74-626: Uaçá River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil . It is a tributary of the Oiapoque River . The town of Kumarumã is located on the river. This article related to a river in Amapá , Brazil is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Amap%C3%A1 Amapá ( [amaˈpa] ) is one of the 26 states of Brazil . It is in the North Region of Brazil . It
148-467: A half-life of 3.7 million years, Mn with a half-life of 312.2 days, and Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary decay mode in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is beta decay . Manganese also has three meta states . Manganese
222-409: A magnesia nigra (the black ore) from magnesia alba (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Michele Mercati called magnesia nigra manganesa , and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese ( German : Mangan ). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name magnesium for
296-607: A lesser extent as rhodochrosite ( MnCO 3 ). The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite ( MnO 2 ). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores, such as sphalerite . Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, Gabon and Brazil. According to 1978 estimate,
370-442: A primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal. It is easily obtained as a metastable phase at room temperature by rapid quenching. It does not show magnetic ordering , remaining paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (1.1 K). Gamma manganese (γ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,370 K (1,100 °C; 2,010 °F). It has
444-399: A rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. In
518-447: A simple face-centered cubic structure (four atoms per unit cell). When quenched to room temperature it converts to β-Mn, but it can be stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with at least 5 percent of other elements (such as C, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd or Au), and these solute-stabilized alloys distort into a face-centered tetragonal structure. Delta manganese (δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and
592-530: Is the second-least populous state and the eighteenth-largest state by area . Located in the far northern part of the country, Amapá is bordered clockwise by French Guiana to the north for 730 km, the Atlantic Ocean to the east for 578 km, Pará to the south and west, and Suriname to the northwest for 63 km. The capital and largest city is Macapá . The state has 0.4% of the Brazilian population and
666-436: Is MnO 2 . It is the dark brown pigment of many cave drawings but is also a common ingredient in dry cell batteries. Complexes of Mn(IV) are well known, but they require elaborate ligands . Mn(IV)-OH complexes are an intermediate in some enzymes , including the oxygen evolving center (OEC) in plants. Simple derivatives Mn are rarely encountered but can be stabilized by suitably basic ligands. Manganese(III) acetate
740-430: Is a chemical element ; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron . Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels . It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as
814-466: Is a brown pigment for paint and is a constituent of natural umber . Tetravalent manganese is used as an activator in red-emitting phosphors . While many compounds are known which show luminescence , the majority are not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission. However, several Mn activated fluorides were reported as potential red-emitting phosphors for warm-white LEDs. But to this day, only K 2 SiF 6 :Mn
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#1732768482914888-552: Is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties; it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy. Aside from various permanganate salts, Mn(VII) is represented by the unstable, volatile derivative Mn 2 O 7 . Oxyhalides (MnO 3 F and MnO 3 Cl) are powerful oxidizing agents . The most prominent example of Mn in
962-573: Is a ferry to Monte Dourado in Pará . In Port Santana , there is a ferry to Belém , Pará. There is a small port in Macapá; however, it is not suitable for cargo traffic. The main harbour is the Port of Santana which is also used for international cargo. The flag was adopted by Decree No. 8 of 23 April 1984. The blue represents the sky over Amapá and justice, the green represents the native rainforest, and
1036-494: Is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese and its common ions are paramagnetic . Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope , Mn. Several radioisotopes have been isolated and described, ranging in atomic weight from 46 u ( Mn) to 72 u ( Mn). The most stable are Mn with
1110-549: Is also seen in the mineral rhodochrosite ( manganese(II) carbonate ). Manganese(II) commonly exists with a high spin, S = 5/2 ground state because of the high pairing energy for manganese(II). There are no spin-allowed d–d transitions in manganese(II), which explain its faint color. Manganese forms a large variety of organometallic derivatives, i.e., compounds with Mn-C bonds. The organometallic derivatives include numerous examples of Mn in its lower oxidation states, i.e. Mn(−III) up through Mn(I). This area of organometallic chemistry
1184-574: Is an oxidant useful in organic synthesis . Solid compounds of manganese(III) are characterized by its strong purple-red color and a preference for distorted octahedral coordination resulting from the Jahn-Teller effect . A particularly common oxidation state for manganese in aqueous solution is +2, which has a pale pink color. Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the aquo complexes derived from manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO 4 ) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl 2 ). This oxidation state
