A code name , codename , call sign , or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business rivals, or to give names to projects whose marketing name has not yet been determined. Another reason for the use of names and phrases in the military is that they transmit with a lower level of cumulative errors over a walkie-talkie or radio link than actual names.
85-607: Ubuntu Netbook Edition (UNE) , known as Ubuntu Netbook Remix (UNR) prior to the release of Ubuntu 10.04 , is a discontinued version of the Ubuntu operating system (OS) that had been optimized to enable it to work better on netbooks and other devices with small screens or with the Intel Atom CPU . UNE was available starting with Ubuntu release 8.04 ("Hardy Heron"). UNE was also an optional preinstalled operating system on some netbooks, such as Dell Inspiron Mini 10v and
170-497: A marketing buzz for the project). Still others (such as Microsoft ) discuss code names publicly, and routinely use project code names on beta releases and such, but remove them from final product(s). In the case of Windows 95, the code name "CHICAGO" was left embedded in the INF File structure and remained required through Windows Me. At the other end of the spectrum, Apple includes the project code names for Mac OS X as part of
255-453: A "B", cargo aircraft with a "C". Training aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft were grouped under the word "miscellaneous", and received "M". The same convention applies to missiles, with air-launched ground attack missiles beginning with the letter "K" and surface-to-surface missiles (ranging from intercontinental ballistic missiles to antitank rockets) with the letter "S", air-to-air missiles "A", and surface-to-air missiles "G". Throughout
340-482: A "pivotal" role in Soviet air-strategy. Code names were adopted by the following process. Aerial or space reconnaissance would note a new aircraft at a Warsaw Pact airbase. The intelligence units would then assign it a code name consisting of the official abbreviation of the base, then a letter, for example, "Ram-A", signifying an aircraft sighted at Ramenskoye Airport . Missiles were given designations like "TT-5", for
425-429: A Mac OS X rip-off, or worse, get sued by Apple. I believe the fans are divided right now. Some have learned to love the brown color scheme since it uniquely represents Ubuntu, while others wanted change." The naming of Ubuntu 10.10 ( Maverick Meerkat ) was announced by Shuttleworth on 2 April 2010, along with the release's goals of improving the netbook experience and a server focus on hybrid cloud computing. Ubuntu 10.10
510-537: A feature introduced in 11.10, turned on by default. Jesse Smith of DistroWatch reviewed that while many people had questioned Ubuntu's direction, he felt that the "puzzle pieces, which may have been underwhelming individually, have come together to form a whole, clear picture." He wrote that Unity had grown to maturity, was non-traditional but attractive thanks to the HUD feature and reducing mouse travel, while criticizing its lack of flexibility, unsatisfactory performance in
595-958: A graphical configuration tool for X.Org , full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G , and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default. Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10 and Fast user switching was added. Ubuntu 8.04 ( Hardy Heron ), released on 24 April 2008, is Canonical's eighth release of Ubuntu and the second long-term support release. Support ended on 12 May 2011 for desktops and ended on 9 May 2013 for servers. Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration, Brasero disk burner, Transmission BitTorrent client , Vinagre VNC client, system sound through PulseAudio , and Active Directory authentication and login using Likewise Open. In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance, various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of
680-465: A means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices. Ubuntu 6.10 ( Edgy Eft ), released on 26 October 2006, is Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 25 April 2008. Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-Spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu,
765-426: A menu editor ( Alacarte ), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, a new Ubuntu logo in the top-left, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development. Ubuntu 6.06 ( Dapper Drake ), released on 1 June 2006, is Canonical's fourth release of Ubuntu, and the first long-term support (LTS) release. Ubuntu 6.06
850-545: A move designed to save developer time in creating patches and updates. Code name During World War I , names common to the Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by
935-565: A new head-up display (HUD) feature that allows hot key searching for application menu items from the keyboard, without needing the mouse. Shuttleworth claimed that the HUD will ultimately replace menus in Unity applications. This release also switched the default media player from Banshee back to Rhythmbox and dropped the Tomboy note-taking application along with the supporting Mono framework. It also shipped with IPv6 privacy extensions ,
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#17327807640191020-576: A new login screen and also support for both Wacom ( hotplugging ) and netbooks . It also included a new notification system, Notify OSD , and themes . It marked the first time that all of Ubuntu's core development moved to the GNU Bazaar distributed version control system. Ubuntu 9.04 was the first version to support the ARM architecture with native support for ARMv5EL and ARMv6EL-VFP. Ubuntu 9.10 ( Karmic Koala ), released on 29 October 2009,
