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55-459: There are a number of competing ideas as to the origin of the name of the village. The name Uelen is thought by some sources to derive from the Chukchi " uvelen " meaning " black, thawed patch ", since the village is found at the foot of a hill surrounded by black mounds which are visible throughout the year and were often used as a navigation aid in the region. There is a local legend which offers

110-472: A bridge or seaport. On the other hand, however, some "former" airports of entry chose to leave their name with the word "international" in it, even though they no longer serve international flights. One example is Osaka International Airport . Even when it had ended all international services and became a purely domestic airport after the opening of Kansai International Airport in 1994, it kept its original name of "Osaka International Airport". Many airports in

165-578: A language often proves difficult to categorize. This is primarily due to the fact that it does not always follow a typical linguistic and syntactical pattern. These exceptions allow Chukchi to fit into more than one linguistic type. Chukchi has periodic tense: it can incorporate the noun nәki- to build a nocturnal verb form. мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL - NOCT -long.time-ball-play- IMP : 1PL мын-ныки-урэ-ӄэпл-увичвэн-мык myn-nyki-urè-ḳèpḷ-uvičvèn-myk 1PL-NOCT-long.time-ball-play-IMP:1PL ‘Let’s spend

220-514: A lot of time playing ball at night.’ (Skorik 1977: 241) A large number of words in the Chukchi language are reduplicated in their singular forms, i.e. Chukchi Э’ръэр ("iceberg") and Утуут ("tree"). There is also significant influence from the Russian language , especially in formal vocabulary and modern concepts, i.e. Chukchi Чайпат , from Russian Чай (tea). The extent to which Chukchi and

275-471: A major artistic centre in the region, with Several of the leading exponents of the craft, such as Vukvutagin, Vukvol, Tukkai and Khukhutan working out of Uelen. The Uelen Bone Carving Studio ( Russian : Уэленская косторезная мастерская ) contains the world's only museum of Walrus ivory carving. In 2004, a successful exhibition of their work was held in Bern , Switzerland and carvers from Uelen took first place in

330-521: A map from the Billings -Sarychev expedition from 1792. Archeological investigation has revealed the existence of a settlement in and around the present day site of the village about 30 km (19 mi) from the village for at least 2000 years, based on fishing and the hunting of marine mammals. The main site of archeological investigation is at the Ekven site , a site of importance comparable to that of

385-481: A measure of renown in both Russia and Western Europe, although much of his published work was written in Russian, rather than Chukchi. Chukchi poet Antonina Kymytval wrote in her native language. There are no voiced stops in the language; these are only found in loanwords . The vowels are /i/ , /u/ , /e₁/ , /e₂/ , /o/ , /a/ , and /ə/ . /e₁/ and /e₂/ are pronounced identically but behave differently in

440-419: A port director." In other words, a port of entry may encompass an area that includes several border crossings, as well as some air and sea ports. This also means that not every border crossing is a port of entry. There are two reasons for this: In some countries, immigration procedures are carried out by the armed forces rather than specific immigration officers. However, in most, the levying of duty on imports

495-507: A second explanation for the origin of the name. It describes the life of a strong local man called Uvelel'yn (literally translated as " slob "), named so because he was an orphan who was dressed solely in tattered rags. As he grew older, he used his strength to gain his revenge over the local people that bullied him during his childhood because of his background. In fear for their lives, the villagers killed Uvelel'yn. However they realised that in order to prevent these events repeating themselves in

550-415: A sentence. Verbs distinguish three persons, two numbers, three moods (declarative, imperative and conditional), two voices (active and antipassive ) and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I ( aorist ), past II ( perfect ), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). Past II is formed with a construction meaning possession (literally "to be with"), similar to

605-519: A typologically normal manner. The language of Chukchi also uses a specific verb system. The basic locative construction of a sentence in Chukchi contains a single locative verb, unlike many other languages. In the nominals , there are two numbers and about 13 morphological cases: absolutive, ergative/instrumental, equative (copula), locative, allative, ablative, orientative, inessive, perlative, sublative, comitative, associative, and privative. Nouns are split into three declensions influenced by animacy :

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660-654: Is a Chukotko–Kamchatkan language spoken by the Chukchi people in the easternmost extremity of Siberia , mainly in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug . The language is closely related to Koryak . Chukchi, Koryak, Kerek , Alutor , and Itelmen form the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family . There are many cultural similarities between the Chukchis and Koryaks , including economies based on reindeer herding . Both peoples refer to themselves by

