Ubykh is an extinct Northwest Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people, a subgroup of Circassians who originally inhabited the eastern coast of the Black Sea before being deported en masse to the Ottoman Empire in the Circassian genocide .
56-575: Ubykh may refer to: Ubykh language Ubykh people Ubykhia , a historical land of Ubykhs Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ubykh . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubykh&oldid=860116347 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
112-482: A , which is used for personal nouns; so, " a Pita " means "Peter". In Māori, when the personal nouns have the definite or indefinite article as an important part of it, both articles are present; for example, the phrase " a Te Rauparaha ", which contains both the proper article a and the definite article Te refers to the person name Te Rauparaha . The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names, which are already specified by definition (there
168-555: A class of determiner ; they are used in French and Italian in addition to definite and indefinite articles. (In Finnish and Estonian , the partitive is indicated by inflection.) The nearest equivalent in English is some , although it is classified as a determiner , and English uses it less than French uses de . Haida has a partitive article (suffixed -gyaa ) referring to "part of something or... to one or more objects of
224-678: A definite article (which has survived into Modern Greek and which bears strong functional resemblance to the German definite article, which it is related to), the earlier Homeric Greek used this article largely as a pronoun or demonstrative, whereas the earliest known form of Greek known as Mycenaean Greek did not have any articles. Articles developed independently in several language families. Not all languages have both definite and indefinite articles, and some languages have different types of definite and indefinite articles to distinguish finer shades of meaning: for example, French and Italian have
280-624: A determiner. In English, the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with plurals and mass nouns , although the word "some" can be used as an indefinite plural article. Articles are found in many Indo-European languages , Semitic languages (only the definite article) , and Polynesian languages ; however, they are formally absent from many of the world's major languages including Chinese , Japanese , Korean , Mongolian , many Turkic languages (including Tatar , Bashkir , Tuvan and Chuvash ), many Uralic languages (incl. Finnic and Saami languages ), Hindi-Urdu , Punjabi , Tamil ,
336-408: A given group or category," e.g., tluugyaa uu hal tlaahlaang "he is making a boat (a member of the category of boats)." A negative article specifies none of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite. On the other hand, some consider such a word to be a simple determiner rather than an article. In English, this function is fulfilled by no , which can appear before
392-458: A move in the other direction occurred with The Gambia . In certain languages, such as French and Italian, definite articles are used with all or most names of countries: la France , le Canada , l'Allemagne ; l'Italia , la Spagna , il Brasile . If a name [has] a definite article, e.g. the Kremlin , it cannot idiomatically be used without it: we cannot say Boris Yeltsin
448-481: A particular man. The word he , which is the indefinite article in Tokelauan, is used to describe ‘any such item’, and is encountered most often with negatives and interrogatives. An example of the use of he as an indefinite article is “ Vili ake oi k'aumai he toki ”, where ‘ he toki ’ mean ‘ an axe ’. The use of he and te in Tokelauan are reserved for when describing a singular noun. However, when describing
504-447: A partitive article used for indefinite mass nouns , whereas Colognian has two distinct sets of definite articles indicating focus and uniqueness, and Macedonian uses definite articles in a demonstrative sense, with a tripartite distinction (proximal, medial, distal) based on distance from the speaker or interlocutor. The words this and that (and their plurals, these and those ) can be understood in English as, ultimately, forms of
560-406: A plural noun, different articles are used. For plural definite nouns, rather than te , the article nā is used. ‘ Vili ake oi k'aumai nā nofoa ’ in Tokelauan would translate to “ Do run and bring me the chairs ” in English. There are some special cases in which instead of using nā , plural definite nouns have no article before them. The absence of an article is represented by 0 . One way that it
616-402: A separate directional preverb meaning 'towards the speaker': /j/ -, which occupies a separate slot in the verbal complex. However, preverbs can have meanings that would take up entire phrases in English. The preverb /jtɕʷʼɐ/ - signifies 'on the earth' or 'in the earth', for instance: /ʁɜdjɜ ɐjtɕʷʼɐnɐɬqʼɜ/ ('they buried his body'; literally, "they put his body in the earth"). Even more narrowly,
