Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants ) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops , landscape plants , and lawns . Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from frost , suppress weed growth in grain fields, and prevent soil consolidation . It is also used to cool livestock , reduce dust , dispose of sewage , and support mining operations. Drainage , which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation.
132-787: Unnao is a city of Kanpur Metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Unnao is located on the eastern bank of the Ganges River, and it is a satellite city of Kanpur . Administratively, Unnao city lies within the district of Unnao and is the headquarters of the Unnao Sadar subdivision. Unnao city also falls under Kanpur Metropolitan Development Authority. Such as Mirza International currently known as Redtape Industry, Model Tannery, Omega Tannery, Model Exim, Calico Trends, Super Tannery, Amin Tannery and Rahman Industries etc. The city
264-598: A hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ) under the Köppen climate classification . Kanpur has been ranked 5th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 4,581,000. The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and sex ratio was 862. There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire temple at The Mall . Hinduism
396-479: A sub-divisional magistrate . The current DM is Mr. Rakesh Kumar Singh. [REDACTED] Kanpur municipality was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959. The local government of Kanpur is governed under the Municipal act for the state, Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959. The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, or Kanpur Municipal Corporation,
528-649: A Bisen Rajput and a lieutenant of the Governor, killed him and built a fort here, renaming the place as Unnao after himself. Kavi Kalash (Chandogamatya), Advisor, Commander and a close friend of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj were born here. In ancient times, the area which comprises Unnao formed part of the Kosala Mahajanapada . It was later included in Oudh . This region has been inhabited since antiquity as traces from ancient times remain at some places in
660-474: A Municipality. There were many rulers with small estates ruled under the constituency of Unnao proclaimed by British Constituency during early 1900s until 1948, when India was handed over to the interim government of 1948. Later, in 1956, the local throne was handed over to Pahadpur estate, one of the strongest estates in Unnao that had been ruled under Rao ShivBali Singh Bahadur Chauhan, who had served his country as
792-536: A Royal Indian Army personnel in British rule. Later, in 1970s the custody of Unnao was succeeded by his descendant and his very own son Rao Ramsajeevan Singh Bahadur Chauhan, who had also served his country in Royal Indian Army. He is blessed with 5 children, 2 daughters and 3 sons and had married to the daughter of Raja Bahadur Singh of Dalpatkheda estate. This history is in the Unnao book. Unnao district
924-540: A ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 275 to 900 kPa (40 to 130 psi) and flows of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging . Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms connected to
1056-510: A boundary between the districts of Kanpur and Fatehpur . While its general flow direction is from northwest to southeast, the river takes several sharp bends, notably near Umriya Bhagwantpur, Rustampur in tehsil Safipur, Rautapur in tehsil Unnao, and Ratua Khera and Duli Khera in tehsil Purwa . Near Baksar, the Ganga is joined by the Morahi river, flowing close to its old high bank, before leaving
1188-640: A brand produced by the mill) by the British India Corporation established here in 1876 by Alexander MacRobert . The eastern and northern façades of the mill are reminiscent of the Palace of Westminster , due to their architecture, proximity to the Ganges river and with the north-east corner of the mill being topped by a clock tower similar to Big Ben in London . This similarity underscores
1320-419: A circular or semi-circular pattern. Traveling Sprinklers: These move along the hose path on their own, watering as they go, ideal for covering long, narrow spaces. Each type offers different advantages based on garden size and shape, water pressure, and specific watering needs. Subirrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables . It is a method of artificially raising
1452-589: A clock or timer. Most automatic systems employ electric solenoid valves . Each zone has one or more of these valves that are wired to the controller. When the controller sends power to the valve, the valve opens, allowing water to flow to the sprinklers in that zone. There are two main types of sprinklers used in lawn irrigation, pop-up spray heads and rotors. Spray heads have a fixed spray pattern, while rotors have one or more streams that rotate. Spray heads are used to cover smaller areas, while rotors are used for larger areas. Golf course rotors are sometimes so large that
SECTION 10
#17327904989451584-426: A computerized set of valves . In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system using sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system. Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are driven by
1716-494: A direct financial cost to the farmer. Irrigation often requires pumping energy (either electricity or fossil fuel) to deliver water to the field or supply the correct operating pressure. Hence increased efficiency will reduce both the water cost and energy cost per unit of agricultural production. A reduction of water use on one field may mean that the farmer is able to irrigate a larger area of land, increasing total agricultural production. Low efficiency usually means that excess water
1848-416: A flood (spate), water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. Micro-irrigation , sometimes called localized irrigation , low volume irrigation , or trickle irrigation
1980-409: A higher profit than potatoes. The land is flood irrigated twice a day to simulate tidal flooding; the water is pumped from the sea using wind power. Additional benefits are soil remediation and carbon sequestration . Until the 1960s, there were fewer than half the number of people on the planet as of 2024. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat , so less water
2112-461: A large extent. However, limits of its urban area are still pending for approval by the Government. Tentatively population of Kanpur City and Kanpur metropolitan area in 2024 is projected as 39,26,000 and 51,00,000 respectively as per the data available so far. Awadhi is the native dialect. Hindi and Urdu are the predominant languages in the city. Punjabi is spoken by 1.25%, while Bengali