1105-490: A newer version of GNOME. Every fourth release, occurring in the second quarter of even-numbered years, has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) release. The desktop version of LTS releases for 10.04 and earlier were supported for three years, with server version support for five years. LTS releases 12.04 and newer are freely supported for five years. Through the ESM paid option, support can be extended even longer, up to
1190-680: A number of third parties", and criticized the low performance and instability of the release. In early November, the Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized how the release loaded products from Amazon through HTTP , subject to eavesdropping. Jim Lynch gave a favorable review in December while noting concerns of software bloat . On 17 October 2012, Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 13.04 ( Raring Ringtail ) would focus on "mobile metrics, things like battery life, number of running processes, memory footprint , and polish
1275-493: A slideshow during the installation process (through ubiquity-slideshow) that highlights applications and features in Ubuntu. In an announcement to the community on 20 February 2009, Shuttleworth explained that 9.10 would focus on improvements in cloud computing on the server using Eucalyptus , a new theme, as well as further improvements in boot speed and development of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix . The new theme
1360-422: A statement indicating that this feature is not adware and labelled many of the objections as Fear, uncertainty, and doubt . Regardless, users filed a Launchpad bug report on the feature requesting that it be made a separate lens (mode for the search engine) and not included with general desktop searches for files, directories and applications. The degree of community push-back on the issue resulted in plans by
1445-637: A third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package. Ubuntu 7.04 ( Feisty Fawn ), released on 19 April 2007, is Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 19 October 2008. Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine , assisted codec and restricted drivers installation including Adobe Flash , Java , MP3 support, easier installation of Nvidia and ATI drivers, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access ,
1530-470: A total of ten years for 18.04. The support period for non-LTS releases is 9 months. Prior to 13.04, it had been 18 months. After each version of Ubuntu has reached its end-of-life time, its repositories are removed from the main Ubuntu servers and consequently the mirrors. Older versions of Ubuntu repositories and releases can be found on the old Ubuntu releases website. Ubuntu releases are also given code names , using an adjective and an animal with
1615-465: A virtual machine, and the HUD not working in many applications like LibreOffice. On 23 April 2012, Shuttleworth announced Ubuntu 12.10 ( Quantal Quetzal ) as the first of 4 releases that will culminate in LTS 14.04 and refresh the look, with work to be done on typography and iconography. The release takes its name from the quetzal , a species of Central American birds. It was released on 18 October 2012 and
1700-763: Is Canonical's 11th release of Ubuntu. Support ended in April 2011. The desktop installation of Ubuntu 9.10 replaced Pidgin with Empathy Instant Messenger as its default instant messaging client. The default filesystem is ext4 , and the Ubuntu One client, which interfaces with Canonical's new online storage system, is installed by default. It introduced Grub 2 beta as its default bootloader. It also replaced Add/Remove Programs (gnome-app-install) with Ubuntu Software Center , while Canonical stated their intention to possibly replace Synaptic, Software Sources, Gdebi and Update Manager in Ubuntu 10.04. Karmic Koala also includes
1785-573: Is Canonical's 13th release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 10 April 2012. New features included the new Unity interface for the Netbook Edition, a new default photo manager, Shotwell , replacing F-Spot , the ability to purchase applications in the Software Center, and an official Ubuntu font used by default. The naming of Ubuntu 11.04 ( Natty Narwhal ) was announced on 17 August 2010 by Mark Shuttleworth. Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal
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#17327807640191870-482: Is Canonical's 17th release of the operating system. Support ended on 16 May 2014. The Ubuntu Developer Summit held in May 2012 forecast this release to include an improved boot up sequence and log-in screen, "wrap around" dialogs and toolbars for the head-up display, and a vanilla version of Gnome-Shell as an option while dropping Unity 2D in favor of lower hardware requirements for Unity 3D. It would ship with Python 3 in
1955-546: Is Canonical's ninth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 30 April 2010. Ubuntu 8.10 introduced several new features including improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for Internet connectivity, an Ubuntu Live USB creator and a guest account, which allowed others to use a computer allowing very limited user rights (e.g. accessing the Internet, using software and checking e-mail). The guest account had its own home folder and nothing done on it
