Recreational diver course referral is a system intended to facilitate completion of training for open water recreational scuba diving students who intend to do their training dives at a place different from the venue for the theory and confined water training. Referral systems within a specific training agency were the original format, but as more universally recognised training standard such as those of the recreational Scuba Training Council, and more recently the ISO and EUF standards have been adopted by most training agencies, it has become possible to expand the system to function across agencies. Referrals within a certification agency are relatively uncontroversial as the agency training standards are expected to be fairly uniform. Cross-agency referrals can occasionally raise problems where the standards differ significantly, as the instructor completing the training may not be entirely familiar with the relevant s requirements.
47-403: Equipment rental and where appropriate, boat dives may be included in the package. Not all diver training agencies, schools and instructors participate in inter-agency referrals. The Universal Referral Program (URP) is a system intended to facilitate completion of training for open water recreational scuba diving students who intend to do their training dives at a place different from the venue for
94-441: A human activity – intentional, purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful sequence of actions. Underwater diving is practiced as part of an occupation, or for recreation, where the practitioner submerges below the surface of the water or other liquid for a period which may range between seconds to the order of a day at a time, either exposed to the ambient pressure or isolated by a pressure resistant suit, to interact with
141-562: A recreational dive certification and membership organization, providing international diver standards and education programs. NAUI is headquartered in Riverview, Florida near Tampa with dive and member instructors, resorts, stores, service and training centers located around the world. It was officially CE and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certified in May 2007 in all three diver levels and both instructor levels. It
188-540: A tax-exempt nonprofit educational organization in 1971. Soon, NAUI membership began to expand internationally, with an ICC being held in Japan in 1970 and NAUI Canada being organized as a separate corporation in 1972. NAUI instructors certified more than 40,000 entry-level scuba divers in 1970 alone; 1979 was a year with over 5,000 newly certified NAUI scuba instructors. By the time 1989 came around, over 12,000 NAUI instructors were certified. NAUI Worldwide had established
235-588: A column called "The National Diving Patrol" as a section to name new skin and scuba diving "instructors". Still, no official training and certifying agency existed, except for the training and resources provided by the military (Underwater Demolition Teams) and dive clubs. In 1952, Al Tillman, the director of sports for the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation , said in a letter to Parks and Recreation director Paul Gruendyke, "A new sport—skin diving—is becoming popular in
282-516: A confined water environment, and suggesting that they can diminishes the perceived importance of these dives, which may reduce the attention given to them. A PADI open water diver course referral is a standard format document made out by a registered PADI instructor in good standing which authorises the named person to be complete the open water dives of their training by an instructor at any PADI dive centre within 12 months. The theory and confined water skills must have been satisfactorily completed under
329-413: A minimum list of skills to be performed. The URP enrollment procedures and instructor qualifications are managed by each training agency for their members. The referral instructor must review and verify that the candidate's medical history form has been completed, conduct the required open water skills exercises, and assess the diver on the specified diving skills, then complete the paperwork. If performance
376-685: A network of 20 service centers in 1998. From 1981 to 1997, NAUI headquarters facilities remained in Montclair, California . It was during these years (in 1987) that the NAUI Board of Directors elected its first woman president, Nancy Guarascio. In 1997, NAUI Worldwide headquarters was moved to Tampa , Florida and included Board of Directors members from Europe and Asia for the first time. NAUI hired Jim Bram as its president in June 1995. Bram renamed NAUI to do business as NAUI Worldwide , with
423-505: A pioneer of diving medicine. Actor Lloyd Bridges was the first honorary NAUI instructor member. He played frogman "Mike Nelson" in the American television series Sea Hunt , which popularized scuba diving as a recreational sport. Zale Parry played the female role, and she formally instructed Lloyd Bridges on how to dive for the part. She was a research diver starring in the television's first underwater documentary series, Kingdom of
470-558: A series of announcements during the 2015 DEMA Show in Orlando, Florida . Its first podcast series, the "Dive Team Report", released once per week. The podcast was designed to inform the general public and divers on trends and issues affecting the sport of diving. The first full episode aired on November 12, 2015. A series of other announcements included its new marketing campaign "The Definition of Diving", its demo version of its new website interface (version 1.0), and its alliance with