2244-1140: A private medical college located in Sohramau is the only college available for higher medical education. Majority of the schools are affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board but there are some which have affiliations to ICSE-ISC and CBSE. Unnao is seamlessly connected through Indian Railways. Unnao railway station is the junction point for Rae Bareli , Unchahar , Kunda Harnamganj , Prayag , Allahabad , Hardoi , Balamau situated at Lucknow-Kanpur stretch. Trains for major cities like Agra , Ahmedabad, Bangalore , Bhopal , Nagpur, Vijaywada, Chennai, Coimbatore, Palakkad, Bhubaneswar , Bhadrak, Cuttak, Chennai , Chandigarh, Chitrakoot, Cochin , Delhi, Gorakhpur , Ernakulam , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu Tawi , Jhansi , Jalandhar, Amritsar, Panipat, Gorakhpur, Gwalior, Darbhanga, Kota , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna , Puri , Surat , Trivandrum , Vadodara , Ujjain, Varanasi, Vadodara, can be boarded here. The railway stations in Unnao Urban Agglomeration are:- Unnao will be
2376-424: A rectangular or square pattern. They are good for covering large, flat areas evenly. Impact (or Pulsating) Sprinklers: These create a rotating, pulsating spray, which can cover a circular or semi-circular area. They are useful for watering large lawns. Stationary Sprinklers: These have a fixed spray pattern and are best for smaller areas or gardens. Rotary Sprinklers: These use spinning arms to distribute water in
2508-708: A result of irrigation and the subsequent effects on natural and social conditions in river basins and downstream of an irrigation scheme . The effects stem from the altered hydrological conditions caused by the installation and operation of the irrigation scheme. Amongst some of these problems is depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting . Soil can be over-irrigated due to poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution . Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage . In 2000,
2640-424: A single sprinkler is combined with a valve and called a 'valve in head'. When used in a turf area, the sprinklers are installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the system is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into
2772-533: A stream also, travelling a distance of 96 km in the district and eventually leaving it for district Rae Bareli where it is reckoned as a tributary of the river Sai. In the western part of the Tehsil are the Katgari lake near Asiwan and the stretches of water at Amarpur, Sambha, Sheothana, Marenda & Asakhera, but in its northern and eastern parts, there are only small and very shallow tanks which dry up when rainfall
SECTION 20
#17327904989452904-399: Is supplementary to rainfall as happens in many parts of the world, or whether it is ' full irrigation' whereby crops rarely depend on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only happens in arid landscapes experiencing very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of any rainy seasons. Surface irrigation, also known as gravity irrigation, is
3036-412: Is 48% while that of ground water is 52%. The economy of the district mainly depends on agriculture. Unnao hospital serves patients from nearby villages. The Uma Shankar Dikshit hospital is a government-run hospital located in A.B. Nagar near Ram Lila Ground. Another government hospital, which serves women, is located near the Unnao railway station. A medical college in the city is proposed. Trauma Center
3168-922: Is 78 km encompasses Unnao is in good condition. Agra–Lucknow Expressway India's longest access-controlled expressway passes through Unnao district. It is a six lane expressway. Ganga Expressway will also pass through Unnao which will enhance connectivity with national capital. The nearest airport is Kanpur Airport towards west (approx. 25 km) and Lucknow Airport towards east (approx. 50 km) The city has transport likes auto-rickshaw and E-rickshaw (By-Pass to Tempo Stand (Kanpur), Pedal rickshaws and Sub Metropolitan city buses and economical cross overs like Endeavour, Scorpio, Innova, Bolero etc. which are privately run. Kanpur Metropolitan Bus Service has started operating fully air conditioned electric buses from Unnao Taxi stand (Gandhi nagar tiraha) to Kanpur Bada chauraha via Magawara and Shuklaganj which will help in fast transit from Unnao to Kanpur. Unnao has been known as
3300-480: Is a form of sprinkler irrigation utilising several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminium) joined and supported by trusses , mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are found and used in all parts of the world and allow irrigation of all types of terrain. Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown in
3432-484: Is a majority in Kanpur with a sizeable minority of Muslims . Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2 percent. Although final data of census 2023 is yet to be declared, population of Kanpur Nagar District is projected as 63,67,963 in year 2023 (estimation as per aadhar ‘UIDAI’ data). As per 2011 Census, population of Kanpur City and its suburbs was 30,15,645 making it the largest urban agglomeration of Uttar Pradesh. Thereafter, urban area of Kanpur City has expanded to
3564-413: Is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 , and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The district judge is Shri Pradeep Kumar Singh, and the chief metropolitan magistrate was Shri Sushil Kumar Singh. Kanpur Nagar police administration is headed by a Commissioner of Police which is an IPS officer of
3696-402: Is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation. Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root zone of plants. Subirrigation has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising
3828-503: Is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Traditional drip irrigation use individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubbler irrigation all belong to this category of irrigation methods. Drip irrigation, also known as microirrigation or trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system, water
3960-478: Is also an executive committee present in the city. The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Kanpur Development Authority (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government . The divisional commissioner of Kanpur acts as the ex-officio Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer , looks after the daily matters of