2040-427: Is Eucalyptus"; see below. Ubuntu releases are often referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name, e.g. , "Feisty". Ubuntu 4.10 ( Warty Warthog ), released on 20 October 2004, is Canonical's first release of Ubuntu, building upon Debian , with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter. It used the ext3 file system. Support ended on 30 April 2006. Ubuntu 4.10
2125-637: Is a means of identification where the official nomenclature is unknown or uncertain. The policy of recognition reporting names was continued into the Cold War for Soviet, other Warsaw Pact , and Communist Chinese aircraft. Although this was started by the Air Standards Co-ordinating Committee (ASCC) formed by the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, it was extended throughout NATO as
2210-541: Is beautiful, light is ethereal, light brings clarity and comfort. Historical perspective: From 2004–2010, the theme in Ubuntu was "Human". Our tagline was "Linux for Human Beings" and we used a palette reflective of the full range of humanity. Our focus as a project was bringing Linux from the data center into the lives of our friends and global family. The new theme met with mixed critical responses. Ars Technica ' s Ryan Paul said: "The new themes and updated color palette are nice improvement for Ubuntu ... After testing
2295-511: Is considered to be among the first UNE-based distributions, with a focus on the usage of proprietary software like Skype by default and also integrating a set of different standard applications and drivers. The minimum requirements are a Intel Atom CPU of at least 1.6 GHz, 512MB RAM and 4GB storage. Ubuntu Netbook Edition was officially shipped with the following netbooks: Ubuntu version history#1004 Ubuntu releases are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd , its developers, using
2380-506: Is the 22nd release of Ubuntu, and used systemd instead of Upstart by default. Jesse Smith of DistroWatch praised the stability of the release, especially amid the switch to systemd. This release also featured locally integrated menus by default, replacing the previous default global menus. This release included modest improvements in Intel Haswell graphics performance and bigger improvements for AMD Radeon graphics cards using
2465-447: Is to never have to report to anyone that their son "was killed in an operation called 'Bunnyhug' or 'Ballyhoo'." Presently, British forces tend to use one-word names, presumably in keeping with their post-World War II policy of reserving single words for operations and two-word names for exercises. British operation code names are usually randomly generated by a computer and rarely reveal its components or any political implications unlike
2550-480: The Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc, a graphical installer on Live CD ( Ubiquity ), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files . Ubuntu 6.06 did not include
2635-677: The Mir display server , with X11 programs to have operated through the XMir compatibility layer . However, after the development of XMir ran into "outstanding technical difficulties" for multiple monitors, Canonical decided to postpone the default use of Mir in Ubuntu. Mir was still be released as the default display server for Ubuntu Touch 13.10. Joey Sneddon of OMG Ubuntu criticized the new Smart Scopes feature, noting that internet search engines turn in more useful and better organized results and recommended selectively disabling individual scopes to reduce
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2720-698: The NATO reporting name for aircraft, rockets and missiles. These names were considered by the Soviets as being like a nickname given to one's unit by the opponents in a battle. The Soviets did not like the Sukhoi Su-25 getting the code name " Frogfoot ". However, some names were appropriate, such as "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 , or, most famously, "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan MiG-29 , which had
2805-460: The Rhine ) was deliberately named to suggest the opposite of its purpose – a defensive "watch" as opposed to a massive blitzkrieg operation, just as was Operation Weserübung ( Weser -exercise), which signified the plans to invade Norway and Denmark in April 1940. Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to
2890-693: The Toshiba NB100, and also ran on popular models such as the Acer Aspire One and the Asus Eee PC . Canonical Ltd. , the developers of Ubuntu, collaborated with the Moblin project to ensure optimization for lower hardware requirements and longer battery life. Beginning with version 10.10, Ubuntu Netbook Edition used the Unity desktop as its desktop interface. The classic netbook interface
2975-611: The USAAF , invented a system for the identification of Japanese military aircraft. Initially using short, " hillbilly " boys' names such as " Pete ", " Jake ", and " Rufe ", the system was later extended to include girls' names and names of trees and birds, and became widely used by the Allies throughout the Pacific theater of war. This type of naming scheme differs from the other use of code names in that it does not have to be kept secret, but
3060-523: The tablet interface, specifically the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets. Ubuntu 14.04 reintroduced the ability to turn off the global menu system and use locally integrated menus instead for individual applications. Other features included a Unity 8 developers' preview, new mobile applications, a redesigned Startup Disk Creator tool, a new forked version of the GNOME Control Center called