517-573: A worldwide coverage instructor liability insurance policy in 1974. This worldwide policy allowed members of the Bahamas, British Virgin Islands and other islands of the Caribbean, and military personnel stationed in various areas around the world to receive worldwide coverage. NAUI's rescue certification course was first proposed and made available to members in 1981 to provide an alternative to
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#1732790868536564-442: Is allied with Divers Alert Network , a non-profit organization for diver's assistance and medical research on recreational scuba diving safety, developed by Executive Director Dan Orr in 1980. DAN and NAUI allied in 2007 to work together for diver safety. DAN is the official dive accident insurance provider for NAUI. In November 2015, DAN and NAUI renewed their alliance to extend their reach of dive safety programs. NAUI initiated
611-434: Is different. Scuba Diving International (SDI) have a global referral system for their Open Water Scuba Diving course since about 2002, which is valid for 6 months. National Association of Underwater Instructors The National Association of Underwater Instructors ( NAUI Worldwide ) is a nonprofit association of scuba instructors founded in 1960 by Albert Tillman and Neal Hess. NAUI primarily serves as
658-399: Is found to be more conducive to learning than the vacation environment, and referral students tend to have a better grasp of the theoretical side of the training. Completing the theory and pool training at the local dive shop saves on vacation time and allows the learner more time to practice and develop skills as the time pressure is reduced. They also have the opportunity to become involved in
705-469: Is not usually difficult to find a PADI dive school in most areas, so this restriction is unlikely to affect the number of PADI certifications significantly, or make much difference to collected revenue. The use of the term " checkout dives " to refer to the open water training dives in the referral component has been challenged as inappropriate, as they are an integral and essential part of diver training. There are aspects of training that cannot be emulated in
752-710: The American Academy of Underwater Sciences , and while their training programs greatly exceed minimum NAUI requirements, certifications in their scientific diving training programs are often arranged through NAUI. Many governmental agencies in the United States do the same, including the US Navy SEALs , Army Special Forces , and NASA . NAUI produced a Scuba Diver Education System in 2000, and it began including its education systems to all mainline certification courses, listed below. NAUI
799-580: The Aqua-Lung to the market, there followed a growing interest in scuba diving by the public and a subsequent need to codify the training. In 1951, Jim Auxie Jr and Chuck Blakeslee started a magazine called The Skin Diver (later renamed Skin Diver Magazine ). Two-year dive teacher Neal Earl Hess contributed to its "The Instructors Corner" column to inform readers about scuba. He soon established
846-573: The Divers Alert Network and Performance Freediving International . For the first time, NAUI and DAN came together to offer DAN's first-aid programs to NAUI divers and members. NAUI established and incorporated the co-branded DAN-NAUI first-aid courses into their curricula. In 2010, NAUI Worldwide formed the NAUI Green Diver Initiative (GDI). GDI was implemented to "empower individuals to preserve and conserve
893-723: The Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas (USA). NAUI's alliance with the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory provides training materials, certification cards and collateral materials for their scuba program. NAUI is a member of the Universal Referral Program (URP), a worldwide customer service program that allows instructors to refer their students for certification dives with either NAUI or other diver training agencies. The URP
940-814: The United States were NAUI members and made significant contributions to NAUI's programs, including: Lee Somers University of Michigan , James Stewart Scripps Institution of Oceanography , Richard Bell University of California, Davis , Henry Viex United States Military Academy , Lloyd Austin University of California, Berkeley , Mark Flahan California State University, San Diego , Phillip Sharkey University of Rhode Island , Ronnie D'Amico California State University, Long Beach , Walt Hendricks, Sr. University of Puerto Rico , Glen Egstrom University of California, Los Angeles , and John Heine Moss Landing Marine Laboratories . These institutions, and others, belong to
987-492: The United States , US Navy SEALs , Coast Guard rescue divers, and other special military forces are trained to NAUI standards as part of their overall training with open and closed circuit rebreathers ; National Park Service and NOAA divers receive NAUI training and certifications. Aqualung inventor Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau was on the original Board of Advisers of NAUI, as was Albert R. Behnke ,
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#17327908685361034-534: The "NAUI Page" as a regular feature to help the organization grow, to accumulate a salary and, later, to provide office space. The first International Conference on Underwater Education was held in 1969 at Santa Ana College , where it served as a venue for NAUI members from all over could meet and exchange ideas. It was also used as a forum to present information on diving skills and safety, teaching, diving physiology, physics, and other diving and marine sciences. The US Internal Revenue Service determined that NAUI be