4092-472: Is also home to several historical sites such as the Kanpur Museum , Bhitargaon Temple, European Cemetery and Nanarao Park. It is the 12th most populous city and the 11th most populous urban agglomeration in India ( Census of India, 2011 ). Kanpur was an important British garrison town until 1947, when India gained independence. The urban district of Kanpur Nagar serves as the headquarters of
Unnao - Misplaced Pages Continue
4224-438: Is also situated in Kanpur. Irrigation There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants. Surface irrigation , also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In sprinkler irrigation , water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices. Micro-irrigation
4356-415: Is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as fertigation . Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most other types of systems, with
4488-700: Is also very famous for Dahi bhalle. Safipur is known for its special mangoes which are available only and only in season. Bangaramau is known for special All Type Food. The city consists of Engineering Colleges, Several Medical Colleges and Management Institutes along with Medium of Education being English and Hindi respectively. Schools include: Ben-Hur Inter College, Lucknow Public School,Saint Jude's Inter College,Saint Lawrence School, NBGEI Schools, Dr. Virendra Swaroop and Delhi Public School, Adarsh Vidya Mandir and Saraswati Vidya Mandir. Engineering Colleges are approved by AICTE and affiliated to Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. SARASWATI medical college
4620-736: Is bordered by District Hardoi to the North, District Lucknow to the East, District Rae Bareli to the South, and the Ganga River to the West, which separates it from the districts of Kanpur and Fatehpur. The Ganga, Kalyani, and Sai are the main rivers of the district. The Ganga forms the western and southern boundaries, while the Sai largely delineates the northern and eastern boundaries. Other significant rivers in
4752-422: Is common in many parts of the world as rainfed agriculture , or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons. The environmental effects of irrigation relate to the changes in quantity and quality of soil and water as
4884-445: Is deficient. In Tehsil Unnao there are no important lakes, but a number of very shallow depressions, which get filled up with water during the rains and yield excellent crop of rice. In Tehsil Purwa there are many lakes, situated in a well-defined belt stretching along the whole length of the tehsil. The main among them are the lakes at Kantha, Bhadain, Unchagaon, Qila, Akhori, Miri, Zorawarganj and Sarwan. The Barhna tank near Sagauli,
5016-422: Is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, one drop at a time. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly; evaporation and runoff are minimized. The field water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90% when managed correctly. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch , further reducing evaporation, and
5148-457: Is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. There are several methods of irrigation. They vary in how the water is supplied to the plants. The goal is to apply the water to the plants as uniformly as possible, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Irrigation can also be understood whether it
5280-564: Is handled by the KMC. As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes of hazardous waste annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum. Kanpur Airport is a domestic airport and has direct scheduled commercial non-stop flights to New Delhi , Mumbai , Hyderabad and Bangalore . The nearest international airport to
5412-427: Is known for its leather , leather factories, mosquito nets , Zardozi and chemical industries. Unnao is a historical city with many historical buildings and structures. Trans Ganga City , a new satellite town of Unnao, is being developed in order to develop Unnao as an industrial and infrastructural hub as the region comes under Kanpur-Lucknow Counter Magnet Area. Unnao district is a part of Central Ganges Plain of
Unnao - Misplaced Pages Continue
5544-555: Is known for printing & dyeing for Lihaf (quilts) and mosquito net production and major producers are Subhan Bux Usman Bux & Co., Aman Traders, Haq and Sons Dyeing and Printing company and other major producers include F.R Dyeing and Printing Works. Unnao is known for its Samosas of Kachaudi Gali, Unnao, Chaat Munna ki chaat at Chota chauraha, Pav Bhaji , Dosa , Chole bhature of Manoranjan Restaurant. Matka Kala Jamuns, Gulab Jamuns of Chakalwansi Chauraha (18 km. from district centre). Anant Bhog Dhaba of Nawabganj of Unnao
5676-424: Is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor-intensive to operate – it does not travel automatically across the field: it applies water in a stationary strip, must be drained, and then rolled to a new strip. Most systems use 100 or 130 mm (4 or 5 inch) diameter aluminum pipe. The pipe doubles both as water transport and as an axle for rotating all the wheels. A drive system (often found near
5808-456: Is named after its capital, Unnao. About 900 years ago, the site of this town was covered with extensive forests. Godo Singh, a Chauhan Rajput, cleared the forests probably in the third quarter of the 12th century and founded a town called Sawai Godo. Shortly afterwards, it passed into the hands of the rulers of the Kannauj, who appointed Khande Singh as the Governor of the place. Unwant Rai Singh,
5940-421: Is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste directly to water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using untreated wastewater in agriculture. Municipal wastewater can contain a mixture of chemical and biological pollutants. In low-income countries, there are often high levels of pathogens from excreta. In emerging nations , where industrial development
6072-443: Is often the irrigation choice for developing nations, for low value crops and for large fields. Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes ( levees ), usually plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted by human or animal power to
6204-422: Is outpacing environmental regulation, there are increasing risks from inorganic and organic chemicals. The World Health Organization developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006, advocating a ‘multiple-barrier' approach wastewater use, for example by encouraging farmers to adopt various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in