3145-626: The American names (e.g., the 2003 invasion of Iraq was called "Operation Telic" compared to Americans' "Operation Iraqi Freedom", obviously chosen for propaganda rather than secrecy). Americans prefer two-word names, whereas the Canadians and Australians use either. The French military currently prefer names drawn from nature (such as colors or the names of animals), for instance Opération Daguet ("brocket deer") or Opération Baliste ("Triggerfish"). The CIA uses alphabetical prefixes to designate
3230-559: The Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the War Office . This procedure was coordinated with the United States when it entered the war . Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be reassigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from
3315-640: The Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names ( Jubilee , Frankton ). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name Overlord was personally chosen by Winston Churchill himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions. Winston Churchill was particular about the quality of code names. He insisted that code words, especially for dangerous operations, would be not overly grand nor petty nor common. One emotional goal he mentions
3400-602: The US (just across the Bering Strait from Nome, Alaska). The names of colors are generally avoided in American practice to avoid confusion with meteorological reporting practices. Britain, in contrast, made deliberately non-meaningful use of them, through the system of rainbow codes . Although German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, in 1942, Captain Frank T. McCoy, an intelligence officer of
3485-639: The Ubuntu 12.10 image would not fit on a compact disc. However, a third-party project has created a version of Ubuntu 12.10 that fits on a CD with LZMA2 compression instead of the DEFLATE compression used on the official Ubuntu DVD image. In the same month, it was announced that the version of Unity to be shipped with Ubuntu 12.10 would by default include searches from Amazon.com for searched terms. This move caused immediate controversy among Ubuntu users, particularly with regard to privacy issues and European Directive 95/46/EC , and caused Shuttleworth to issue
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3570-415: The Ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication. Beginning with Ubuntu 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding . Ubuntu 5.10 ( Breezy Badger ), released on 12 October 2005, is Canonical's third release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 13 April 2007. Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader ( Usplash ), an Add/Remove Applications tool,
3655-509: The United States code names are commonly set entirely in upper case. This is not done in other countries, though for the UK in British documents the code name is in upper case while operation is shortened to OP e.g., "Op. TELIC". This presents an opportunity for a bit of public-relations ( Operation Just Cause ), or for controversy over the naming choice (Operation Infinite Justice, renamed Operation Enduring Freedom ). Computers are now used to aid in
3740-503: The Unity Control Center, and default SSD TRIM support. GNOME 3.10 is installed by default. In reviewing Ubuntu 14.04 LTS in April 2014, Jim Lynch concluded: "While there are not a lot of amazing new features in this release, there are quite a few very useful and needed tweaks that add up to a much better desktop experience. Canonical's designers seem to be listening to Ubuntu users again, and they seem willing to make
3825-576: The Unity interface, the netbook edition was rolled into the general Ubuntu distribution starting with Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal and the netbook edition was discontinued as a separate distribution. Dell Ubuntu Netbook Edition is built specifically for the hardware profile of the Inspiron Mini 9, and is also available for the Inspiron Mini 12. It includes a custom built interface and launcher as well as non-free codecs such as MPEG-4 and MP3 . It began shipping on September 22, 2008. EasyPeasy
3910-418: The addition of Sudoku and chess , a disk usage analyzer ( baobab ), GNOME Control Center, and zeroconf support for many devices. Ubuntu 7.10 ( Gutsy Gibbon ), released on 18 October 2007, is Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 18 April 2009. Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework, fast desktop search , a Firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox),
3995-403: The available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an aptronym or backronym , although policy was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major conference meetings had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had a number as part of their meaning, e.g., the third meeting
4080-488: The changes necessary to give the users what they want." Scott Gilbertson of Ars Technica stated, "Ubuntu is one of the most polished desktops around, certainly the most polished in the Linux world, but in many ways that polish is increasingly skin deep at the expense of some larger usability issues, which continue to go unaddressed release after release." On 23 April 2014 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 14.10 would carry
4165-463: The classic GNOME desktop as a fall back to Unity. Instead, 11.10 included a 2D version of Unity as a fallback for computers that lacked the hardware resources for the Compiz -based 3D version. Shuttleworth also confirmed that Unity in Ubuntu 11.10 would run as a shell for GNOME 3 on top of GNOME 3 libraries, unlike in Ubuntu 11.04 where it ran as a shell for GNOME 2. Meanwhile, users were able to install