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#1732764974123672-537: A singular or plural noun: In German , the negative article is, among other variations, kein , in opposition to the indefinite article ein . The equivalent in Dutch is geen : The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite article, the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite. Linguists interested in X-bar theory causally link zero articles to nouns lacking
728-439: Is /ɐ/ (e.g. /ɐtɨt/ 'the man'). There is no indefinite article directly equivalent to the English a or an , but /zɜ/ -(root)- /ɡʷɜrɜ/ (literally 'one'-(root)-'certain') translates French un : e.g. /zɜnɜjnʃʷɡʷɜrɜ/ ('a certain young man'). Number is only marked on the noun in the ergative case, with - /nɜ/ . The number marking of the absolutive argument is either by suppletive verb roots (e.g. /ɐkʷɨn blɜs/ 'he
784-650: Is just one of them). For example: the Amazon, the Hebrides . In these cases, the definite article may be considered superfluous. Its presence can be accounted for by the assumption that they are shorthand for a longer phrase in which the name is a specifier, i.e. the Amazon River , the Hebridean Islands . Where the nouns in such longer phrases cannot be omitted, the definite article is universally kept:
840-504: Is stalas , the white table. Languages in the above table written in italics are constructed languages and are not natural, that is to say that they have been purposefully invented by an individual (or group of individuals) with some purpose in mind. When using a definite article in Tokelauan language , unlike in some languages like English, if the speaker is speaking of an item, they need not have referred to it previously as long as
896-626: Is also a free particle corresponding to each: Pronominal benefactives are also part of the verbal complex, marked with the preverb /χʲɜ/ -, but a benefactive cannot normally appear on a verb that has three agreement prefixes already. Gender only appears as part of the second person paradigm, and then only at the speaker's discretion. The feminine second person index is /χɜ/ -, which behaves like other pronominal prefixes: /wɨsχʲɜntʷɨn/ ('he gives [it] to you [normal; gender-neutral] for me'), but compare /χɜsχʲɜntʷɨn/ 'he gives [it] to you [feminine] for me'). Oblique 1 markers are limited to marking
952-443: Is an article that marks a definite noun phrase . Definite articles, such as the English the , are used to refer to a particular member of a group. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be otherwise something uniquely specified. For example, Sentence 1 uses the definite article and thus, expresses a request for a particular book. In contrast, Sentence 2 uses an indefinite article and thus, conveys that
1008-615: Is considered to be a Germanism . The definite article sometimes appears in American English nicknames such as "the Donald", referring to former president Donald Trump , and "the Gipper", referring to former president Ronald Reagan . A partitive article is a type of article, sometimes viewed as a type of indefinite article, used with a mass noun such as water , to indicate a non-specific quantity of it. Partitive articles are
1064-447: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Ubykh language The Ubykh language is ergative and polysynthetic , with a high degree of agglutination , with polypersonal verbal agreement and a very large number of distinct consonants but only two phonemically distinct vowels . With around eighty consonants, it has one of
1120-580: Is distinguished by the following features, some of which are shared with other Northwest Caucasian languages: Ubykh has 84 phonemic consonants, a record high amongst languages without click consonants , but only 3 phonemic vowels. Four of these consonants are found only in loanwords and onomatopoeiae . There are nine basic places of articulation for the consonants and extensive use of secondary articulation, such that Ubykh has 20 different uvular phonemes. Ubykh distinguishes three types of postalveolar consonants : apical, laminal, and laminal closed. Regarding
1176-632: Is in Kremlin . Some languages use definite articles with personal names , as in Portuguese ( a Maria , literally: "the Maria"), Greek ( η Μαρία , ο Γιώργος , ο Δούναβης , η Παρασκευή ), and Catalan ( la Núria , el / en Oriol ). Such usage also occurs colloquially or dialectally in Spanish , German , French , Italian and other languages. In Hungarian , the colloquial use of definite articles with personal names, though widespread,
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#17327649741231232-519: Is in the car' vs. /ɐkʷɨn blɜʒʷɜ/ 'they are in the car') or by verb suffixes: /ɐkʲʼɜn/ ('he goes'), /ɐkʲʼɐn/ ('they go'). The second person plural prefix /ɕʷ/ - triggers this plural suffix regardless of whether that prefix represents the ergative, the absolutive, or an oblique argument : Note that, in this last sentence, the plurality of it ( /ɐ/ -) is obscured; the meaning can be either 'You all give it to me' or 'You all give them to me'. Adjectives , in most cases, are simply suffixed to