6336-586: Is practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote using stones to condense water. Fog collectors are also made of canvas or foil sheets. Using condensate from air conditioning units as a water source is also becoming more popular in large urban areas. As of November 2019 a Glasgow-based startup has helped a farmer in Scotland to establish edible saltmarsh crops irrigated with sea water. An acre of previously marginal land has been put under cultivation to grow samphire , sea blite , and sea aster ; these plants yield
6468-611: Is proposed in government hospital. There are 538 government health care facilities in the district, as can be seen from the table given below: Tanning is the biggest industry in Unnao. Unnao is known for its leather industry and leather goods. Superhouse Group, Mirza Tanners, Rahman Exports, and Zamzam Tanners, Mahavir Spinfab Pvt. Ltd., ParashNath TechGarments Pvt. Ltd., Real enterprises (part of Baqai exports Gujarat) in large factories in Unnao. Banthar Leather Technology Park, Magarwara Industrial area and Unnao Industrial area developed by UPSIDC are major industrial suburbs of Unnao. Unnao
6600-478: Is similar in principle and action to subsurface basin irrigation. Another type of subirrigation is the self-watering container, also known as a sub-irrigated planter . This consists of a planter suspended over a reservoir with some type of wicking material such as a polyester rope. The water is drawn up the wick through capillary action. A similar technique is the wicking bed ; this too uses capillary action. Modern irrigation methods are efficient enough to supply
6732-492: Is spoken by over 11,000 people in the city. The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, on the eastern side the limit has been expanded on
SECTION 50
#17327904989456864-606: Is spread over an area of 403 square km. It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner , who is an IAS officer. The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Sudhir kumar and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash, Health , Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment & Cattle Catching Department. There
6996-437: Is supplied at one end using a large hose. After sufficient irrigation has been applied to one strip of the field, the hose is removed, the water drained from the system, and the assembly rolled either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism, so that the sprinklers are moved to a different position across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated in a pattern until the whole field has been irrigated. This system
7128-460: Is surrounded by some of the main cities of Uttar Pradesh – Lucknow , Kanpur , Raebareli and Hardoi . The Unnao urban agglomeration comprises the municipal limits of Unnao city and Shuklaganj, along with the villages of Unnao, including Adarsh Nagar, P.D Nagar, Taki Nagar, Pitambar Nagar, P.N Kheda, Kalyani Devi, Daroga Bagh, Ibrahim Bagh, Qasim Nagar, Awas Vikas, Shiv Nagar, Singrosi, Civil Lines, Lok Nagar, Hiran Nagar, and Jawahar Nagar. This area
7260-432: Is the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It was the primary financial and commercial centre of Northern India . Founded in the year 1207 by a Rajput ruler Raja Kanh Deo, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations of British India . Kanpur is often regarded as the heart of Uttar Pradesh . Kanpur had been the major financial and industrial centre of North India and also
7392-568: Is under the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL). Fire services are under the state, Uttar Pradesh Fire Service. Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC. Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam. The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892. After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for
7524-583: Is used for irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a fertilizer . This can make the reuse of excreta contained in sewage attractive. In developing countries , agriculture is increasingly using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation – often in an unsafe manner. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so they are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there
7656-556: Is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this. Irrigation with recycled municipal wastewater can also serve to fertilize plants if it contains nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are benefits of using recycled water for irrigation, including the lower cost compared to some other sources and consistency of supply regardless of season, climatic conditions and associated water restrictions. When reclaimed water
7788-477: Is very extensively grown in them. Geologically the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, of which the origin is attributed to a sag in the Earth's crust, formed, in the upper eocene times, between the northwardly drifting Gondwanaland and the rising Himalayan belt, and gradually filled in by sediments so as to constitute a level plane with a very gentle seaward slope. The alluvium formation of
7920-406: Is well-known in Unnao. Additionally, the rural areas of Deeh, Dostinagar, Turkmannagar, Ganjauli, Singrosi, Shakpur, Magarwara, Akrampur, Galgalha, Sahjani, Maswasi, Haibatpur, Kathadal Narainpur, and Dhaudhi Rautapur contribute to a total population of 303,224. The district is roughly a parallelogram in shape and is situated between Latitude 26°8' N and 27°2' N, and Longitude 80°3' E and 81°3' E. It
8052-532: The Ganges and hence the land is highly fertile. The soil is mostly alluvial . The Ganges separates Unnao from Kanpur district. The district is bounded by river Ganges in the west and the river Sai in the east. The entire district falling in Sai Sub-basin of the Ganges basin represents flat topography. The irrigation in the district takes place through Sharda Canal network system and tubewells. About 92% of
SECTION 60
#17327904989458184-545: The Kanpur Division , Kanpur Range and Kanpur Zone. Some of the more popular places in Kanpur include J. K. Temple , Z Square Mall , Blue World Amusement Park, Atal Ghat, Green Park Stadium and Ganga Barrage. According to 2011 Indian census, it is the most populous urban city and the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh while the population of city and its suburb were around 5 million making it
8316-619: The Nawab of Awadh , was defeated by the British near Jajmau . From 1773 to 1801, Kanpur was part of the Oudh Kingdom , followed by the treaty of 1801 between Nawab Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh and the British, who realized the strategic importance. Several European businessmen established themselves in Kanpur, during this time. With the first woollen mill of India , commonly known as the Lal Imli ( lit. ' Red Tamarind ' , for
