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15-465: Originally describing groups of several volosts , they formed around the most important cities. Uezds were ruled by the appointees ( namestniki ) of a knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevodas . In 1708, an administrative reform was carried out by Peter the Great , dividing Russia into governorates . The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as

30-685: A result of Catherine I 's administrative reform . By the USSR administrative reform of 1923–1929, most of the uezds were transformed into raions (districts). In UkSSR , uezds were reformed into forty okruhas which were the primary-level of administrative division from 1925 to 1930. In the Baltic governorates the type of division was known as Kreis. The uezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called Ținut or Județ in Romanian , which would translate as "county". The Ukrainian word for uezd

45-606: Is povit ( Ukrainian : повіт , plural повіти , povity ). Volost Volost ( Belarusian : во́ласць , romanized :  volasts ; Russian : во́лость [ˈvoɫəsʲtʲ] ; Ukrainian : во́лость ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Kievan Rus' , the Grand Duchy of Moscow , and the Russian Empire . The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907) states that

60-537: Is a senior military rank or designation in the military forces of some Slavic states, and a historical military designation. Depending on a country, it had different meanings. In the 19th century with the expansion of the Imperial Russia into Turkestan and the Central Asia , the word was even used to identify some Turkic leaders as a basic Russian word for aqsaqal (white-beard). In Cossack armies

75-658: The Republic of Karelia during 1996-2004. There were also volosts in Olonets Raion of Karelia during 1993-2004, e.g., Nurmolsky selsoviet Нурмольский сельсовет based on Nurmolitsy  [ ru ] was renamed into Nurmolskaya volost in 1992. There were also ru:Коткозерская волость , ru:Видлицкая волость . Starshina Starshina (Russian: старшина , IPA: [stərʂɨˈna] or Starshyna in Russian transliteration )

90-507: The Tsardom of Russia and Imperial Russia , a volostnoy starshina was the chief of a volost (a rural administrative unit), in charge of the distribution of taxes, resolving conflicts within obshchina (communes), distributing community lands and military conscription. The rank of Voiskovoi starshina ( Войсковой старшина – Starshina of the Army (Host) ) was introduced into

105-530: The Velikiy Knyaz ( Grand Prince ). Starting from the end of the 14th century, volost was a unit of administrative division in Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Poland , Muscovy , lands of modern Latvia and Ukraine. Since about the 16th century it was a part of provincial districts that were called " uezd " in Muscovy and the later Russian Empire . Each uezd had several volosts that were subordinated to

120-724: The dissolution of the Soviet Union , most of post-Soviet countries have adopted the Russian interpretation of the word. Since the 1930s in the Soviet and later Russian army terminology, a starshina has been equivalent to " Sergeant Major " (Most senior member at the company level) or a rank equal to a NATO OR-8 . In naval terminology, starshina is a general term for junior and middle-ranking non-commissioned officers, similar in usage to " Chief Petty Officer ". The word originates from Old East Slavic language «*старъ»(star) Later, in

135-500: The authority of the police commissaries ( stanovoi ) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants". Volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of both volosts and uezds. Volosts were governed by volost administration ( волостное правление , volostnoye pravleniye ), which consisted of

150-521: The electable chief of volost ( volostnoy starshina ), chiefs of villages (village starostas ) and other officials electable by the Volost Assembly (волостной сход, volostnoy skhod ). Volost Court was the court electable by the Volost Assembly, which could handle smaller civil and criminal cases. It could sentence people to corporal punishment , fine or short-term incarceration . In modern Russia, Veps National Volost existed in

165-399: The origins of the concept is unclear: whether it originally referred to an administrative subdivision or to a peasant obshchina , the term referring to a territory under a single rule. In earlier East Slavic history, in the lands of Ruthenia , volost was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz , a principality; either as an absolute ruler or with varying degree of autonomy from

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180-635: The ranks of the Imperial military in 1826, as the equivalent of a " Lieutenant Colonel " in the Cossack cavalry . The word starshina gained its modern meaning in the Red Army, and is a hangover from the functional titles (like "Brigade Commander" or "Assistant Platoon Leader") that were initially used by that force – the word literally means "senior". Most functional titles in the Red Army were abolished in 1942, but starshina remained. Starshina

195-458: The term initially identified a commissioned officer. During the times of Cossack Hetmanate , starshyna was a collective noun , and people described with this word were divided into starshyna (officers) and general starshyna (general officers) the latter being part of the Hetman 's General Officers Council. In Russia the term was later adopted to describe a non-commissioned officer rank. Following

210-399: The uezd city. After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volost became a unit of peasant 's local self-rule . A number of mirs are united into a volost, which has an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. These elect an elder ( starshina ) and, hitherto, a court of justice ( volostnoy sud ). The self-government of the mirs and volosts was, however, tempered by

225-647: Was the highest non-commissioned rank in the Soviet Army until the reintroduction of the imperial rank of Praporshchik in 1972. In the Soviet Navy , the term starshina was introduced between 1940 and 1943 as term equivalent to " Petty Officer " for every enlisted seaman above " Matros , 1st class. " There was also created a rank equal to starshina in the Army, but termed Glavnyy korabel'nyy starshina ( transl.  Chief Petty Officer of

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