1288-404: Is limited, and mainly show location and direction . The number of determinants is also limited, but the class is more open ; some determinant prefixes include /tʃɜ/ - ('with regard to a horse') and /ɬɜ/ - ('with regard to the foot or base of an object'). For simple locations, there are a number of possibilities that can be encoded with preverbs, including (but not limited to): There is also
1344-414: Is unknown or unimportant. Indefinites also have predicative uses: Indefinite noun phrases are widely studied within linguistics, in particular because of their ability to take exceptional scope . A proper article indicates that its noun is proper , and refers to a unique entity. It may be the name of a person, the name of a place, the name of a planet, etc. The Māori language has the proper article
1400-412: Is usually used is if a large amount or a specific class of things are being described. Occasionally, such as if one was describing an entire class of things in a nonspecific fashion, the singular definite noun te would is used. In English, ‘ Ko te povi e kai mutia ’ means “ Cows eat grass ”. Because this is a general statement about cows, te is used instead of nā . The ko serves as a preposition to
1456-582: The Baltic languages , the majority of Slavic languages , the Bantu languages (incl. Swahili ). In some languages that do have articles, such as some North Caucasian languages , the use of articles is optional; however, in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases. Linguists believe the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages , Proto-Indo-European , did not have articles. Most of
1512-427: The , or it could also translate to the English indefinite article a . An example of how the definite article te can be used as an interchangeable definite or indefinite article in the Tokelauan language would be the sentence “ Kua hau te tino ”. In the English language, this could be translated as “ A man has arrived ” or “ The man has arrived ” where using te as the article in this sentence can represent any man or
1568-524: The Basque speakers"). Speakers of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic , a modern Aramaic language that lacks a definite article, may at times use demonstratives aha and aya (feminine) or awa (masculine) – which translate to "this" and " that ", respectively – to give the sense of "the". In Indonesian , the third person possessive suffix -nya could be also used as a definite article. Indefinite articles typically arise from adjectives meaning one . For example,
1624-467: The Northumbrian dialect), or þæt (neuter). The neuter form þæt also gave rise to the modern demonstrative that . The ye occasionally seen in pseudo-archaic usage such as " Ye Olde Englishe Tea Shoppe" is actually a form of þe , where the letter thorn ( þ ) came to be written as a y . Multiple demonstratives can give rise to multiple definite articles. Macedonian , for example, in which
1680-703: The United States , the People's Republic of China . This distinction can sometimes become a political matter: the former usage the Ukraine stressed the word's Russian meaning of "borderlands"; as Ukraine became a fully independent state following the collapse of the Soviet Union , it requested that formal mentions of its name omit the article. Similar shifts in usage have occurred in the names of Sudan and both Congo (Brazzaville) and Congo (Kinshasa) ;
1736-667: The affix /-ɜw-/ . /ʃɜwtʃɨ/ /ʃ(ɨ)-ɜw-tʃɨ/ 1 . POSS - PL -horse /ʃɜwtʃɨ/ /ʃ(ɨ)-ɜw-tʃɨ/ 1.POSS-PL-horse Our horses A past – present – future distinction of verb tense exists (the suffixes - /qʼɜ/ and - /ɜwt/ represent past and future) and an imperfective aspect suffix is also found (- /jtʼ/ , which can combine with tense suffixes). Dynamic and stative verbs are contrasted, as in Arabic , and verbs have several nominal forms. Morphological causatives are not uncommon. The conjunctions /ɡʲɨ/ ('and') and /ɡʲɨlɜ/ ('but') are usually given with verb suffixes, but there
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1792-425: The agreement of a noun before a relational preverb and Oblique 2 markers are used for not only marking agreement with local and directional preverbs but also the simple oblique, or dative, arguments. The second-person /χɜ/- is an archaic pronoun used to indicate that the person being referred to is a female, or heckling the speaker in some way. Dynamic Ubykh verbs are split up in two groups: Group I which contain
1848-651: The article. Some languages (such as the continental North Germanic languages , Bulgarian or Romanian ) have definite articles only as suffixes . An indefinite article is an article that marks an indefinite noun phrase . Indefinite articles are those such as English " a " or "an", which do not refer to a specific identifiable entity. Indefinites are commonly used to introduce a new discourse referent which can be referred back to in subsequent discussion: Indefinites can also be used to generalize over entities who have some property in common: Indefinites can also be used to refer to specific entities whose precise identity