8448-577: The United States , China , and European countries like the United Kingdom , also fund and organize some schemes within other nations. By 2021 the global land area equipped for irrigation reached 352 million ha, an increase of 22% from the 289 million ha of 2000 and more than twice the 1960s land area equipped for irrigation. The vast majority is located in Asia (70%), where irrigation
8580-573: The commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants . Water is delivered from below, absorbed by upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20 minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor savings through reduced system maintenance and automation . It
8712-516: The eighth-most populous metropolitan area in India. In 1207, Raja Kanha-deo of the Kanhpuriya clan of Rajputs established the city of Kanhpur and made it his capital, which later came to be known as Kanpur. The area was ruled by several rulers of Kannauj, such as Harsha Vardhan, Jai Chand and Mihir Bhoja . It was also ruled by Muslim rulers of the Sur dynasty . In May 1765, Shuja-ud-daula ,
8844-554: The 19th century, Cawnpore was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , 900 British men, women and children were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib . They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Sati Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad . Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at
8976-543: The BJP, was re-elected. The previous mayor had been Captain (retired) Jagatvir Singh Drona . As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system. Kanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituencies . The city of Kanpur has one representative member of parliament in Lok Sabha for Kanpur , Satyadev Pachauri . The first development plan of
9108-429: The British as justification for unrestrained vengeance. "Remember Cawnpore" became a British war cry for the rest of the war. Kanpur is located at 26°27′00″N 80°19′55″E / 26.449923°N 80.331874°E / 26.449923; 80.331874 in the central-western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh . The city lies at a distance of approx 475 km from national-capital New Delhi and approx 90 km from
9240-608: The Central and State government, as they were diverting funds to other cities, which hampered its growth. According to GDP per capita, it ranks 9th in Uttar Pradesh. Noida and Meerut rank 1st and 2nd notably. While the state capital Lucknow ranks 7th in the state in GDP per capita. The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur) is a public technical and research university located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It
9372-605: The Chunniganj bus stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttarakhand routes, and the Naubasta bus stand for Hamirpur route. Fazalganj is another hub for private carriers. Ring road : In 2011, it was reported by The Indian Express that the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) planned to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in
9504-614: The English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Sati Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib or of his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of
9636-466: The Ganga and Bhangar, is light coloured, poor in calcareous contain and composed of lenticular beds of sand, gravel and clays. The economic minerals found in the district are kankar, reh and sand. Unnao is famous for Pariyar - Goddess Sita gave birth to Luv and Kush here and also, the famous Ashv from the Ashwa megh Yagya was caught and tied to a tree here by Luv and Kush. Unnao lies in the great plains of
9768-740: The Mohan and Sukrar lakes near Mauranwan, and several others, like the Bharda lake, skirting district Rae Bareli. Besides these, there are the tanks at Sahrawan, the Bhundi tank at Gulariha, and the Kumbha tank at Bhagwantnagar. The lakes at Kantha, Sagauli, and Barela contain water all the year round, while the others generally provide irrigation for the Rabi crops only, drying up in the years of drought. These lakes and tanks abound in fish, and singhara (water chestnut)
9900-760: The Nile river in Egypt and Sudan; and in the Mississippi-Missouri river basin, the Southern Great Plains, and in parts of California in the United States. Smaller irrigation areas are spread across almost all populated parts of the world. By 2012, the area of irrigated land had increased to an estimated total of 3,242,917 km (801 million acres), which is nearly the size of India. The irrigation of 20% of farming land accounts for
10032-424: The Sati Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the sepoys had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the sepoys to fire upon and to kill all of
10164-458: The authority. The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is Shri Vishakh G Iyer in additional charge. The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, grants from state government etc. The Kanpur District Court is headed by the district judge of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur
10296-469: The center pivot. This type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots were water-powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems ( T-L Irrigation ) and electric-motor-driven systems (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Many modern pivots feature GPS devices. A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint, and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together. Water
10428-446: The central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city. The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrat; and seven additional city magistrates. The district has four tehsils viz. Sadar, Bilhaur, Ghatampur and Narwal, each headed by
10560-485: The centre of the wheel line) rotates the clamped-together pipe sections as a single axle, rolling the whole wheel line. Manual adjustment of individual wheel positions may be necessary if the system becomes misaligned. Wheel line systems are limited in the amount of water they can carry, and limited in the height of crops that can be irrigated. One useful feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that can be easily disconnected, adapting to field shape as
10692-500: The city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which would help heavy vehicles to bypass the city, would be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP). Kanpur is an important economic and industrial center in India. Kanpur is an important economic center in India. There was a time when Kanpur was very prosperous but over time it lagged behind other big cities due to continous negligence from both
