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71-696: The Udi are considered to be one of the 26 tribes of the Caucasian Albania of late antiquity . According to the classical authors, the Udi inhabited the area of the eastern Caucasus along the coast of the Caspian Sea, in a territory extending to the Kura River in the north. There was also province of the Kingdom of Armenia , Utikʻ (later annexed by Caucasian Albania), which likely bore the name of

142-496: A brother of the king, named Cosis, who as soon as the fighting was at close quarters, rushed upon Pompey himself and smote him with a javelin on the fold of his breastplate; but Pompey ran him through the body and killed him". Plutarch also reported that "after the battle, Pompey set out to march to the Caspian Sea, but was turned back by a multitude of deadly reptiles when he was only three days march distant, and withdrew into Lesser Armenia". The first kings of Albania were certainly

213-483: A few inscriptions, and an Armenian manuscript dating from the 15th century. This manuscript, Matenadaran No. 7117 , first published by Ilia Abuladze in 1937 is a language manual, presenting different alphabets for comparison – Armenian alphabet, Greek , Latin , Syriac , Georgian , Coptic , and Caucasian Albanian among them. The alphabet was titled: "Ałuanicʿ girn ē" ( Armenian : Աղուանից գիրն Է , meaning, "These are Albanian letters"). In 1996, Zaza Aleksidze of

284-539: A guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Large companies in the region include Stavrolen , Arnest , Concern Enorgomera , Nevinomiskiy Azot , Stavropolskiy Gres . Irrigated agriculture is well-developed in the region. As of the beginning of 2001, Stavropol Krai had 3,361 km of irrigation canals , of which 959 km were lined (i.e., had concrete or stone walls, rather than merely soil walls, to reduce

355-594: Is IMPDOMITIANO CAESARE·AVG GERMANIC L·IVLIVS MAXIMVS> LEG XII·FVL. According to Domitian 's titles in it, the related march took place between 84 and 96. The inscription was studied by Russian expert Yevgeni Pakhomov , who assumed that the associated campaign was launched to control the Derbent Gate and that the XII Fulminata has marched out either from Melitene , its permanent base, or Armenia, where it might have moved from before. Pakhomov supposed that

426-652: Is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Lezgic branch . The two primary dialects are Nij (Nidzh) and Vartashen. The people today also speak Azerbaijani , Russian , and Georgian . The Udi are commonly bilingual, and less frequently trilingual, depending on residence and work. Many use Udi only in daily life, but for official purposes, the Udi use the language of the country in which they reside, such as Armenian. The Udi language has two dialects: Nidzh and Vartashen. Nidzh dialect has sub-dialects that are divided into three subgroups - bottom, intermediate, top. Linguists believe

497-614: Is a federal subject (a krai ) of Russia . It is geographically located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia , and is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District . Stavropol Krai has a population of 2,907,593, according to the 2021 Census . Stavropol is the largest city and the capital of Stavropol Krai, and Pyatigorsk is the administrative center of

568-561: Is also mentioned by Dionysius Periegetes (2nd or 3rd century AD) who describes Albanians as a nation of warriors, living by the Iberians and the Georgians. In 1899 a silver plate featuring Roman toreutics was excavated near Azerbaijani village of Qalagah . The rock inscription near the south-eastern part of Boyukdash's foot (70 km from Baku ) was discovered on June 2, 1948, by Azerbaijani archaeologist Ishag Jafarzadeh . The legend

639-473: Is between −2 °C (28 °F) and −6 °C (21 °F). Summers are warm to hot with average July temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F). Extremes range from −35 °C (−31 °F) in winter to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer. Average annual precipitation is 400 to 600 millimetres (16 to 24 in). The krai was established as North Caucasus Krai on October 17, 1924. After undergoing numerous administrative changes, it

710-900: Is considered part of the Kuban region, the traditional home of the Kuban Cossacks , with most of the krai's population living in the drainage basin of the Kuban River . The krai encompasses the central part of the Fore-Caucasus and most of the northern slopes of Caucasus Major . It borders with Rostov Oblast , Krasnodar Krai , Kalmykia , Dagestan , Chechnya , North Ossetia–Alania , Kabardino-Balkaria , and Karachay–Cherkessia . Most of Stavropol Krai experiences hot-summer humid continental climate (except for mountains). Winters are shorter and warmer than in most of Russia but still freezing and snowy: average January temperature