1081-599: The China Water Sports Administration (CWSA), officially legitimized NAUI to provide translated diver training materials and diver training in the People's Republic of China. The Malaysian Sport Diving Association (MSDA)] officially adopted NAUI standards for use in their diver training in Malaysia. NAUI is the diver training organization of choice of NASA's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at
1128-586: The Red Cross training, which was previously required for leadership candidates in NAUI courses. It was created by the NAUI Board of Directors to avoid making NAUI programs dependent upon other agency certifications. NAUI sanctioned nitrox training in 1992 and published standards for teaching technical diving in 1997. Technical diving includes methods that exceed the limits imposed on depth or immersion time for traditional recreational diving. It often involves
1175-555: The Sea, in 1954. She made a record-setting 209-foot dive that same year, distinguishing women as skilled divers. NAUI has numerous corporate alliances with organizations, such as Walt Disney World Resort , The Florida Aquarium , NASA 's Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory , and the Fire Department of New York . Many of the first generation of diving safety officers of the top universities, colleges and institutes of technology in
1222-472: The area. Recently while diving in Palos Verdes , I ran into several divers in the water with me who didn't know what they were doing. One had one of the new underwater breathing units that allows divers to stay under for long periods of time... I propose that my department get involved in this sport and provide training classes. I believe that diving will grow in the future and we have an obligation to make
1269-424: The chairman for each, to assist in the development of technical diving standards and training. The reduced gradient bubble model is an iterative approach to staging diver ascents. It employs a dual phase approach with separated phase volumes as limit points, along with critical tensions across tissue compartments. It was developed by Dr. Bruce Wienke in 1988 at Los Alamos National Laboratories . He published
1316-637: The country. In the May 1960 issue of Skin Diver Magazine , the creation of The National Diving Patrol was announced as an official, national organization. Its purpose and function was "to insure competent underwater instruction and to reduce diving accidents through education." In 1959, the name was changed to the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI). Hess, Blakeslee, Auxier, and Tillman met in August 1960 to discuss and organize NAUI's first Instructor Certification Course. It
1363-489: The intent to provide business support to members everywhere via licensed service centers. On January 20, 2015, the Ohio Board of Pharmacy amended Code 4729-21-06: Sales of medical oxygen to scuba divers. The code authorized individuals who completed courses from NAUI to purchase and possess medical oxygen for the purpose of emergency care or treatment at the scene of a diving emergency. In November 2015, NAUI released
1410-457: The learner diver can complete the theory and confined water training near home, which should be more economical in time and cost, and there is a longer time available for learning the information, with less time pressure and vacation activity distraction, then get the open water training in a vacation environment, where the water conditions are likely to be more pleasant, and can be followed by further recreational dives. The hometown study environment
1457-513: The local diving community. Disadvantages of the Referral Program are that there may be a delay between the initial part of the course and the open water dives. The time allowed varies from 6 months to a year, depending on the certification agency, and this is long enough to forget some skills and knowledge, so a refresher may be required. It is preferable to do both parts within a short period, and this may be logistically complicated, and
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1504-667: The model in 1992. The algorithm is now incorporated into many dive computers and advanced dive planning software. Today it enhances the safety of serious deep and technical divers. NAUI's RGBM decompression tables were developed in 1997 exclusively for NAUI by Dr. Bruce Wienke and Tim O'Leary. NAUI began publishing the only decompression manual with a full set of RGBM tables in 2000 for air, nitrox and trimix for both open and closed-circuit diving. Recreational RGBM no-calculation tables were published in 2001 exclusively for NAUI for sea level through 10,000 feet, no-stop diving. The Chinese Underwater Association (CUA), in conjunction with
1551-435: The necessity to repeat training of forgotten skills. The cost may be unpredictable, and is likely to be more than for a continuous course with a single instructor. PADI does not allow referral to instructors from other agencies (unless they are also registered with PADI) for reasons of liability and branding. Their legal advisors consider that defending a lawsuit could be complicated by having different standards apply. However it
1598-492: The ocean planet with the common goal of taking action to protect the environment." With stagnant progress, it was not until July 2015 that NAUI renewed its commitment to the Initiative, unveiling its first manager, Sam Richardson, who entered the full-time position with over 10 years of non-profit experience. GDI remained a U.S. registered 501 (c) (3) non-profit that relied on the support of donors to fulfill its mission. In