10824-777: The city is the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow , which is around 77.1 kilometres (47.9 mi) away. Indian Railways: Kanpur Central is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station that comes under the Prayagraj railway division of North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways . Around 300 trains pass through it daily. The city of Kanpur has eleven railway stations in addition to
10956-700: The city was created by the Kanpur Development Board in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962 to 1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974. The most recent masterplan is the Draft Master Plan of 2021 . Electricity is supplied to the city by Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESCO), which
11088-571: The city's importance and prestige during the British times, which extends till date; making the Lal Imli — a great highlight of the city. The city is also widely regarded as the "Leather City of the World" and is predominantly nicknamed as the "Manchester of the East" , for its chemical, textile and leather industries. Alexander MacRobert has an area named after him in the city, McRobertganj . In
11220-711: The components of these irrigation systems are hidden under ground, since aesthetics are important in a landscape. A typical lawn sprinkler system will consist of one or more zones, limited in size by the capacity of the water source. Each zone will cover a designated portion of the landscape. Sections of the landscape will usually be divided by microclimate , type of plant material, and type of irrigation equipment. A landscape irrigation system may also include zones containing drip irrigation, bubblers, or other types of equipment besides sprinklers. Although manual systems are still used, most lawn sprinkler systems may be operated automatically using an irrigation controller , sometimes called
11352-408: The crop or field requirements. Increasing the application efficiency means that the amount of crop produced per unit of water increases. Improved efficiency may either be achieved by applying less water to an existing field or by using water more wisely thereby achieving higher yields in the same area of land. In some parts of the world, farmers are charged for irrigation water hence over-application has
11484-481: The days of Akbar, the river skirted the village of Ghatampur but has since then so altered its course that it now runs about 8 km to the south-west of this village. There is the unusually large number of swamps and lakes of great size and value, particularly in the southern and eastern parts of the district. The larger lakes, which hold water all the year round, are the Kundra Samundar near Jhalotar,
11616-831: The disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Harcourt Butler Technical University (HBTU) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, an institution to provide technical education to specially-abled students inaugurated by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1997,
11748-538: The district area is under cultivation. The district has a subtropical climate. The district is mainly drained by the river Ganges and its tributaries Kalyani, Khar, Loni and Marahai in the western part of the district, and by Sai river in the eastern part of the district. All these rivers are perennial in nature. About 87% area of the net sown area (3,00,000 hectares) is irrigated both by surface water (Sharda Canal network system) and ground water through shallow and moderately deep tubewells. The share of surface water irrigation
11880-546: The district include the Kalyani, Tanai, Loni, and Morahi (Naurahi), all of which are tributaries of the Ganga. Although these rivers tend to run dry during the hot weather, they typically hold water for most of the year and are used for irrigation purposes. The only great river of the district is the Ganga , which first touches the district near the village of Purwa Gahir, in pargana Bangarmau , and flows southeastward, acting as
12012-506: The district shortly after Baksar . The river is not extensively utilized as a waterway or for irrigation purposes. While there are several ferries for pedestrians and pilgrims, none of them can be considered a significant trade route. The river's high banks generally prevent its use for irrigation, but some of its small drainage channels or sotas, which form islands in certain parganas, are occasionally used to irrigate crops in low-lying alluvial lands. Cultivated lands are often located far from
12144-407: The district, comprising sand, silt and clay with occasional gravel, is of the early quaternary to sub-recent age. The older alluvium called bhangar, forms slightly elevated terraces usually above the flood levels. It is rather dark in colour and generally rich in concretions and nodules of impure calcium carbonate, locally known as kankar. The newer alluvium, called khandar, forming the lowlands between
12276-660: The district. After the First War of Indian Independence in 1857 , power was transferred from the British East India Company to the British Crown by the Queen's Proclamation of 1858. Once the order was restored, the civil administration was re-established in the district which was named Unnao, with headquarters at Unnao. It assumed its present size in 1869. The same year the town of Unnao was constituted
12408-451: The division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. The district magistrate of Kanpur reports to the divisional commissioner . The current commissioner is Shri Amit Gupta. Kanpur district administration is headed by the district magistrate of Kanpur, who is an IAS officer . The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for
12540-410: The entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Water use efficiency in the field can be determined as follows: Increased irrigation efficiency has a number of positive outcomes for the farmer, the community and the wider environment. Low application efficiency infers that the amount of water applied to the field is in excess of
12672-502: The exception of low-energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that extend from
12804-534: The ground. In flower beds or shrub areas, sprinklers may be mounted on above ground risers or even taller pop-up sprinklers may be used and installed flush as in a lawn area. Hose-end sprinklers are devices attached to the end of a garden hose, used for watering lawns, gardens, or plants. They come in a variety of designs and styles, allowing you to adjust the water flow, pattern, and range for efficient irrigation. Some common types of hose-end sprinklers include: Oscillating Sprinklers: These spray water back and forth in