781-536: Is known of the region's prehistory, including the origins of Caucasian Albania as a geographical and/or ethnolinguistic concept. In the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, the area south of the Greater Caucasus and north of the Lesser Caucasus was divided between Caucasian Albania in the east, Caucasian Iberia in the center, Kolchis in the west, Armenia in the southwest and Atropatene to

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852-587: Is reported by Strabo upon the account of Theophanes of Mytilene who participated in it. As testified by Kamilla Trever , Pompey reached the Albanian border at modern Qazakh District of Azerbaijan. Igrar Aliyev showed that this region called Cambysene was inhabited mainly by stock-breeders at the time. When fording the Alazan river, he was attacked by forces of Oroezes, King of Albania, and eventually defeated them. According to Plutarch , Albanians "were led by

923-475: Is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11.4.5). In the 2nd century BC parts of Albania were conquered by the Kingdom of Armenia , presumably from Medes (although possibly it was earlier part of Orontid Armenia ). The original population of the territories on the right bank of Kura before the Armenian conquest consisted of various autochthonous people. Ancient chronicles provide

994-659: The Achaemenid empire , measures may have been taken to fortify the Caucasian passes. By the mid-6th century BC, Albania has been incorporated in the Achaemenid empire ; it was later controlled by the Achaemenid satrapy of Media . The building of fortifications and gates in and around Darband is traditionally ascribed to the Sassanid Empire . The Greek historian Arrian mentions (perhaps anachronistically)

1065-724: The Armenian , Iranian , and Turkish spheres influenced their culture, as is expressed in Udi folk traditions and their material culture. Whereas the Udis of Vartashen remained in the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Udi Christians of Nij changed from the Armenian to the Russian Orthodox Church soon after the beginning of Russian rule. In 2003, the “Albanian-Udi Christian Religious Community”

1136-803: The Azerbaijanis of Qabala , Zaqatala , Shaki , and Oguz ; the Armenians of Oghuz and Shaki ; the Georgians of Kakhetia and Hereti ( Ingiloy ); and the Laks , the Lezgins and the Tsakhurs of Daghestan . According to Armenian medieval historians Movses Khorenatsi , Movses Kaghankatvatsi and Koryun , the Caucasian Albanian (the Armenian name for the language is Aghvaneren,

1207-472: The Georgian Centre of Manuscripts discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai , Egypt, a text written on parchment that had been reused in a Georgian palimpsest . In 2001 Aleksidze identified its script as Caucasian Albanian, and the text as an early lectionary dating to perhaps before the 6th century. Many of the letters discovered in it were not in the Albanian alphabet listed in

1278-644: The Georgian Kingdom under David the Builder finalising the process of their Georgianisation . The history of Albania before the 6th century BC is unknown. According to one hypothesis, Caucasian Albania was incorporated in the Median empire , as early as the 7th or 6th century BC. However, an increasing Persian influence on the region is usually believed to be connected with the defence of Persia's northern frontiers, from invading nomads. As early as

1349-487: The Kingdom of Armenia ) and Georgians (in the north), while the eastern parts of Caucasian Albania were Islamized and absorbed by Iranian and subsequently Turkic peoples (modern Azerbaijanis). Small remnants of this group continue to exist independently, and are known as the Udi people . The pre-Islamic population of Caucasian Albania might have played a role in the ethnogenesis of a number of modern ethnicities, including

1420-1005: The Krasnodar territory ( Krasnodar , areas of Dinskoy, Leningrad, Kushchevsky); in the Stavropol Territory (Minvody, Pyatigorsk); in the Volgograd region ( Volgograd , Dubovy Ovrag); and also in Sverdlovsk , Ivanovo, Kaluga areas, Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Astrakhan ; in Georgia in the outskirts of Tbilisi , Poti , Rustavi , in Armenia mainly in the Lori Province , and Aktau in Kazakhstan . Some also live in Ukraine 's Kharkiv oblast . The Udi language

1491-870: The Kuban Cossacks are now generally considered ethnic Russians , although their roots are in Ukraine (historically, their dialect was descended from that of Cherkasy ). Other notable ethnic groups include Armenians (mostly Christian Hamsheni ), Armeno-Tats , Pontic Greeks , Ukrainians , Turkmens as well as indigenous groups from the North Caucasian republics , especially from Chechnya , Ingushetia and Dagestan . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.29 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 71.66 years (male — 67.68, female — 75.43) The 2010 Census counted thirty-three ethnic groups of more than 2,000  persons each, making this federal subject one of