1258-464: Is attractive because Mn is inexpensive and of relatively low toxicity. Of greatest commercial interest is "MMT", methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl , which is used as an anti-knock compound added to gasoline (petrol) in some countries. It features Mn(I). Consistent with other aspects of Mn(II) chemistry, manganocene ( Mn(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ) is high-spin. In contrast, its neighboring metal iron forms an air-stable, low-spin derivative in
1332-421: Is dominant in a given soil. At pH values less than 6 or under anaerobic conditions, Mn(II) dominates, while under more alkaline and aerobic conditions, Mn(III,IV) oxides and hydroxides predominate. These effects of soil acidity and aeration state on the form of Mn can be modified or controlled by microbial activity. Microbial respiration can cause both the oxidation of Mn to the oxides, and it can cause reduction of
1406-545: Is found throughout the world's oceans, 90% of which originates from hydrothermal vents. Particulate Mn develops in buoyant plumes over an active vent source, while the dMn behaves conservatively. Mn concentrations vary between the water columns of the ocean. At the surface, dMn is elevated due to input from external sources such as rivers, dust, and shelf sediments. Coastal sediments normally have lower Mn concentrations, but can increase due to anthropogenic discharges from industries such as mining and steel manufacturing, which enter
1480-458: Is low spin, which contrasts with the high spin character of its precursor, MnBr 2 (dmpe) 2 ( dmpe = (CH 3 ) 2 PCH 2 CH 2 P(CH 3 ) 2 ). Polyalkyl and polyaryl derivatives of manganese often exist in higher oxidation states, reflecting the electron-releasing properties of alkyl and aryl ligands. One example is [Mn(CH 3 ) 6 ] . The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from
1554-408: Is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia. For the production of ferromanganese , the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace. The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30–80%. Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys
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#17327684829141628-501: Is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion. Mn decays to Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, Mn is relatively rare, produced by cosmic rays impact on iron . Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating . Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce
1702-424: Is produced by leaching manganese ore with sulfuric acid and a subsequent electrowinning process. A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing (a low grade) manganese ore by heap leaching . This is done by percolating natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the natural gas provides the heat (needs to be at least 850 °C) and the reducing agent (carbon monoxide). This reduces all of
1776-503: Is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP . In the colonial period the region was called Portuguese Guiana and was part of Portugal 's State of Brazil . Later, the region was distinguished from the other Guianas . Amapá was once part of Pará, but became a separate territory in 1943, and the decision to make it a state was made in 1988. The first state legislators took office on 1 January 1991. The dominant feature of
1850-401: Is spoken among some of the people. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 87.6%, followed by the industrial sector at 7.8%. Agriculture represents 4.6% of GDP (2004). Amapá exports: wood 75.5%, ores 18.7%, heart of palm 5.5% (2002). The state, which has 0.4% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for only 0.22% of the Brazilian GDP . The main airport of
1924-442: Is stable up to the manganese melting point of 1,519 K (1,250 °C; 2,270 °F). It has a body-centered cubic structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell). Common oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Manganese in oxidation state +7 is represented by salts of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO − 4 . Potassium permanganate
1998-405: Is unusual among elemental metals in having a very complex unit cell, with 58 atoms per cell (29 atoms per primitive unit cell) in four different types of site. It is paramagnetic at room temperature and antiferromagnetic at temperatures below 95 K (−178 °C). Beta manganese (β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of 973 K (700 °C; 1,290 °F). It has
2072-412: Is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols (where the hydroxyl group is adjacent to an aromatic ring ). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination. MnO 2 is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it
2146-484: The Cabo Orange National Park located near the coast. The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park is the world's largest tropical forest national park . The Cabo Orange National Park contains flooded grasslands and mangrove forests which are important fish nurseries. Most of Amapá has a Tropical monsoon climate , a tropical climate with a short dry season and heavy rainfall for the majority of
2220-496: The Middle Ages until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from Venice . Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. Ignatius Gottfried Kaim (1770) and Johann Glauber (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to permanganate , a useful laboratory reagent. Kaim also may have reduced manganese dioxide to isolate
2294-677: The Oyapock River Bridge . BR-210 connects Macapá with Serra do Navio . It is supposed to be extended all the way to the border with Colombia in Amazonas ; however, as of 2021, it ends in the Wayampi Indigenous Territory. An important state road is the AP-010 which connects Macapá with Santana and Mazagão Velho . There are no road connections to other Brazilian states. In Laranjal do Jari there