12936-469: The historically important Grand Trunk Road which serves as the lifeline of the city. There are several important national highways and expressways that pass through and adround Kanpur. Branch Hapur The UPSRTC inter state bus station (ISBT) of Kanpur is officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan bus station", and is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station". It provides buses to many important cities of India. Other important bus stations are
13068-409: The image that follows. As of 2017 most center pivot systems have drops hanging from a U-shaped pipe attached at the top of the pipe with sprinkler heads that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly on the ground between crops. Crops are often planted in a circle to conform to
13200-490: The irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, surface irrigation is the most common method of irrigating agricultural land across most parts of the world. The water application efficiency of surface irrigation is typically lower than other forms of irrigation, due in part to the lack of control of applied depths. Surface irrigation involves a significantly lower capital cost and energy requirement than pressurised irrigation systems. Hence it
13332-553: The lake near Nawabganj, the wide expanse of water near Kantha and the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan. In Tehsil Safipur, the more important tanks are those at Mawai-Bhari and Kursat and the Harial Tal near Mustafabad. In Tehsil Hasanganj, besides the Kundra Samundar at Mawai, there are the Kulli Bani and Jalesar tanks near Ajgain and the chain of lakes called Basaha, which it seems, partakes of certain characteristics of
13464-487: The land of pen (kalam) and sword ( talwaar ). It has been the land of Progressive Hindi writers, freedom fighters, educationists etc. 1. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-now-home-to-8-ramsar-wetlands/articleshow/79253169.cms 2. https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-prof-omkar-singh-became-the-vice-chancellor-of-uttarakhand-technical-university-22887358.html Kanpur Kanpur ( /kɑːnˈpʊər/ ), formerly anglicized as Cawnpore ,
13596-399: The level of the land. Surface irrigation is even used to water urban gardens in certain areas, for example, in and around Phoenix, Arizona . The irrigated area is surrounded by a berm and the water is delivered according to a schedule set by a local irrigation district . A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation , also called floodwater harvesting. In case of
13728-441: The line is moved. They are most often used for small, rectilinear, or oddly-shaped fields, hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive. A lawn sprinkler system is permanently installed, as opposed to a hose-end sprinkler, which is portable. Sprinkler systems are installed in residential lawns, in commercial landscapes, for churches and schools, in public parks and cemeteries, and on golf courses . Most of
13860-666: The main Kanpur Central: Metro: The Kanpur Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kanpur. The metro is owned and operated by the Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC). It consists of two lines- Orange Line and Blue Line. The priority corridor of the Orange Line, which connects IIT Kanpur to Motijheel, was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 28 December 2021. The city has
13992-522: The massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come. Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar ( House of the Ladies ). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from
14124-439: The nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British, under General Neill , retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by
14256-510: The ninth-largest urban economy in India. Today it is famous for its colonial architecture, gardens, sweets, dialect, IT parks and fine quality leather , plastic and textile products which are exported mainly to the West . Kanpur is also the financial capital of Uttar Pradesh. The city is home to historical monuments such as the Jajmau Ghat which dates back to 17th century AD. Kanpur
14388-435: The oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In surface ( furrow, flood , or level basin ) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Water moves by following gravity or the slope of the land. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation . It is often called flood irrigation when
14520-493: The only railway station between Kanpur and Lucknow of the planned high speed railways. Unnao is the only district of Uttar Pradesh through which three Expressways pass First Ganga Expressway ( Meerut To Prayagraj ) passes through Unnao City , Second Agra Lucknow Expressway Passes through Unnao District, Third Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway Passes through Unnao City. The major national highway NH 25 passes through Unnao which has bypass from Unnao. The State Highway which
14652-436: The overarching goal of increasing self-sufficiency. Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells ), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers , lakes or reservoirs ) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting
14784-567: The production of 40% of food production. The scale of irrigation increased dramatically over the 20th century. In 1800, 8 million hectares globally were irrigated, in 1950, 94 million hectares, and in 1990, 235 million hectares. By 1990, 30% of the global food production came from irrigated land. Irrigation techniques across the globe includes canals redirecting surface water, groundwater pumping, and diverting water from dams. National governments lead most irrigation schemes within their borders, but private investors and other nations, especially
14916-441: The prominent parks in city that exist from the time of British Raj. The Moti Jheel , a rectangular lake, was originally developed as a drinking water reservoir. The lake has now been developed as a recreational area with a landscaped garden and a children's park. Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary is also located near Kanpur. Like most of lowland northern India, Kanpur has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ) bordering on
