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43-616: It is the largest education facility in the Austrian Bundesland of Tirol , and the third largest in Austria behind the University of Vienna and the University of Graz . Significant contributions have been made in many branches, most of all in the physics department . Further, regarding the number of Web of Science -listed publications, it occupies the third rank worldwide in the area of mountain research . In 1562,

86-647: A Jesuit grammar school was established in Innsbruck by Peter Canisius , today called " Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck ". It was financed by the salt mines in Hall in Tirol , and was re-chartered as a university on October 15, 1669, by Leopold I with four faculties. In 1782 this was reduced to a mere lyceum (as were all other universities in the Austrian Empire, apart from Prague , Vienna and Lviv ), but it

129-489: A comprehensive university and covers a wide range of subjects with about 150 programs in 16 faculties: from architecture to zoology. The university offers 41 bachelor's degree programs including teacher training programs, 60 master's degree programs, 4 diploma programs and 26 PhD/doctoral degree programs (as of the academic year 2022/23) in the fields of architecture, humanities, natural sciences, law, social sciences and economics, as well as theology and technical sciences. For

172-453: A federal state parliament. Under the municipal constitution, however, city and federal state business must be kept separate. Hence, while the city council and the federal state parliament have identical memberships, they hold separate meetings, and each body has separate presiding officers. When meeting as a city council, the deputies can only deal with city affairs; when meeting as a federal state parliament, they can only deal with affairs of

215-494: A god(ess)'s role as, say, king of the Pantheon (e.g. Brahman 's scepter) or to allow mortal royalty to resemble, identify with, or link to, a divinity . The term " crown jewels " is commonly used to refer to regalia items that are designed to lend luster to occasions such as coronations. They feature some combination of precious materials, artistic merit, and symbolic or historical value. Crown jewels may have been designated at

258-477: A historic model where central power during the time of the empire was largely concentrated in Vienna. However, the federal state governor ( Landeshauptmann ) is in charge of the administration of much of federal administrative law within the respective province, which makes this post an important political position. Furthermore, federal state competences include zoning laws, planning issues and public procurement on

301-645: A majority of these studies. Many studies can be supplemented with freely selectable packages on a wide variety of specializations such as digitalization, sustainability, media or corporate communications. A two-semester extension study program can be used to expand subject-specific competencies thematically. Currently, the university offers extension studies in entrepreneurship, computer science and scientific computing. The Digital Science Center (DiSC), founded in 2019, teaches students digital skills. These range from programming languages to skills in data management and analysis to non-technical aspects of digitization. After

344-462: A regular master's program in Peace and Conflict studies is taught at the university. In 2023, Rina Alluri was inaugurated as the new UNESCO Chair of Peace Studies. The Austrian Students' Association (ÖH) is the legal representation of all students in Austria. All students are automatically members of the ÖH and pay a fee of 21,20 Euro (incl. 0,70 Euro for insurance) per semester (WS2022/2023), which

387-463: A royal funeral. Such objects, with or without intrinsic symbolism , can include Apart from the sovereign himself, attributes (especially a crown) can be used for close relatives who are allowed to share in the pomp. For example, in Norway, the queen consort and the crown prince are the only other members of the royal family to possess these attributes and share in the sovereign's royal symbolism. In

430-584: A sovereign, regardless of title. The word originally referred to the elaborate formal dress and accessories of a sovereign, but now it also refers to any type of elaborate formal dress. The word stems from the Latin substantivation of the adjective regalis , "regal", itself from rex , "king". It is sometimes used in the singular, regale . The term can refer to the rights , prerogatives , and privileges that are held exclusively by any sovereign, regardless of title ( emperor , grand duke , etc.). An example of that

473-455: Is a federal republic consisting of nine federal states . The European Commission calls them provinces . Austrian federal states can pass laws that stay within the limits of the constitution, and each federal state has representatives in the main Austrian parliament. The majority of the land area in the federal states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland is situated in

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516-439: Is a community defined to be a city by Austrian law, and a town is a community not defined to be a city. Many of Austria's cities have population figures on the order of 10,000 inhabitants; some are even smaller. Regalia Regalia ( / r ə ˈ ɡ eɪ l . i . ə / rə- GAYL -ee-ə ) is the set of emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia indicative of royal status, as well as rights, prerogatives and privileges enjoyed by

559-572: Is charged. The new plan of organisation (having become effective on October 1, 2004) installed the following 16 faculties to replace the previously existing six faculties: As of 1 January 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was sectioned off from the main university to become a university in its own right. This is now called the Innsbruck Medical University (Medizinische Universität Innsbruck). The inter-disciplinary unit called

602-448: Is collected together with the tuition fee by the study department of the university. Regular students with EU/EEA/CH citizenship and students of equal status who are admitted to a bachelor's, diploma, master's or doctoral program pay only the ÖH fee at the beginning of their new studies. After exceeding the non-contributory period of study, a tuition fee of 363.36 euros (A, EU/EEA, CH) or for third-country nationals 726.72 euros per semester