4250-404: The desktop version of Ubuntu 10.04 until 9 May 2013 and for the server version until 30 April 2015. The release included improved support for Nvidia proprietary graphics drivers while switching to the open source Nvidia graphics driver, Nouveau , by default. Plymouth was also introduced, allowing boot animations. It also included a video editor for the first time by including Pitivi . GIMP
4335-551: The developers to make "conservative choices". This version, the 20th release of Ubuntu, was released on 17 April 2014. Support ended on 25 April 2019, after which extended security maintenance was available to Ubuntu Advantage customers for two more years. However, in September 2021, Canonical announced that it would extend LTS support for the 14.04 and 16.04 to a total of 10 years, extending ESM support for 14.04 until April 2024. The development cycle for this release focused on
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#17327807640194420-408: The developers to make the dash and where it searches user-configurable via a GUI-setting dialogue. Despite concerns that the setting dialogue would not make the release, it was completed and is present in 12.10. In reviewing Ubuntu 12.10 at the end of October 2012 for DistroWatch , Jesse Smith raised concerns that "Canonical reserves the right to share our keystrokes, search terms and IP address with
4505-494: The entire GNOME 3 stack along with GNOME Shell directly from the Ubuntu repositories. During the development cycle there were many changes to Unity, including the placement of the Ubuntu button on the left Launcher instead of on the top Panel, the autohiding of the window controls (and the global menu) on maximized windows, and the introduction of window controls and more transparency into the Dash search utility. In May 2011, it
4590-810: The fifth rocket seen at Tyura-Tam . When more information resulted in knowing a bit about what a missile was used for, it would be given a designation like "SS-6", for the sixth surface-to-surface missile design reported. Finally, when either an aircraft or a missile was able to be photographed with a hand-held camera, instead of a reconnaissance aircraft, it was given a name like " Flanker " or " Scud " – always an English word, as international pilots worldwide are required to learn English. The Soviet manufacturer or designation – which may be mistakenly inferred by NATO – has nothing to do with it. Jet-powered aircraft received two-syllable names like Foxbat , while propeller aircraft were designated with short names like Bull . Fighter names began with an "F", bombers with
4675-498: The idea that "light" is a good value in software. Good software is "light" in the sense that it uses your resources efficiently, runs quickly, and can easily be reshaped as needed. Ubuntu represents a break with the bloatware of proprietary operating systems and an opportunity to delight to those who use computers for work and play. More and more of our communications are powered by light, and in future, our processing power will depend on our ability to work with light, too. Visually, light
4760-468: The image and Python 2 available via the "Python" package, the PAE switched on by default in the kernel, Ubuntu Web Apps , a means of running Web applications directly from the desktop without having to open a browser, Nautilus 3.4 as its file manager to retain features deleted from later versions, and a new combined user, session and system menu. In September 2012, Canonical's Kate Stewart announced that
4845-545: The mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the Live CD that allows Ubuntu to be installed as a single file on a Windows hard drive without the need to repartition the disk. The first version of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix was also introduced. Ubuntu 8.10 ( Intrepid Ibex ), released on 30 October 2008,
4930-411: The name Utopic Unicorn . This version is the 21st release, officially characterized as a release that addressed "bug fixes and incremental quality improvements". It was released on 23 October, having only minor updates to the kernel, Unity Desktop, and included packages. On 20 October 2014, Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 15.04 would be named Vivid Vervet . It was released on 23 April 2015. It
5015-542: The new theme for several hours, I feel like it's a step forward, but it still falls a bit short of my expectations." One aspect of controversy from the new design was the placement of the window-control buttons on the left instead of on the right side of the windows. TechSource's Jun Auza expressed concern that the new theme was too close to that used by Apple's Mac OS X : "I think Ubuntu is having an identity crisis right now and should seriously consider changing several things in terms of look and feel to avoid being branded as
5100-679: The noise factor. Jim Lynch of Linux Desktop Reviews described the release as "boring" and the Smart Scopes feature as "very useful". In its year-end Readers Choice Awards , Linux Journal readers voted Ubuntu as Best Linux Distribution and Best Desktop Distribution for 2013. Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that by Ubuntu 14.04, Ubuntu would support smartphones, tablets, TVs and smart screens. On 18 October 2013, Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 14.04 ( Trusty Tahr ) would focus on "performance, refinement, maintainability, [ sic ] technical debt " and encouraged