15048-445: The rank of Additional Director General of Uttar Pradesh Police. Present Police Commissioner of Kanpur Nagar is Shri Akhil kumar, who is assisted by an Addl. Commissioner, a Joint Commissioner and several Dy. Commissioners, Addl. Dy. Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners of police who are either IPS officers or Provincial Police Service (PPS) officers. Each of the several police circles is headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police in
15180-402: The rank of deputy superintendent of police. The city is divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110 corporators directly elected from each ward. As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991. Local elections were last held in 2022, when the mayor, Pramila Pandey from
15312-475: The regions saw increases in the area equipped for irrigation, with Africa growing the fastest (+29%), followed by Asia (+25%), Oceania (+24%), the Americas (+19%) and Europe (+2%). Irrigation enables the production of more crops, especially commodity crops in areas which otherwise could not support them. Countries frequently invested in irrigation to increase wheat , rice , or cotton production, often with
15444-402: The river and cannot be easily irrigated from it. The water from the river would need to pass through the sandy banks, leading to significant loss or absorption. The main channel of the river experiences constant changes, resulting in shifting cultivation practices in its immediate vicinity. It appears from its old high bank that the river has a general tendency to shift its course to the west. In
15576-408: The road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area. In 1997–98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%)
15708-400: The sprinkler arrives back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a "waterreel" traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land application of waste water. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable. Center pivot irrigation
15840-436: The state covering an area of 4558 km. The city is enlisted as a municipality of Kanpur metropolitan area and is the second largest city within the metropolitan area. Nawabganj pakshi vihar, located along NH27, is a place to see migratory birds which come from various countries during winter season, and it has been included in the list of RAMSAR sites. The best time to visit this sanctuary is from November to March. The district
15972-583: The state-capital Lucknow . It is a part of the historical region of Awadh . Situated in the flat Indo-Gangetic Plains , Kanpur has an average elevation of 318 m above sea level. The Ganges flows by the city and several ghats are located on its banks, notably the Sati Chaura Ghat and Sarsaiya Ghat. The Brahmavart Ghat located at Bithoor (25 km northwards) is another ghat of religious importance. Several parks and recreational areas are located in Kanpur. Nana Rao Park and Phool Bagh are among
16104-493: The sunlight; applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw; cleaning vegetables with disinfectant; or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. Irrigation water can also come from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . In countries where humid air sweeps through at night, water can be obtained by condensation onto cold surfaces. This
16236-759: The total fertile land was 2,788,000 km (689 million acres) and it was equipped with irrigation infrastructure worldwide. About 68% of this area is in Asia, 17% in the Americas, 9% in Europe, 5% in Africa and 1% in Oceania. The largest contiguous areas of high irrigation density are found in Northern and Eastern India and Pakistan along the Ganges and Indus rivers; in the Hai He, Huang He and Yangtze basins in China; along
16368-405: The water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as traveling sprinklers may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these use a length of polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the field. When
16500-558: The water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water. The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu. However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied. The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources. There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur. In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make 4 STPs functional. The city then reported having 3 STPs for domestic waste. In 2017, there
16632-414: The water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone. Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table. Subirrigation is also used in
16764-404: The water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants. Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells ), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers , lakes or reservoirs ) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater , desalinated water , drainage water , or fog collection . Irrigation can be supplementary to rainfall , which
16896-413: Was a key component of the green revolution; the Americas account for 16% and Europe for 8% of the world total. India (76 million ha) and China (75 million ha) have the largest equipped area for irrigation, far ahead of the United States o fAmerica (27 million ha). China and India also have the largest net gains in equipped area between 2000 and 2020 (+21 million ha for China and +15 million ha for India). All
17028-551: Was established in 1959 as one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP). Other educational institutions in the city include three state universities. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is one of the largest universities in northern India catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in
17160-666: Was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water humans presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense, because there are now more than seven billion people on the planet, increasing the likelihood of overconsumption of food produced by water-thirsty animal agriculture and intensive farming practices. This creates increasing competition for water from industry , urbanisation and biofuel crops . Farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food , while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently. Successful agriculture
17292-412: Was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively. Kanpur division which consists of six districts, and is headed by the divisional commissioner of Kanpur, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority, the commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in
17424-559: Was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river. In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up. As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents. Solid waste management
#944055