715-418: Is a largely polysynthetic , agglutinative , direct-inverse language and has ergative–absolutive alignment . It also has very pervasive incorporation . In particular, the incorporation is productive and often interacts with other linguistic processes. Chukchi allows free incorporation of adjuncts, such as when a noun incorporates its modifier. However, besides the unusual use of adjuncts, Chukchi behaves in

770-518: Is a little milder than winter weather if still below freezing. Due to the position of Uelen by the sea coast there are also many instances of fog and mist per year with the result that sunshine hours are very low especially when the adjacent ocean begins to thaw. The record high is +25.0 °C (77.0 °F) on July 16, 1960, and the record low is −44.1 °C (−47.4 °F) on January 29, 1989. Chukchi language Chukchi ( / ˈ tʃ ʊ k tʃ iː / CHUUK -chee ), also known as Chukot ,

825-484: Is a small network of roads in the village including: Uelen has a tundra climate ( Köppen ET ). Chukotsky district endures extreme Arctic weather, with an average winter low of −22 °C (−7.6 °F) in January, though Uelen's average January temperature is slightly higher at −19 °C (−2.2 °F). February is the coldest month. The average July temperature is slightly higher at +5.9 °C (42.6 °F) than

880-487: Is at least not applied to select countries of free-crossing pacts. Travelers may cross the border wherever and whenever convenient. For example, and as such a pact, most EU citizens may travel freely within the Schengen Area , which is made up of 29 European countries. As with the example, in some cases, such free travel may be restricted to citizens of specific countries and to travelers who are not carrying goods over

935-400: Is because whenever a "dominant" vowel is present anywhere in a word, all "recessive" vowels in the word change into their "dominant" counterpart. The schwa vowel /ə/ does not alternate but may trigger harmony as if it belonged to the dominant group. Initial and final consonant clusters are not tolerated, and schwa epenthesis is pervasive. Stress tends to: 1. be penultimate; 2. stay within

990-457: Is expressed in a way that is far from always straightforward. Besides the finite forms , there are also infinitive, supine (purposive), numerous gerund forms, and a present and past participle, and these are all used with auxiliary verbs to produce further analytic constructions. The word order is rather free, though SOV is basic. The possessor normally precedes the possessed, and postpositions rather than prepositions are used. Chukchi as

1045-441: Is increasing, consists of word borrowing and pressure on surface syntax ; the latter is primarily seen in written communication (translated texts) and is not apparent in day-to-day speech. Port of entry In general, a port of entry ( POE ) is a place where one may lawfully enter a country. It typically has border security staff and facilities to check passports and visas and to inspect luggage to assure that contraband

1100-450: Is not imported. International airports are usually ports of entry, as are road and rail crossings on a land border . Seaports can be used as ports of entry only if a dedicated customs presence is posted there. The choice of whether to become a port of entry is up to the civil authority controlling the port. An airport of entry (AOE) is an airport that provides customs and immigration services for incoming flights. These services allow

1155-524: Is still carried out by customs officers. Immigration clearance in some ports of entry have automated sections open to the country's own residents or citizens, such as the e-Channel found in Hong Kong and Macau , Global Entry found at some airports in the United States and other similar country-instituted programs. On some international borders, the concept of a port of entry does not exist or

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1210-582: The Charles de Gaulle Airport in France for approximately eighteen years after being denied entry into France and not having a country of origin to be returned to due to claiming his Iranian nationality had been revoked. Nasseri's experience was loosely adapted by two films, the 1993 film Tombés du ciel and the 2004 film The Terminal . Zahra Kamalfar , an Iranian national who attempted to travel to Canada via Russia and Germany using forged documents, lived in

1265-553: The Eskimo languages borrowed vocabulary between one another, or a relationship between the two, has not been studied in detail. The numeral system was originally purely vigesimal and went up to 400, but a decimal system was introduced for numerals above 100 via Russian influence. Many of the names of the basic numbers can be traced etymologically to words referring to the human body ("finger", "hand" etc.) or to arithmetic operations (6 = "1 + 5" etc.). Ordinary numbers are formed with

1320-728: The Ipiutak site across the Bering Strait on Point Hope . Prior to the Russian Revolution , Uelen was, in 1912, a settlement of around 300 individuals divided into four communes and the headquarters of the Russian administration in the Chukotka Region ("Uyezd") and was an important trading port with both local Russian people and America. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Uelen became one of

1375-521: The Latin script : In 1937, this alphabet, along with all of the other alphabets of the non-Slavic peoples of the USSR, was replaced by a Cyrillic alphabet. At first it was the Russian alphabet with the addition of the digraphs Кʼ кʼ and Нʼ нʼ . In the 1950s the additional letters were replaced by Ӄ ӄ and Ӈ ӈ . These newer letters were mainly used in educational texts, while the press continued to use