5185-428: The open-source Radeon R600 and RadeonSI Gallium3D drivers. Shuttleworth announced on 4 May 2015 that Ubuntu 15.10 would be called Wily Werewolf . He initially expressed hope that the release would include the Mir display server, but it was released on 22 October 2015 without Mir. It is the 23rd release of Ubuntu, and eliminated the disappearing window edge scrollbars in favour of the upstream GNOME scrollbars,
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#17327807640195270-507: The part of the agency supporting an operation. In many cases with the United States, the first word of the name has to do with the intent of the program. Programs with "have" as the first word, such as Have Blue for the stealth fighter development, are developmental programs, not meant to produce a production aircraft. Programs that start with Senior, such as Senior Trend for the F-117, are for aircraft in testing meant to enter production. In
5355-487: The rough edges that we find when we do that." It was released on 25 April 2013, and support ended on 27 January 2014. The Wubi installer for Windows was dropped due to its incompatibility with Windows 8 and general lack of support and development. It included Unity 7, which had many performance improvements, and searching of photos and social media posts from the Dash. On 23 April 2013, Ubuntu 13.10 ( Saucy Salamander )
5440-496: The same first letter – an alliteration , e.g. , "Dapper Drake". With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, and except for the first three releases, the first letters are sequential, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. As of Ubuntu 17.10, however, the initial letter "rolled over" and returned to "A". Names are occasionally chosen so that animal appearance or habits reflects some new feature, e.g. , "Koala's favourite leaf
5525-452: The selection. And further, there is a distinction between the secret names during former wars and the published names of recent ones. A project code name is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or acronym) which is given to a project being developed by industry , academia , government, and other concerns. Project code names are typically used for several reasons: Different organizations have different policies regarding
5610-544: The server version, this release was supported for five years for both versions, and support ended on 28 April 2017. Canonical continued to offer extended security maintenance to Advantage customers for an additional two years. Changes in this release include cutting the startup time for the Ubuntu Software Center by around 10 seconds, refinements to Unity that included the removal of the "window dodge" feature that made desktop panels hide from windows, and
5695-716: The uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the V-2 was called Operation Crossbow . The atomic bomb project centered in New Mexico was called the Manhattan Project , derived from the Manhattan Engineer District which managed the program. The code name for the American A-12 / SR-71 spy plane project, producing the fastest, highest-flying aircraft in the world,
5780-438: The use and publication of project code names. Some companies take great pains to never discuss or disclose project code names outside of the company (other than with outside entities who have a need to know, and typically are bound with a non-disclosure agreement ). Other companies never use them in official or formal communications, but widely disseminate project code names through informal channels (often in an attempt to create
5865-479: The year and month of the release as a version number . The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004. Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month (or even year) than planned, the version number will change accordingly. Canonical schedules Ubuntu releases to occur approximately one month after GNOME releases, resulting in each Ubuntu release including
5950-612: Was Oxcart . The American group that planned that country's first ICBM was called the Teapot Committee . Although the word could stand for a menace to shipping (in this case, that of Japan), the American code name for the attack on the subtropical island of Okinawa in World War II was Operation Iceberg . The Soviet Union's project to base missiles in Cuba was named Operation Anadyr after their closest bomber base to
6035-555: Was "TRIDENT". Joseph Stalin , whose last name means "man of steel", was given the name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone". Ewen Montagu , a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in Beyond Top Secret Ultra that during World War II , Nazi Germany habitually used ad hoc code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function. Some German code names: Conversely, Operation Wacht am Rhein (Watch on
6120-476: Was added as Ubuntu's backup program. Mozilla Thunderbird replaced the GNOME Evolution email client. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS ( Precise Pangolin ) is Canonical's 16th release of Ubuntu and its fourth long-term support (LTS) release, released on 26 April 2012. It is named after the pangolin anteater. While previous LTS releases have been supported for three years for the desktop version and five years for
6205-483: Was announced by Mark Shuttleworth, and it was released on 17 October 2013, is Canonical's 19th release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 17 July 2014. Consideration was given to changing the default browser from Mozilla Firefox to Chromium , but problems with updates to Ubuntu's Chromium package caused developers to retain Firefox for this release. Similarly, the aging X Window System (X11) was intended to be replaced with