1904-492: The articles are suffixed, has столот ( stolot ), the chair; столов ( stolov ), this chair; and столон ( stolon ), that chair. These derive from the Proto-Slavic demonstratives *tъ "this, that", *ovъ "this here" and *onъ "that over there, yonder" respectively. Colognian prepositions articles such as in dat Auto , or et Auto , the car; the first being specifically selected, focused, newly introduced, while
1960-574: The aspects that exist within the Ubykh tense system. They are: habitual, iterative, exhaustive, excessive, and potential. A speaker may combine one of these aspects with another to convey more complex aspects in conjunction with the tenses. A few meanings covered in English by adverbs or auxiliary verbs are given in Ubykh by verb suffixes: Questions may be marked grammatically, using verb suffixes or prefixes: Other types of questions, involving
2016-439: The default definite article, whereas the proximal form (with infix -o- , derived from the proximal demonstrative hau-/hon- ) is marked and indicates some kind of (spatial or otherwise) close relationship between the speaker and the referent (e.g., it may imply that the speaker is included in the referent): etxeak ("the houses") vs. etxeok ("these houses [of ours]"), euskaldunak ("the Basque speakers") vs. euskaldunok ("we,
2072-779: The definite article the (whose declension in Old English included thaes , an ancestral form of this/that and these/those). In many languages, the form of the article may vary according to the gender , number , or case of its noun. In some languages the article may be the only indication of the case. Many languages do not use articles at all, and may use other ways of indicating old versus new information, such as topic–comment constructions. Plural: -ene, -ne (all suffixes) एउटा , एउटी , एक , अनेक , कुनै Plural: -ene, -a (all suffixes) Plural: -ane, -ene, -a (all suffixes) Plural: -na, -a, -en (all suffixes) The following examples show articles which are always suffixed to
2128-450: The definite article": Definite articles (Stage I) evolve from demonstratives, and in turn can become generic articles (Stage II) that may be used in both definite and indefinite contexts, and later merely noun markers (Stage III) that are part of nouns other than proper names and more recent borrowings. Eventually articles may evolve anew from demonstratives. Definite articles typically arise from demonstratives meaning that . For example,
2184-522: The definite articles in most Romance languages —e.g., el , il , le , la , lo, a, o — derive from the Latin demonstratives ille (masculine), illa (feminine) and illud (neuter). The English definite article the , written þe in Middle English , derives from an Old English demonstrative, which, according to gender , was written se (masculine), seo (feminine) ( þe and þeo in
2240-403: The grammatical definiteness of the noun phrase, but in many languages, they carry additional grammatical information such as gender , number , and case . Articles are part of a broader category called determiners , which also include demonstratives , possessive determiners , and quantifiers . In linguistic interlinear glossing , articles are abbreviated as ART . A definite article
2296-526: The indefinite articles in the Romance languages —e.g., un , una , une —derive from the Latin adjective unus . Partitive articles, however, derive from Vulgar Latin de illo , meaning (some) of the . The English indefinite article an is derived from the same root as one . The -n came to be dropped before consonants, giving rise to the shortened form a . The existence of both forms has led to many cases of juncture loss , for example transforming
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2352-401: The item is specific. This is also true when it comes to the reference of a specific person. So, although the definite article used to describe a noun in the Tokelauan language is te , it can also translate to the indefinite article in languages that requires the item being spoken of to have been referenced prior. When translating to English, te could translate to the English definite article
2408-498: The languages in this family do not have definite or indefinite articles: there is no article in Latin or Sanskrit , nor in some modern Indo-European languages, such as the families of Slavic languages (except for Bulgarian and Macedonian , which are rather distinctive among the Slavic languages in their grammar, and some Northern Russian dialects ), Baltic languages and many Indo-Aryan languages . Although Classical Greek had
2464-456: The largest inventories of consonants in the world, and the largest number for any language without clicks . The name Ubykh is derived from Убых ( /wɨbɨx/ ), from Убыхыбзэ , its name in the Adyghe language . It is known in linguistic literature by many names: variants of Ubykh, such as Ubikh , Oubykh ( French ); and its Germanised variant Päkhy (from Ubykh /tʷɜχɨ/ ). Ubykh
2520-407: The latter is not selected, unfocused, already known, general, or generic. Standard Basque distinguishes between proximal and distal definite articles in the plural (dialectally, a proximal singular and an additional medial grade may also be present). The Basque distal form (with infix -a- , etymologically a suffixed and phonetically reduced form of the distal demonstrative har-/hai- ) functions as