1645-399: The referring instructor. This allows the learner diver to do a large part of the training conveniently near to home, and finish it on vacation in more desirable surroundings, and not waste vacation time on the classroom sessions and pool training. PADI schools and instructors can accept referrals through other agencies, but prices may vary, particularly if the number of open water dives required
1692-679: The second NAUI ICC was held in Toronto , Ontario, Canada, under the direction of Ben Davis. In October 1961, NAUI was incorporated in the State of California as a non-profit educational organization, with Al Tillman as the President and Neal Hess as the Executive Secretary. NAUI's first elected Board of Directors included Al Tillman, John C. Jones, Jr., Neal Hess, Garry Howland, Jim Auxier, and James Cahill. A Board of Advisers
1739-409: The sport as safe as possible." In 1955, Tillman and L.A. County lifeguard Bev Morgan created the L.A. County Parks and Recreational Underwater Instructor Certification Course (1UICC) in an effort to respond to the growing number of diver requests. It was the world's first civilian training program to certify recreational divers and soon began granting Provisional Certification to instructors across
1786-699: The theory and confined water training. More specifically, it allows inter agency referral - the referral instructor is not necessarily a member of the same certification agency as the initiating instructor. The program was developed in 1998 by educators, risk managers and attorneys for the diver certification agencies International Diving Educators Association (IDEA), National Association of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS), National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC), Scuba Schools International (SSI) and YMCA SCUBA Program based on industry training standards. The system established referral paperwork, procedures and
1833-425: The time in the diver's career when this can be most distracting and have the most influence on their ability to cope with change. An unfamiliar set of equipment should be tested in benign conditions where adjustments can be made in comfort and safety, which requires more time. There may also be an increased cost because of the split between two service providers, the additional paperwork and other overheads and sometimes
1880-400: The underwater environment for pleasure, competitive sport, or as a means to reach a work site for profit, as a public service, or in the pursuit of knowledge, and may use no equipment at all, or a wide range of equipment which may include breathing apparatus, environmental protective clothing, aids to vision, communication, propulsion, maneuverability, buoyancy and safety equipment, and tools for
1927-529: The use of special gas mixtures (rather than compressed air) for breathing. NAUI standards for technical diving were developed by Tim O'Leary and published by NAUI Worldwide in 1997. NAUI's technical diving program requires special training, equipment, and qualified support teams. In 1997, the NAUI Technical Diving Division was created. NAUI formed a Technical Training Advisory Board and Rebreather Advisory Board, with Tim O'Leary as
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1974-433: The weather conditions may not be conducive to this schedule. The change between instructors may not be helpful, as they may differ in style and personality, and there may be small differences in technique which could cause confusion, but could also provide a better range of experience. It is also likely that rented equipment will be unfamiliar at the referral site, and may have significantly different buoyancy characteristics at
2021-543: Was appointed and included Captain Albert Behnke, Jr., Commander George Bond, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau, and Dr. Andreas Rechnitzer . The number of NAUI ICCs grew throughout the 1960s in central locations throughout North America . The association's conduct of business relied on volunteers and the board regional leaders, all administered out of Al Tillman's home. Skin Diver Magazine published
2068-566: Was developed in 1998 through the cooperative efforts of IDEA, NASDS, NAUI, PDIC , SSI, and YMCA . PADI Instructors and facilities can also receive students and be registered as referral instructors and locations under the URP. Checkout dive This is a glossary of technical terms, jargon, diver slang and acronyms used in underwater diving . The definitions listed are in the context of underwater diving. There may be other meanings in other contexts. Underwater diving can be described as
2115-534: Was held at the Shamrock Hotel in Houston, Texas on August 22–26. During the six-day course, 72 candidates attended from the U.S. and Canada, but only 53 graduated. The 53 graduates along with their staff instructors became the first instructor members of the National Association of Underwater Instructors. The NAUI ICC became the first course to make diver certification available worldwide. A year later,
2162-460: Was re-certified for its scuba diving programs as meeting ISO and European Underwater Federation standards on November 24, 2015. Agency standards, policies, and ethics are governed by the Association's Board of Directors, who are members themselves and who are each elected through a democratic election process by the overall instructor membership. After Jacques-Yves Cousteau introduced
2209-487: Was satisfactory a temporary certification may be issued. The completed form is returned to the initiating instructor to issue the certification. PADI instructors can also accept students for certification dives using the Universal Referral Program form, but cannot refer their learners to other certification agencies' instructors for branding and liability reasons. The advantages of referral are that
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