1430-451: The Schengen Area are considered domestic regarding passport and immigration check. Several international airports have only intra-Schengen flights. Several of these have occasional charter flights to foreign countries. Some cases of statelessness have occurred in airports of entry forcing people to live in the airport for an extended period . One of the most famous cases was that of Mehran Karimi Nasseri , an Iranian national who lived in

1485-650: The Sheremetyevo International Airport in Russia for eleven months before being granted refugee status by Canada to reunite with her family in Vancouver. The formal definition of a port of entry in the United States is something entirely different. According to the Code of Federal Regulations , "the terms 'port' and 'port of entry' incorporate the geographical area under the jurisdiction of

1540-401: The 1900s, Vladimir Bogoraz discovered specimens of pictographic/logographic writing by the Chukchi herdsman Tenevil (see ru:File:Luoravetl.jpg ). Tenevil's writing system was entirely his own invention. It was nearly lost during the initial period of Soviet contact and subsequent Russian Arctic expeditions. The first official Chukchi alphabet was devised by Bogoraz in 1931 and was based on

1595-556: The Chukchi language, the everyday use and proficiency in the language is declining among native Chukchis. According to the 2020 census , 8,526 of the 16,200 Chukchi people speak Chukchi; and most Chukchi now speak Russian (fewer than 100 report not speaking Russian at all). The language is on the list of endangered languages in the UNESCO Red Book . The Chukchi people have a rich history and culture, which have traditionally centered around war. The Chukchi prize warriors and

1650-446: The Chukchi people's efforts to adapt when a foreigner is shipwrecked on their shores. The village also serves as a base for archaeology expeditions to the area, which have uncovered a burial ground containing more than 300 burials of Early Whale Hunter cultures, covering a time span from 500 BCE to 1000 CE.These excavations have shown that Uelen was a major settlement in the area in the first few centuries CE, as well as revealing

1705-516: The airport to serve as an initial port of entry for foreign visitors arriving in a country. The word "international" in an airport's name usually means that it is an airport of entry, but many airports of entry do not use it. Airports of entry can range from large urban airports with heavy scheduled passenger service, like John F. Kennedy International Airport , to small rural airports serving general aviation exclusively. Often, smaller airports of entry are located near an existing port of entry such as

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1760-609: The category Russian hunt: Tradition and Modernity at the third Moscow Exhibition of Russian Crafts. It is also home to an indigenous choir which has a history of cultural collaboration with Inuit across the Bering Strait in Alaska . The writer Yuri Rytkheu was born in Uelen on March 8, 1930, to a family of trappers and hunters. He was the first Chukchi author to achieve national prominence. His book A Dream in Polar Fog deals with

1815-407: The country at a proper port of entry , but their journey was allowed to continue. The population according to the most recent census results was 740, of whom 368 were male and 352 female. Uelen had a population of 740 at the start of 2009, down from 776 in 2003 (with 595 Chukchi and 72 Yupik .) Other villagers are Russian . The village is famous for its walrus ivory carvings. It has long been

1870-482: The district average for the month of +5.4 °C (41.7 °F), and the overall annual average of −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) is also higher than the district average of −8.2 °C (17.2 °F). Snow storms in the winter from the north cause harsh frosts and drifting snow, whilst southerly blizzards bring large snowfalls and sudden thaws. The area is also very windy, reaching 35 m/s (68 kn) annually and 50 m/s (97 kn) every two decades. Spring weather

1925-556: The end of summer, storms in the Chukchi Sea can make it impossible for ships to dock at Uelen to unload their supplies. When this occurs, the ships dock at Dezhnevo and the cargo is carried across land to Uelen. In more recent history, Uelen is where Dimitri Kieffer and Karl Bushby entered Russia during their Goliath Expedition after crossing the Bering Strait . The two were then arrested because they had failed to enter

1980-411: The endonym Luorawetlat (ԓыгъоравэтԓьат [ɬəɣʔorawetɬʔat] ; singular Luorawetlan ԓыгъоравэтԓьан [ɬəɣʔorawetɬʔan] ), meaning "the real people". All of these peoples and other unrelated minorities in and around Kamchatka are known collectively as Kamchadals . Chukchi and Chukchee are anglicized versions of the Russian exonym Chukcha (plural Chukchi ). This came into Russian from Čävča ,

2035-569: The existence of a culture dependent on whale and walrus hunting, archeologists have also unearthed early examples of the indigenous peoples ivory carvings, a number of which are now held at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in St. Petersburg . Uelen is not connected by road to any other part of the world and is 100 km from the district centre, Lavrentiya . However, there