645-547: Is expected from the holder. Thus the Imperial Regalia of Japan ( Japanese : 三種の神器 , romanized :  Sanshu no Jingi , or "Three Sacred Treasures"), also known as the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan as follows: Since 690, the presentation of these items to the emperor by the priests at the shrine are a central part of the imperial enthronement ceremony. As this ceremony is not public,

688-600: Is not unheard of for Austrians to consider themselves, for instance, Tyrolean first, Austrian second. In terms of boundaries, the present-day federal states arose from the crown lands of Austria-Hungary , an extensive multiethnic realm whose German-speaking nucleus emerged as the Republic of Austria after the dissolution of the Dual Monarchy in the end of World War I . The federal states of Upper Austria and Lower Austria are essentially equivalent to what were

731-443: Is the right to mint coins, and especially coins that bear one's own effigy . In many cases, especially in feudal societies and generally weak states , such rights have in time been eroded by grants to, or usurpations by, lesser vassals . Some emblems , symbols , or paraphernalia possessed by rulers are a visual representation of imperial , royal , or sovereign status. Some are shared with divinities , either to symbolize

774-504: The federal state parliament , and a federal state government ( Landesregierung ) headed by a governor ( Landeshauptmann or Landeshauptfrau ). Elections are held every five years (six years in Upper Austria ). The federal state constitution, among other things, determines how the seats in the federal state government are assigned to political parties, with most federal states having a system of proportional representation based on

817-460: The Danube valley and thus consists almost completely of accessible and easily arable terrain. Austria's most densely populated federal state is Vienna, the heart of what is Austria's only metropolitan area . Lower Austria ranks only fourth in population density even though it contains Vienna's suburbs; this is due to large areas of land being predominantly agricultural. The alpine federal state Tyrol,

860-690: The Princely County of Tyrol ; these three federal states had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia , Italy , and Yugoslavia when Austria emerged in its present form. The federal state of Vorarlberg is made up of territories acquired by the House of Habsburg in the 14th and 15th centuries, and was a semi-autonomous part of the County of Tyrol from 1861. The 1815 Congress of Vienna saw most of these areas lose their autonomy. Federal state charters were put in place in 1861, although power remained with

903-530: The Roman Empire , the color Tyrian purple , produced with an extremely expensive Mediterranean mollusk extract , was in principle reserved for the imperial court . The use of this dye was extended to various dignitaries, such as members of the Roman senate , who wore stripes of Tyrian purple on their white togas , for whom the term purpuratus was coined as a high aulic distinction. In late imperial China,

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946-689: The emperors Frederick II and Conrad IV were found in the university's library. They arrived in Innsbruck in the 18th century, having left the charterhouse Allerengelberg in Schnals due to its abolition. In the 1850s, the Habsburgs gradually closed the University of Olomouc as a consequence of the Olomouc students' and professors' participation in the 1848 revolutions and the Czech National Revival . The ceremonial equipment of

989-746: The Digital Science Center (DiSC) was founded in 2019 to integrate and promote digitalisation of scientific research as well as to support high-quality science. The university buildings are spread across the city and there is no university campus as such. The most important locations are: States of Austria Wöginger • Rendi-Wagner • Kickl • Maurer • Meinl-Reisinger • [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Austria

1032-769: The Faculty of Law and Political Sciences. In 2004, the Faculty of Medicine was spun off, and in 2012 the School of Education was established, which was later renamed the Faculty of Teacher Education. In 1991, Lauda Air Flight 004 crashed in Thailand, killing all aboard, including 21 members of the University of Innsbruck. The passengers included professor and economist Clemens August Andreae , another professor, six assistants, and 13 students. Andreae had often led field visits to Hong Kong . In 2005, copies of letters written by

1075-502: The National Socialists were deprived of their powers and excluded from academic life. In 1945, after the end of World War II, it was reopened under the name "University of Innsbruck". The second half of the 20th century brought further expansion of the university: in 1969 the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture and in 1976 the Faculty of Humanities and the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, which emerged from

1118-403: The University of Innsbruck, making it one of the largest universities in Austria alongside the University of Vienna and the University of Graz . Every year, more than 4,000 students start a new degree program. Approximately the same number complete their studies at the university each year. Around 4000 courses are offered in the various subjects each academic year. The university sees itself as

1161-510: The University of Olomouc was then transferred to the University of Innsbruck. The original Olomouc ceremonial maces from the 1580s are now used as the maces of Innsbruck University and Innsbruck Medical University . Olomouc University Rector's mace from ca. 1572 is nowadays used as the mace of the Innsbruck Faculty of Theology and Olomouc Faculty of Law Dean's Mace from 1833 is nowadays used as Innsbruck's Faculty of Law Mace. Since

1204-413: The bachelor's degree programs in architecture, biology, computer science, pharmacy, psychology, economics, the teacher training programs, the diploma program in international economics, and the master's degree programs in psychology, pharmaceutical sciences, and peace and conflict studies, special admission regulations apply prior to general admission. However, admission procedures are currently suspended for