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1562-630: The Kura river and each of them had its own king and language. Sometime before the 1st century BC they federated into one state and were ruled by one king. Strabo wrote of the Caucasian Albanians in the 1st century BC: At the present time, indeed, one king rules all the tribes, but formerly the several tribes were ruled separately by kings of their own according to their several languages. They have twenty-six languages, because they have no easy means of intercourse with one another. Albania

1633-492: The Udi people . The Caucasian Albanian tribes of Hereti were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy by Dinar , Queen of Hereti in the 10th century. The religious affairs of this small principality were now officially administered by the Georgian Orthodox Church . In 1010, Hereti became absorbed into the neighbouring Georgian kingdom of Kakheti . Eventually, in the early 12th century, these lands became part of

1704-540: The 11th century there already were conciliar mosques in Partaw, Qabala and Shaki; the cities that were the creed of Caucasian Albanian Christianity. These Islamised groups would later be known as Lezgins and Tsakhurs or mix with the Turkic and Iranian population to form present-day Azeris , whereas those that remained Christian were gradually absorbed by Armenians or continued to exist on their own and be known as

1775-462: The 15th-century Armenian manuscript. Muslim geographers Al-Muqaddasi , Ibn-Hawqal and Estakhri recorded that a language which they called Arranian was still spoken in the capital Barda and the rest of Arran in the 10th century. Iranian contact in the region goes back to the Median and Achaemenid times. During this Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania , the Parthian language spread in

1846-472: The 2nd-century BC layer, were minted by Clodius and Caesar . The coins of Augustus are ubiquitous. The Qabala treasures revealed the denarii of Otho , Vespasian , Trajan and Hadrian . In 69-68 BC Lucullus , having overcome Armenian ruler Tigranes II , approached the borders of Caucasian Albania and was succeeded by Pompey . After the 66-65 BC wintering Pompey launched the Iberian campaign. It

1917-544: The 5th century AD, the Mihranids . Aghuank ( Old Armenian : Աղուանք Ałuankʿ , Modern Armenian : Աղվանք Aġvank’ ) is the Armenian name for Caucasian Albania. Armenian authors mention that the name derived from the word " ału " («աղու») meaning amiable in Armenian. The term Aghuank is polysemous and is also used in Armenian sources to denote the region between the Kur and Araxes rivers as part of Armenia . In

1988-573: The Azeri language. Others assimilated into the Georgians or Armenians . The Armenian Apostolic Church held services exclusively in the Armenian language and refused to ordain a local Udi priest, against which Udis protested: ...our strong desire is that our pastor be a representative of our people, for although we belong to the Church of St. Gregory the Enlightener, our language is different: we are

2059-523: The Caucasian Albanians for the first time in the battle of Gaugamela , where the Albanians, Medes, Cadussi and Sacae were under the command of Atropates . Albania first appears in history as a vassal state in the empire of Tigranes the Great of Armenia (95-56 BC). The kingdom of Albania emerged in the eastern Caucasus in 2nd or 1st century BC and along with the Georgians and Armenians formed one of

2130-537: The Caucasian Albanians probably spoke Lezgic languages close to those found in modern Dagestan ; overall, though, as many as 26 different languages may have been spoken in Caucasian Albania. After the Caucasian Albanians were Christianized in the 4th century, part of the population was assimilated by the Armenians (who dominated in the provinces of Artsakh and Utik that were earlier detached from

2201-662: The Caucasus followed different pagan religions. Under Achaemenid , Parthian and especially Sassanid influence, Zoroastrianism also grew in the region. Christianity started to spread in the late 4th century in the Sassanid era. The Arab conquest and the Chalcedonian crisis led to severe disintegration of the Church of Caucasian Albania . Starting from the 8th century, much of the local population converted to Islam . By

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2272-837: The Chairman of the Krai Executive Committee (executive power). In 1970–1978, Mikhail Gorbachev , a native of Stavropol Krai, occupied the position of the First Secretary of the Krai's Communist Party Committee. He left the region for Moscow in 1978, when he was promoted to a Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, to become the Party's General Secretary and the nation's leader 7 years later. The region

2343-592: The North Caucasian Federal District. Stavropol Krai is bordered by Krasnodar Krai to the west, Rostov Oblast to the north-west, Kalmykia to the north, Dagestan to the east, and Chechnya , North Ossetia–Alania , Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia to the south. It is one of the most multi-ethnic federal subjects in Russia, with thirty-three ethnic groups with more than 2,000 persons each. The western area of Stavropol Krai