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2368-536: The Portuguese . The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 established the boundaries between the colony of Brazil and French Guiana , but these were not respected by the French. A fort was constructed at São José de Macapá , in present-day Macapá, as a base of Portuguese power in the region. In the 18th century, France retook control of the area. This international dispute continued until 1900. The discovery of gold and
2442-602: The Spartan steel exceptionally hard. Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic James Couper noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese and a form of Parkinson's disease . In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and
2516-523: The ocean floor has 500 billion tons of manganese nodules . Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s. In South Africa, most identified deposits are located near Hotazel in the Northern Cape Province , ( Kalahari manganese fields ), with a 2011 estimate of 15 billion tons. In 2011 South Africa produced 3.4 million tons, topping all other nations. Manganese
2590-476: The +6 oxidation state is the green anion manganate , [MnO 4 ] . Manganate salts are intermediates in the extraction of manganese from its ores. Compounds with oxidation states +5 are somewhat elusive, and often found associated to an oxide (O ) or nitride (N ) ligand. One example is the blue anion hypomanganate [MnO 4 ] . Mn(IV) is somewhat enigmatic because it is common in nature but far rarer in synthetic chemistry. The most common Mn ore, pyrolusite ,
2664-491: The 2020s. The real mission of Hughes Glomar Explorer was to raise a sunken Soviet submarine, the K-129 , with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books. An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor. These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, are located along the ocean floor . The environmental impacts of nodule collection are of interest. Dissolved manganese (dMn)
2738-526: The 2022 census, 65.3% identified as Pardo (multiracial), 21.4% as White Brazilians , 11.8% as Black Brazilians and 1.4% as Indigenous . The remaining 0.1% are Asians and undeclared. The majority of the residents of Amapá live in poverty. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) 36.56% of the population live on only R$ 79 per month, which the foundation considers below a decent standard of living. According to data obtained by
2812-479: The 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathodic for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types. Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur -fixing, deoxidizing , and alloying properties. This application was first recognized by the British metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet (1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced
2886-660: The IBGE in the 2010 Brazilian Census, 64% of Amapá residents are Roman Catholics, 28% are evangelicals (Protestants) and 6% do not profess any religion. The other faiths added together add up to 2% of the population. The Catholic Church comprises the Diocese of Macapá (1949) a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Belém de Pará, under Bishop Pedro José Conti (2004) with 27 parishes. The Amerindians tribes in Amapá are located in
2960-594: The Portuguese monarchy was to engage in war in order to clear them from the land. The Cabanagem Revolt in the 1830s, resulted in the final dispersal of the Amerindians along the Amazon. Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. French is the second language taught in every school due to the proximity of French Guiana . A Creole language called Lanc-Patuá
3034-471: The Solar System. Four allotropes (structural forms) of solid manganese are known, labeled α, β, γ and δ, and occurring at successively higher temperatures. All are metallic, stable at standard pressure, and have a cubic crystal lattice, but they vary widely in their atomic structures. Alpha manganese (α-Mn) is the equilibrium phase at room temperature. It has a body-centered cubic lattice and
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3108-567: The alloys particularly useful in harsh automotive and industrial environments. Manganese oxide and sulfate are components of fertilizers. In the year 2000, an estimated 20,000 tons of these compounds were used in fertilizers in the US alone. A comparable amount of Mn compounds was also used in animal feeds. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is an additive in some unleaded gasoline to boost octane rating and reduce engine knocking . Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO 2 )
3182-481: The element, in the form of Spiegeleisen . Manganese comprises about 1000 ppm (0.1%) of the Earth's crust and is the 12th most abundant element. Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm. The atmosphere contains 0.01 μg/m . Manganese occurs principally as pyrolusite ( MnO 2 ), braunite (Mn Mn 6 )SiO 12 ), psilomelane (Ba,H 2 O) 2 Mn 5 O 10 , and to
3256-518: The evidence from Al and Pd for the early history of the Solar System . Variations in Cr/ Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites suggest an initial Mn/ Mn ratio, which indicate that Mn–Cr isotopic composition must result from in situ decay of Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence, Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of
3330-491: The form of ferrocene ( Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ). When conducted under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide , reduction of Mn(II) salts gives dimanganese decacarbonyl Mn 2 (CO) 10 , an orange and volatile solid. The air-stability of this Mn(0) compound (and its many derivatives) reflects the powerful electron-acceptor properties of carbon monoxide. Many alkene complexes and alkyne complexes are derived from Mn 2 (CO) 10 . In Mn(CH 3 ) 2 (dmpe) 2 , Mn(II)