1247-534: The central government. Following the First World War , the federal state governments declared themselves part of the Republic of German-Austria . Negotiations at this time between the federal state governments and the national governments resulted in the agreement to form a federation, with a nationally elected lower house and an upper house representing the provinces . The city-federal state of Vienna

1290-476: The color sparingly. In republics, the presidential sash , common especially in Latin American countries but appearing elsewhere in the world as well, has a role similar to that of royal regalia: distinguishing the head of state . Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, primarily tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have been admitted to

1333-539: The color yellow was reserved for the emperor, as it had a multitude of meanings. Yellow was a symbol of gold, and thus wealth and power, and since it was also the color that symbolized the center in Chinese cosmology (the five elements, or wu xing(五行) ), it was the perfect way to refer to the emperor, who was always in the center of the universe. Consequently, peasants and noblemen alike were forbidden to wear robes made entirely out of yellow, although they were allowed to use

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1376-544: The establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Czechs have been unsuccessfully requesting the return of the University of Olomouc's original ceremonial equipment. Many years later, in 1998, Innsbruck donated an exact copy of the rector's mace to Palacký University, but it is still, in 2015, using the Olomouc University original maces and other regalia as its own ceremonial equipment. Around 28,000 people study at

1419-410: The less alpine but geographically more remote federal state Carinthia, and the non-alpine but near-exclusively agricultural federal state Burgenland are Austria's least densely populated federal states. The wealthy alpine federal state Vorarlberg is something of an anomaly due to its small size, isolated location and distinct Alemannic culture. Each Austrian federal state has an elected legislature ,

1462-426: The number of delegates in the federal state parliament in place. The governor is elected by the federal state parliament , though in practice the governor is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the federal state parliament. Vienna , the capital of Austria, plays a double role as a city and a federal state. The mayor has the rank of a federal state governor, while the city council also functions as

1505-430: The regalia are by tradition only seen by the emperor and certain priests, and no known photographs or drawings exist. Some regalia objects are presented and/or used in the formal ceremony of enthronement / coronation . They can be associated with an office or court sinecure (cfr. archoffices) that enjoys the privilege to carry, present and/or use it at the august occasion, and sometimes on other formal occasions, such as

1548-749: The regional level, which adds considerable weight to federal state politics. As a practical matter, there have been cases where federal states have been able to delay projects endorsed by the national government, as in the case of the Semmering Base Tunnel , a railway tunnel being built under the Semmering . Austrian federal states are formally and practically endowed with a much smaller degree of autonomy than American states or German lands . Even so, Austrians tend to identify passionately with their respective federal state and often defend what little independent governance their federal state has. It

1591-451: The right to levy certain taxes. All other matters, including but not limited to criminal law, civil law, corporate law, most aspects of economic law, defense, most educational matters and academia, telecommunications, and much of the healthcare system are regulated by national law. There is also no judiciary of the federal states, since Austria's constitution defines the judiciary as an exclusively national matter. This centralisation follows

1634-502: The separation of the Faculty of Medicine in 2004, medical studies are offered at the Medical University of Innsbruck . In October 2021, a controversy arose about a Peace Studies course. As a result, the university management declared that, despite the name Master's program, it was not a regular master program, but an extraordinary course on peace, development, security and international conflict transformation. Since 2022,

1677-496: The start of a dynasty, accumulated through many years of tradition, or sent as tangible recognition of legitimacy by some leader such as the pope to an emperor or caliph . Each culture, even each monarchy and dynasty within one culture, may have its own historical traditions, and some even have a specific name for its regalia, or at least for an important subset, such as: But some elements occur in many traditions. Regalia can also stand for other attributes or virtues, i.e. what

1720-424: The state. Austrian federalism is largely theoretical, as the federal states are granted few legislative powers. Austria's constitution initially granted all legislative powers to the federal states, but many powers have been subsequently taken away, and only a few remain, such as planning and zoning codes, nature protection, hunting, fishing, farming, youth protection, certain issues of public health and welfare and

1763-512: The two halves of the Archduchy of Austria , a principality which formed the empire's historic heartland. Salzburg is coterminous with the former Austro-Hungarian Duchy of Salzburg (the former Archbishopric ). Similarly, the federal state of Carinthia descends from the Duchy of Carinthia , the federal state of Styria descends from the Duchy of Styria , and the federal state of Tyrol descends from

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1806-584: Was a part of Lower Austria up until 1921. The federal state of Burgenland is made up of the predominantly German-speaking area that the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to the First Austrian Republic after World War I as a result of the Treaties of Trianon and Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The nine federal states ( Bundesländer ) of Austria are: For the purpose of the above list, a city

1849-620: Was reestablished as the University of Innsbruck in 1826 by Emperor Franz I . The university is therefore named after both of its founding fathers with the official title "Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck" ( Universitas Leopoldino-Franciscea ). During the National Socialist era , the university was renamed the "Deutsche Alpenuniversität" in March 1941 at the suggestion of the then Rector Raimund von Klebelsberg . As at all universities, Säuberungsaktionen took place: opponents of

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