2414-533: The Udi people (1,573 persons) in Russia have been registered in Rostov region. Caucasian Albania Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus , mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located). The modern endonyms for the area are Aghwank and Aluank , among the Udi people , who regard themselves as descended from

2485-703: The Uti and we know that these people live nowhere except for the villages of Nizh and Vardashen. We do not have the slightest command of the Armenian language; nor have we any idea about what the Gospel says... Today, most Udis belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church , while in Nij, they belong to the Armenian Apostolic (or Gregorian) Church and used to conduct services in Armenian. Centuries of life in

2556-477: The alphabet: Then there came and visited them an elderly man, an Albanian named Benjamin. And he (Mashtots) inquired and examined the barbaric diction of the Albanian language, and then through his usual God-given keenness of mind invented an alphabet, which he, through the grace of Christ, successfully organized and put in order. A Caucasian Albanian alphabet of fifty-two letters, bearing resemblance to Georgian, Ethiopian and Armenian characters, survived through

2627-616: The ancestors of the Udis. Since the 5th century, the Udi people are often mentioned in the Armenian sources. More extensive information is given in The History of the Land of Ałuank by Movsēs Kałankatuatsʻi . The Udi were one of the predominating Caucasian Albanian tribes. Due to their Caucasian Udi language and their Christian faith, the Udis are regarded as the last remnants of the old Caucasian Albanians. Under Arab and later Persian rule, some of them converted to Islam, and soon adopted

2698-494: The area around Qabala in northern gandonbaijan was estimated at 10,000. In the year 1897, the number of the Udi people was given around 4,000, in 1910, it was around 5,900. They were counted as 2,500 in the census of 1926, as 3,700 in 1959, as 7,000 in 1979, and in 1989, the Udi people numbered 8,652. In census of 1999 in Azerbaijan, there were 4,152 Udis. In the 2002 Russia Census , 3,721 residents identified as Udi. Most of

2769-455: The conquest of the territories on the right bank of Kura by Armenians in the 2nd century BC. The original territory of Albania was approximately 23,000 km . After 387 AD the territory of Caucasian Albania, sometimes referred to by scholars as "Greater Albania," grew to about 45,000 km . In the 5th century the capital was transferred to Partav in Utik', reported to have been built in

2840-524: The dialects originated according to geographic groupings of the Udi from the Tauz region: the villages of Kirzan and Artzah (Artsakh, v. Seysylla, Gasankala) moved to Nidzh. The Vartashen dialect has two sub-dialects: Vartashen and Oktomberry. In the past the Udi language was one of the widespread languages of Caucasian Albania, on the basis of which in the 5th century the Caucasian Albanian script

2911-538: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The krai administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as

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2982-595: The inhabitants of Caucasian Albania. However, its original endonym is unknown. The name Albania is derived from the Ancient Greek name Ἀλβανία and Latin Albanía , created from Greek sources that incorrectly translated the Armenian language. The prefix "Caucasian" is used to avoid confusion with Albania in the Balkans , which has no geographical or historical connections to Caucasian Albania. Little

3053-420: The junction of the Kura and Aras rivers, Mil plain and parts of the Mughan plain , and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to the territory of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan . The districts of Albania were: The kingdom's capital in antiquity was Qabala (Gabala; Kapalak). Classical sources are unanimous in making the Kura River (Cyros) the frontier between Armenia and Albania after

3124-423: The language of the educated". With the establishment of the Sassanids, Middle Persian , a closely related language to Parthian, became an official language of the Sassanid Empire . At this time, Persian enjoyed even more success than the Caucasian Albanian language and the region was greatly affected by Iran. According to Vladimir Minorsky : "The presence of Iranian settlers in Transcaucasia, and especially in

3195-527: The latter case it is sometimes used in the form "Armenian Aghuank" or "Hay-Aghuank". The Armenian historian of the region, Movses Kaghankatvatsi , who left the only more or less complete historical account about the region, explains the name Aghvank as a derivation from the word ału (Armenian for sweet, soft, tender), which, he said, was the nickname of Caucasian Albania's first governor Arran and referred to his lenient personality. Movses Kaghankatvatsi and other ancient sources explain Arran or Arhan as

3266-448: The legion proceeded to the spot continually along the Aras River . The later version, published in 1956, states that the legion was stationing in Cappadocia by that time whereas the centurion might have been in Albania with some diplomatic mission because for the talks with the Eastern rulers the Roman commanders were usually sending centurions. In 1953 twelve denarii of Augustus were unearthed. In 1958 one denarius, coined in c. 82 AD,