6290-561: Was announced that Pitivi would be no longer part of the Ubuntu ISO, starting with Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot. The reasons given for removing it included poor user reception, lack of fit with the default user-case for Ubuntu, lack of polish and the application's lack of development maturity. Other changes included the removal of the Synaptic package manager, and removing Computer Janitor, as it caused broken systems for users. Déjà Dup
6375-410: Was available in Ubuntu's software repositories as an option. Because Ubuntu's desktop edition has moved to the same Unity interface as the netbook edition, starting with Ubuntu 11.04 , the netbook edition was merged into the desktop edition. UNE could be installed in several ways: Starting with UNE 10.10, the interface was switched to Unity. Due to the desktop version of Ubuntu also being changed to
6460-532: Was defined as, "a trivially fixable usability bug that the average user would encounter on his/her first day of using a brand new installation of the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop Edition." Shuttleworth first announced Ubuntu 10.04 ( Lucid Lynx ) on 19 September 2009 at the Atlanta Linux Fest before it was released on 29 April 2010. It is Canonical's 12th release of Ubuntu and its third long-term support (LTS) release. Canonical provided support for
6545-512: Was later delayed to version 10.04, and only minor revisions were made to the default theme. Other graphical improvements included a new set of boot up and shutdown splash screens, a new login screen with a new transition into the desktop and greatly improved performance on Intel graphics chip-sets. In June 2009, Canonical created the One Hundred Paper Cuts project, focusing developers to fix minor usability issues. A "paper cut"
6630-448: Was merged into the desktop edition. Jesse Smith of DistroWatch criticized the instability of the release. The naming of Ubuntu 11.10 ( Oneiric Ocelot ) was announced on 7 March 2011 by Mark Shuttleworth. He explained that Oneiric means "dreamy". Ubuntu 11.10 was released on 13 October 2011. It is Canonical's 15th release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 9 May 2013. In April 2011, Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 11.10 would not include
6715-621: Was offered as a free download and, through Canonical's ShipIt service, was also mailed to users free of charge in CD format. Ubuntu 5.04 ( Hoary Hedgehog ), released on 8 April 2005, is Canonical's second release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 31 October 2006. Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features and packages including installation from USB devices, the Update Manager , an upgrade notifier, readahead , grepmap, suspend, hibernating and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors,
6800-469: Was released behind schedule, having been intended as 6.04. It is sometimes jokingly described as their first "Late To Ship" (LTS) release. Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June, making it 6.06 instead. Support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers. Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features, including having
6885-577: Was released on 10 October 2010 (10.10.10) at around 10:10 UTC. This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get "the perfect 10", and a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , since, in binary , 101010 is equal to the number 42 , the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series. It
6970-409: Was released on 23 April 2009, is Canonical's tenth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 23 October 2010. New features included faster boot time and integration of web services and applications into the desktop interface. Because of that, they named it after the mythical jackalope . It was the first release named after a mythical animal, the second being Utopic Unicorn. It had a new usplash screen,
7055-542: Was released on 28 April 2011. It is Canonical's 14th release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 28 October 2012. Ubuntu 11.04 used the Unity user interface instead of GNOME 2 as default. The move to Unity was controversial as some GNOME developers feared it would fracture the community and marginalize GNOME Shell. Ubuntu 11.04 employed Banshee as the default music player, replacing Rhythmbox . Other new applications included OpenStack , Firefox 4 , and LibreOffice , which replaced OpenOffice.org . The Ubuntu Netbook Edition
7140-449: Was replaced with F-Spot due to the former's complexity and file size. The distribution also included integrated interfaces for posting to social media. On 4 March 2010 it was announced that Lucid Lynx would feature a new theme, including new logos, taking Ubuntu's new visual style into account: The new style in Ubuntu is inspired by the idea of "Light". We're drawn to Light, because it denotes both warmth and clarity, and intrigued by
7225-417: Was stored permanently on the computer's hard disk. Intrepid Ibex also included an encrypted private directory for users, the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support , a tool that allows kernel drivers to be automatically rebuilt when new kernels are released, and support for creating USB flash drive images. On 24 October 2008. Ubuntu 9.04 ( Jaunty Jackalope ) was announced by Mark Shuttleworth, and it
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