2576-414: The noun: Examples of prefixed definite articles: A different way, limited to the definite article, is used by Latvian and Lithuanian . The noun does not change but the adjective can be defined or undefined. In Latvian: galds , a table / the table; balt s galds , a white table; balt ais galds , the white table. In Lithuanian: stalas , a table / the table; balt as stalas , a white table; baltas
2632-552: The noun: /tʃɨbʒɨjɜ/ ('pepper') with /pɬɨ/ ('red') becomes /tʃɨbʒɨjɜpɬɨ/ ('red pepper'). Adjectives do not decline . Postpositions are rare; most locative semantic functions, as well as some non-local ones, are provided with preverbal elements: /ɐsχʲɜwtxqʼɜ/ ('you wrote it for me'). However, there are a few postpositions: /sɨʁʷɜ sɨɡʲɐtɕʼ/ ('like me'), /ɐχʲɨlɐq/ ('near the prince'). Free pronouns in all North-West Caucasian languages lack an ergative-absolutive distinction. Possessed nouns have their plurality marked with
2688-543: The preverb /fɐ/ - signifies that an action is done out of, into or with regard to a fire: /ɐmdʒɜn zɜtʃɨtʃɜqʲɜ fɐstχʷɨn/ ('I take a brand out of the fire'). Indefinite article In grammar , an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech . In English , both "the" and "a(n)" are articles, which combine with nouns to form noun phrases. Articles typically specify
2744-431: The pronouns 'where' and 'what', may also be marked only in the verbal complex: /mɐwkʲʼɜnɨj/ ('where are you going?'), /sɐwqʼɜqʼɜjtʼɨj/ ('what had you said?'). Many local, prepositional, and other functions are provided by preverbal elements providing a large series of applicatives , and here Ubykh shows remarkable complexity. Two main types of preverbal elements exist: determinants and preverbs. The number of preverbs
2800-417: The simple past tense are conjugated with - /qʼɜ/ in the singular and - /qʼɜ-n(ɜ)/ in the plural. Examples: The verbs in the mirative past tense are conjugated with - /jtʼ/ in the singular and - /jɬ(ɜ)/ in the plural. Examples: The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with - /n/ in the singular and - /ɐ-n/ in the plural. Examples: The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with - /ɜw/ in
2856-465: The simple tenses and Group II which contain derived counterpart tenses. Only the Karaclar dialect uses the progressive tense and the plural is unknown. The singular-plural distinction is used when the subject, the ergative, is singular or plural. Square brackets indicate elided vowels; parenthesis indicate optional parts of the stem; and the colon indicates the boundary of a morpheme. The verbs in
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#17327649741232912-501: The singular and - /n[ɜ]-ɜw/ in the plural. It conveys a sense of certainty, immediacy, obligation, or intentionality. Examples: The verbs in the present tense are conjugated with - /ɜwːt/ in the singular and - /n[ɜ]-ɜwːt/ in the plural. It conveys a generic sense of the future as well as an exhortative sense such as: /ʃɨ-kʲʼɜ-n[ɜ]-ɜw/ (let's go!). Examples: In all dialects and speakers, only two static tenses exist: present and past. There are five basic aspects that exist besides
2968-425: The speaker would be satisfied with any book. The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes: However, recent developments show that definite articles are morphological elements linked to certain noun types due to lexicalization . Under this point of view, definiteness does not play a role in the selection of a definite article more than the lexical entry attached to
3024-431: The vowels, since there are only three phonemic vowels, there is a great deal of allophony. Ubykh is agglutinative and polysynthetic: /ʃɨkʲʼɐjɨfɜnɜmɨt/ ('we will not be able to go back'), /ɐwqʼɜqʼɜjtʼbɜ/ ('if you had said it'). It is often extremely concise in its word forms. The boundaries between nouns and verbs is somewhat blurred. Any noun can be used as the root of a stative verb ( /mɨzɨ/ 'child', /sɨmɨzɨjtʼ/ 'I
3080-563: The “ te ” The article ni is used for describing a plural indefinite noun. ‘ E i ei ni tuhi? ’ translates to “ Are there any books? ” Articles often develop by specialization of adjectives or determiners . Their development is often a sign of languages becoming more analytic instead of synthetic , perhaps combined with the loss of inflection as in English, Romance languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Torlakian. Joseph Greenberg in Universals of Human Language describes "the cycle of
3136-445: Was a child'), and many verb roots can become nouns simply by the use of noun affixes ( /qʼɜ/ 'to say', /sɨqʼɜ/ 'what I say'). The noun system in Ubykh is quite simple. It has three main noun cases (the oblique-ergative case may be two homophonous cases with differing function, thus presenting four cases in total): There are X other cases that exist in Ubykh too: Nouns do not distinguish grammatical gender . The definite article
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