3337-413: The long period of Persian and Median rule, most of the natives were not even Indo-Europeans". He also states that the several peoples of the right bank of Kura "were highly Armenicized and that many were actually Armenians per se cannot be doubted". Many of those people were still being cited as distinct ethnic entities when the right bank of Kura was acquired by the Caucasian Albanians in 387 AD. There

3408-444: The loss of water). Among the major irrigation canals are: According to the 2021 Census the Krai's population was 2,907,593, up from 2,786,281 in the 2010 Census and further up from 2,410,379 recorded in the 1989 Census . The population of the krai is concentrated in the drainage basins of the Kuban River and of the Kuma River , which used to be traditional Cossack land (see History of Cossacks ). In modern Russia

3479-401: The mid-5th century by the King Vache II of Albania, but according to M. L. Chaumont, it existed earlier as an Armenian city. In a medieval chronicle " Ajayib-ad-Dunia ", written in the 13th century by an unknown author, Arran is said to have been 30 farsakhs (200 km) in width, and 40 farsakhs (270 km) in length. All the right bank of the Kura River until it joined with the Aras

3550-460: The most multiethnic in Russia. The inhabitants identified themselves as belonging to more than 140 different ethnic groups, as shown in the following table: According to a 2012 survey 46.9% of the population of Stavropol Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% are Muslims , 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies, and 1% of

3621-428: The name of the legendary founder of Caucasian Albania (Aghvan) or even of the Iranian tribe known as Alans (Alani), who in some versions was a son of Noah 's son Yafet . James Darmesteter , translator of the Avesta , compared Arran with Airyana Vaego which he also considered to have been in the Araxes - Ararat region, although modern theories tend to place this in the east of Iran. The Parthian name for

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3692-403: The names of several peoples that populated these districts, including the regions of Artsakh and Utik . These were Utians , Mycians, Caspians , Gargarians, Sakasenians, Gelians, Sodians, Lupenians , Balas[ak]anians, Parsians and Parrasians. According to Robert H. Hewsen , these tribes were "certainly not of Armenian origin", and "although certain Iranian peoples must have settled here during

3763-433: The native name of the language is unknown) alphabet was created by Mesrob Mashtots , the Armenian monk , theologian and translator who is also credited with creating the Armenian alphabet . This alphabet was used to write down the Udi language , which was probably the main language of the Caucasian Albanians. Koryun , a pupil of Mesrob Mashtots, in his book The Life of Mashtots , wrote about how his tutor created

3834-399: The north, by the Caspian Sea to the east, and by the provinces of Artsakh and Utik in Armenia to the west along the Kura river. These boundaries, though, were probably never static—at times the territory of Caucasian Albania included land to the west of the Kura river. Albania or Arran in Islamic times was a triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by

3905-408: The people of Azerbaijan. Vartashen was mainly a Udi village, where the Vartashen dialect of the Udi language was spoken by about 3000 people in the 1980s. The Udis of Vartashen belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church and had Armenian surnames. During the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict , the Udis as well as the Armenians left to Armenia. Some 50 Udi people remained among some 7000 ethnic Azeris in

3976-416: The proximity of the passes, must have played an important role in absorbing and pushing back the aboriginal inhabitants. Such names as Sharvan, Layzan, Baylaqan, etc., suggest that the Iranian immigration proceeded chiefly from Gilan and other regions on the southern coast of the Caspian". The presence of the Persian language and Iranian culture continued during the Islamic era. The original population of

4047-414: The region was Ardhan ( Middle Persian : Arran ). The Arabic was ar-Rān . In Georgian , it was known as რანი ( Rani ). In Ancient Greek , it was called Ἀλβανία Albanía . What its inhabitants were called is unknown. In pre-Islamic times, Caucasian Albania/Arran was a wider concept than that of post-Islamic Arran. Ancient Arran covered all of eastern Transcaucasia, which included most of

4118-408: The region. It is possible that the language and literature for administration and record-keeping of the imperial chancellery for external affairs naturally became Parthian, based on the Aramaic alphabet . According to Toumanoff: "the predominance of Hellenism , as under the Artaxiads, was now followed by a predominance of "Iranianism", and, symptomatically, instead of Greek, as before, Parthian became

4189-410: The representatives of the local tribal nobility, to which attest their non-Armenian and non-Iranian names (Oroezes, Cosis and Zober in Greek sources). The population of Caucasian Albania of the Roman period is believed to have belonged to either the Northeast Caucasian peoples or the South Caucasian peoples . According to Strabo , the Albanians were a group of 26 tribes which lived to the north of

