaining hostages were transferred by helicopter to the military airport of Fürstenfeldbruck , ostensibly to board a plane bound for an undetermined Arab country. The German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated

United States Sports Academy - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-570: The numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched rescue attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting. The 5 remaining hostages were then shot and killed with a machine gun. "Our worst fears have been realized tonight. They have now said that there were 11 hostages. Two were killed in their rooms, yesterday morning. Nine were killed at

1386-540: The park. The design of these stadia was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes, used on such a large scale for the first time. The event was overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week, in which 11 Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at the Olympic Village were killed by the Palestinian militant organisation Black September . Munich won its Olympic bid on 26 April 1966, at

1428-517: The polymerization and molding steps occur concurrently. The strength of the material is higher than molding grades owing to its extremely high molecular mass . Rubber toughening has been used to increase the toughness of PMMA to overcome its brittle behavior in response to applied loads. Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in

1470-564: The surface of the material. Laser cutting may be used to form intricate designs from PMMA sheets. PMMA vaporizes to gaseous compounds (including its monomers) upon laser cutting, so a very clean cut is made, and cutting is performed very easily. However, the pulsed lasercutting introduces high internal stresses, which on exposure to solvents produce undesirable "stress- crazing " at the cut edge and several millimetres deep. Even ammonium-based glass-cleaner and almost everything short of soap-and-water produces similar undesirable crazing, sometimes over

1512-468: The time were dominated by a pacifist approach imposed after World War II. This led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unit GSG 9 , similar to the British SAS . It also led Israel to launch the Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre , in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down and assassinated. The events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in

1554-515: Was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals. The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) was based on Frei Otto 's plans and became a Munich landmark after the Games. The competition sites, designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ), and an Olympic village very close to

1596-484: Was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in the United Kingdom. ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist Otto Röhm of Röhm and Haas AG in Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from

1638-420: Was found to be degrading by cyanobacteria and Archaea . PMMA can be joined using cyanoacrylate cement (commonly known as superglue ), with heat (welding), or by using chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane or trichloromethane (chloroform) to dissolve the plastic at the joint, which then fuses and sets, forming an almost invisible weld . Scratches may easily be removed by polishing or by heating

1680-667: Was selected as the third President and CEO at the United States Sports Academy at the end of 2022. The academy's campus is also home to the American Sport Art Museum and Archives (ASAMA), which was founded in 1984. The collection contains more than 1,000 works of sport art from world-renowned artists, many of whom have been honored by the academy as Sport Artist of the Year. The academy is also developing an outdoor sculpture park on campus, which

1722-645: Was the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi rule . Germany became only the second country at that point after the United States to have two different cities host the Summer Olympics. The West German government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world, as shown by

United States Sports Academy - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-471: Was then held in the Olympic stadium, and the competitions resumed after a stoppage of 34 hours. Due to the suspension, the Games that were originally to close on 10 September were rescheduled to 11 September. The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics . The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies, which at

#754245