3404-465: The free element when it was isolated much later. Manganese dioxide, which is abundant in nature, has long been used as a pigment. The cave paintings in Gargas that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old are made from the mineral form of MnO 2 pigments. Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass. Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through
3478-410: The human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins , most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes . It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt potassium permanganate . It occurs at the active sites in some enzymes . Of particular interest is the use of a Mn-O cluster , the oxygen-evolving complex , in the production of oxygen by plants. Manganese
3552-511: The increasing value of rubber on the international market during the 19th century increased the Portuguese population of Amapá, bringing the dispute with France to a head. Although French settlers had established the Republic of Independent Guyana (1886–1891), Brazil challenged the Amapá claim through international arbitration in Geneva on 1 December 1900, which was found in favour of Brazil. It
3626-456: The largest representation of this biome in Brazil. This mixture of salt and fresh water is perfect for the food chain reproduction of several animal species. Pollution, however, is now a chronic problem in the state of Amapá. Mercury, which is used in the extraction of gold, is widely found in water sources and sewage systems in the population centers of Amapá. To protect the natural resources of
3700-412: The manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high tensile strength of up to 863 MPa. Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by Robert Hadfield and is still known as Hadfield steel (mangalloy) . It
3774-503: The manganese ore to manganese oxide (MnO), which is a leachable form. The ore then travels through a grinding circuit to reduce the particle size of the ore to between 150 and 250 μm, increasing the surface area to aid leaching. The ore is then added to a leach tank of sulfuric acid and ferrous iron (Fe ) in a 1.6:1 ratio. The iron reacts with the manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) to form iron hydroxide (FeO(OH)) and elemental manganese (Mn). This process yields approximately 92% recovery of
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#17327684829143848-460: The manganese. For further purification, the manganese can then be sent to an electrowinning facility. In 1972, the CIA 's Project Azorian , through billionaire Howard Hughes , commissioned the ship Hughes Glomar Explorer with the cover story of harvesting manganese nodules from the sea floor. That triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules, which was not actually practical until
3922-633: The metal, but that is uncertain. By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele used manganese dioxide to produce chlorine . First, hydrochloric acid , or a mixture of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium chloride was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the Leblanc process was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the Weldon process . The production of chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching agents
3996-573: The metals and organic compounds can then cause them to be oxidized while the Mn(III,IV) oxides are reduced to Mn (e.g., Cr to Cr(VI) and colorless hydroquinone to tea-colored quinone polymers). Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur -fixing, deoxidizing , and alloying properties. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in these applications in metallurgy. Steelmaking , including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in
4070-425: The new Brazilian Constitution , with the first state legislators taking office at the start of 1991. The State of Amapá possesses the lowest rate of loss of its original vegetation for any Brazilian state, estimated at only 2%. Most of the Amapá territory is covered with rainforest , while the remaining areas are covered with savannah and plains . On the Amapá coast, almost intact beaches mix with swamps, creating
4144-765: The north near the Oiapoque River , and in the east in the Wayampi Indigenous Territory. All the indigenous territories in Amapá have been demarcated. The tribes living in Amapá are the Galibi do Oiapoque , the Karipuna do Amapá , the Palikur , the Wayampi and the Galibi Marwono . The region around the Amazon River used to support a large population of Amerindians during the pre-Columbian era. The policy of
4218-524: The ocean from river inputs. Surface dMn concentrations can also be elevated biologically through photosynthesis and physically from coastal upwelling and wind-driven surface currents. Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging, preventing Mn from sinking to deeper waters. Elevated levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into
4292-441: The oxides to the divalent cation. The Mn(III,IV) oxides exist as brownish-black stains and small nodules on sand, silt, and clay particles. These surface coatings on other soil particles have high surface area and carry negative charge. The charged sites can adsorb and retain various cations, especially heavy metals (e.g., Cr , Cu , Zn , and Pb ). In addition, the oxides can adsorb organic acids and other compounds. The adsorption of
4366-576: The process has seen widespread use ever since. The invention of the Leclanché cell in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic depolarizer increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with nickel–cadmium and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The zinc–carbon battery and the alkaline battery normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In