4260-422: The southeast. In 252, Caucasian Albania acknowledged the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire , appearing among its provinces in Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht . The kingdom would remain an integral part of the empire until its fall. By the end of the 3rd-century, the kings of Caucasian Albania were replaced with an Arsacid family , and would later be succeeded by another Iranian royal family in

4331-404: The territory of the modern-day Azerbaijan Republic and part of the territory of Dagestan . However, in post-Islamic times the geographic notion of Arran reduced to the territory between the Kura and Aras rivers. Ancient Caucasian Albania lay on the south-eastern part of the Greater Caucasus mountains. It was bounded by Caucasian Iberia (present-day Georgia ) to the west, by Sarmatia to

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4402-462: The three nations of the Southern Caucasus . Albania came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence. Herodotus , Strabo , and other classical authors repeatedly mention the Caspians but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani (see below), and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land ( Caspiane )

4473-473: The town, which was renamed to Oghuz. Today the only places of concentrated Udi settlement are the village of Nij in Azerbaijan and the village of Zinobiani in Georgia, which was founded by Udi refugees from Vartashen in the 1920s. A significant group of Udi lives in the Georgian village of Zinobiani, founded by Udi from Vartashen in the 1920s. Small groups reside in Russia in the Rostov region (Shahty, Taganrog , Rostov-na-Donu , Azov , Aleksandrovka); in

4544-533: The treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Caucasian Iberia and Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the Sasanian Empire . Stavropol Krai Stavropol Krai ( Russian : Ставропо́льский край , romanized :  Stavropolʹskiy kray , IPA: [stəvrɐˈpolʲskʲɪj kraj] ), also known as Stavropolye ( Russian : Ставропо́лье , romanized :  Stavropolye , IPA: [stəvrɐˈpolʲɪ̯ə] ),

4615-575: Was also native to Yuri Andropov , who was also leader of the Soviet Union for a short time. Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Krai Administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside the elected regional parliament . The Charter of Stavropol Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Stavropol Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising

4686-422: Was an enduring relation of Albania with Ancient Rome . The Latin rock inscription close to Boyukdash mountain in Gobustan, Baku , which mentions Legio XII Fulminata , is the world's easternmost Latin inscription known. In Albania, Romans reached the Caspian Sea for the first time. The Roman coins circulated in Caucasian Albania till the end of the 3rd century AD. Two denarii , which were unearthed in

4757-512: Was attributed to Arran (the left bank of the Kura was known as Shirvan ). The boundaries of Arran have shifted throughout history, sometimes encompassing the entire territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and at other times only parts of the South Caucasus . In some instances, Arran was a part of Armenia. Medieval Islamic geographers gave descriptions of Arran in general, and of its towns, which included Barda , Beylagan , and Ganja , along with others. Originally, at least some of

4828-414: Was created by the Armenian monk Mesrop Mashtots . The alphabet had 52 letters. The language was widely used, as major Bible texts were translated into the Caucasian Albanian language. Church services were conducted in it. After the fall of the Caucasian Albanian state, the Caucasian Albanian liturgical language was gradually replaced by Armenian in church. In 1880, the population of the Udi people living in

4899-491: Was founded in Azerbaijan, which seeks to restore the Albanian Apostolic Church as a church independent from the Armenian Apostolic Church. Until 1991, the main Udi villages were Vartashen (now Oğuz ) and Nij in Azerbaijan, as well as the village of Zinobiani in Georgia. In the recent past, Udi people also lived in Mirzabeily , Soltan Nuha , Jourlu , Mihlikuvah , Vardanli (now Karimli), Bajan, Kirzan, and Yenikend . In contemporary times they have mostly assimilated with

4970-413: Was renamed Ordzhonikidze Krai ( Орджоникидзевский край ), after Sergo Ordzhonikidze , in March 1937, and Stavropol Krai on January 12, 1943. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the region ( krai ) was shared between three persons: the First Secretary of the Stavropol Krai CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority), the Chairman of the Krai Soviet (legislative power), and

5041-406: Was revealed in the Şamaxı trove. During the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (117-138) Albania was invaded by the Alans , an Iranian nomadic group. This invasion promoted an alliance between Rome and the Albanians that was reinforced under Antoninus Pius in 140 AD. Sassanians occupied the area around 240 AD but after a few years, the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania. In 297

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