4440-400: The range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel . Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes. Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid iron sulfide at the grain boundaries. If
4514-589: The region, and 90 percent of its total area, is the Amazon rainforest . Unexplored forests occupy 70 percent of Amapá, and Tumucumaque Mountains National Park , established in 2002, is the largest tropical forest park in the world. The mouth of the River Oiapoque is the northern end of Brazil's coastline. During the colonial era from 1637 to 1654 the Amapá region was merged into the Captaincy of Pará, which
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#17327684829144588-481: The regions of the Magnetes (either Magnesia , located within modern Greece, or Magnesia ad Sipylum , located within modern Turkey). They were both called magnes from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male magnes attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as lodestone or magnetite , and which probably gave us the term magnet . The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but
4662-415: The same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000 tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose. Copper alloys of manganese, such as Manganin , are commonly found in metal element shunt resistors used for measuring relatively large amounts of current. These alloys have very low temperature coefficient of resistance and are resistant to sulfur. This makes
4736-475: The state is Macapá International Airport . On 12 April 2019 a new terminal was opened replacing an older facility. Following its closure, the old terminal was demolished to make room for an enlarged apron which was completed by 2020. There are two federal highways in Amapá: BR-156 connects Laranjal do Jari , Macapá and Oiapoque . The highway is connected to the road network of French Guiana via
4810-493: The state, there are, as of 2016, 12 protected areas and five indigenous territories covering 10,476,117 hectares (25,887,050 acres), or 72% of the state. The Amapá Biodiversity Corridor has been established in 2003 to provide integrated management for the conservation area. The most important protected areas are the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park located in the west of the state, and
4884-589: The water. The dMn can then travel up to 4,000 km due to the microbial capsules present, preventing exchange with particles, lowing the sinking rates. Dissolved Mn concentrations are even higher when oxygen levels are low. Overall, dMn concentrations are normally higher in coastal regions and decrease when moving offshore. Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn (III,IV), such as MnOOH and MnO 2 . Soil pH and oxidation-reduction conditions affect which of these three forms of Mn
4958-570: The year. In the Köppen climate classification , it is classified under the letters Am . Tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation, and also provides the other climate type located in the state. According to the 2022 census , there were 733,759 people residing in the state, with a population density of 5.1/km . The population of Amapá is highly urbanized, with 93.7% of the population residing primarily in Macapá and Santana . Population growth : 5.7% (1991–2000); Houses : 144,000 (2006). During
5032-552: The yellow represents the Union and its natural resources. The black stands for the deceased who worked for the state, and the white for the will of the state to live in peace and stability. The symbol on the hoist-side represents the Fortress of São José, out of which the state capital grew. Before 1984, the state had a red-white-red flag, based on the flag of Pará , and similar to the flag of Peru . Manganese Manganese
5106-482: Was a large consumer of manganese ores. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (mineral form of manganese dioxide) contained a new element. Johan Gottlieb Gahn isolated an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by reducing the dioxide with carbon . The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making
5180-527: Was subsequently incorporated into the state of Pará , as Araguari after the Araguari River and in 1943 this became the federal territory of Amapá. The discovery of rich manganese deposits in Serra do Navio in 1945 revolutionized the local economy. Manganese remains the largest source of revenue in the state. Amapá's move to statehood was made on 5 October 1988, at the time of the promulgation of
5254-514: Was the Captaincy of Cabo de Norte . In the early colonial period the Amapá region was a rich source of lumber , resins , annatto , vegetable oils, and salted fish , all of which were exported to Europe. The French established sugarcane plantations in this period. With the discovery of mineral deposits the Amapá region was invaded by the British and Dutch , who were ultimately repelled by
5328-572: Was used for British military steel helmets and later by the U.S. military. Manganese is used in production of alloys with aluminium. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to galvanic corrosion . The corrosion-resistant aluminium alloys 3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most beverage cans . Before 2000, more than 1.6 million tonnes of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese. Manganese(IV) oxide
5402-414: Was used in the original type of dry cell battery as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery. The same material also functions in newer alkaline batteries (usually battery cells), which use
5476-438: Was used to decolorize glass. This female magnes was later called magnesia , known now in modern times as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide . Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate
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