2090-429: The family and while engaged in their traditional pastoral economic activity (reindeer herding). The language is also used in media (including radio and TV translations) and some business activities. However, Russian is increasingly used as the primary means of business and administrative communication, in addition to behaving as a lingua franca in territories inhabited by non-Chukchis such as Koryaks and Yakuts. Over

2145-566: The fighting spirit that they embody. This emphasis on conflict can be seen in the interactions between the Chukchi and the Russians, which date back to the middle of the seventeenth century and tell of glorious battles between the two groups. The Chukchi have also been known to battle nearby tribes, particularly the Tánñit, which comprise fellow Siberian peoples known as the Koryaks. However, over

2200-444: The first declension, which contains non-humans, has plural marking only in the absolutive case; the second one, which contains personal names and certain words for mainly older relatives, has obligatory plural marking in all forms; the third one, which contains other humans than those in the second declension, has optional plural marking. These nominal cases are used to identify the number of nouns, as well as their purpose and function in

2255-459: The first trade co-operatives in Chukotka and a dedicated American trading post was established. The first school in Chukotka was established in Uelen in 1916. In the first half of the twentieth century, Uelen was the site of one of the first Russian arctic research stations. In the 1950s, Uelen became a focal point in the region, along with Lavrentiya , Lorino and Inchoun (see diagram) for

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2310-505: The future, they should take better care of their orphans and the village soon got its name to remind the villagers of their duty to those less fortunate than themselves. Prior to being named Uelen, the village was called Ulyk ( Russian : Улык , Olyk in Yupik and Pok’ytkyn in Chukchi), meaning land's end and flooded place respectively. The first mention of the name Uelen appears on

2365-437: The last century, the Chukchi people have engaged in far fewer conflicts and have focused more on trading. Today, the Chukchi economy relies heavily on trade, particularly with Russia. Besides trading with Russia, the Chukchi make their living off of herding reindeer and bartering with other tribes. There is also a group of Chukchi that do not herd reindeer and instead live along the coast, trading more with tribes who live along

2420-510: The nearby region have the same situation, like Taipei Songshan Airport . Songshan retained its official Chinese name, Taipei International Airport, after Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport ) opened. Similar cases of transitions of international airports such as Seoul , Tokyo , Nagoya , Shanghai , Hong Kong , Bangkok , Tehran , etc. For the European Union , flights between countries in

2475-468: The older versions. At the end of the 1980s, the letter Ԯ ԯ ( Ԓ ԓ ) was introduced as a replacement for Л л . This was intended to reduce confusion with the pronunciation of the Russian letter of the same form. The Chukchi alphabet now stands as follows: The romanization of Chukchi is the representation of the Chukchi language using Latin letters. The following is the ISO 9 system of Romanization: Chukchi

2530-446: The pacific coast. Some Chukchi people even choose to go back and forth between the two divisions, trading with both. These people tend to control more of the trade and have been called Kavrálît or “Rangers”. Notably, Chukchi men and women use different pronunciation for the same words. While men say "r" or "rk", women say "ts" or "tsts" in the same word. Many Chukchis use the language as their primary means of communication both within

2585-417: The past few decades, fewer and fewer Chukchi children have been learning Chukchi as a native language. Almost all Chukchis speak Russian, although some have a lesser command than others. Chukchi language is used as a primary language of instruction in elementary school ; the rest of secondary education is done in Russian with Chukchi taught as a subject. A Chukchi writer, Yuri Rytkheu (1930–2008), has earned

2640-523: The phonology. (Cf. the two kinds of /i/ in Inuit Eskimo , whose known cause is the merger of two vowels /i/ and /ə/ , which are still separate in Yup'ik Eskimo .) A notable feature of Chukchi is its vowel harmony system largely based on vowel height . /i, u, e₁/ alternate with /e₂, o, a/ , respectively. The second group is known as "dominant vowels" and the first group as "recessive vowels"; that

2695-521: The population of the former village of Naukan, which itself had absorbed the population of a number of small villages from the Cape Dezhnev/ Diomede Islands area. Although Dezhnevo was officially abolished, the villagers in Uelen still use it as a base for their fishing and a handful of houses are still maintained for this purpose. As well as a fishing base, the site of the village is still used as an occasional port by Uelen. At

2750-425: The relocation of indigenous peoples following the decision to close a large number of uneconomical villages. Uelen absorbed the population from the nearby village of Dezhnevo (named, like the neighbouring cape, after the explorer Semyon Dezhnev ). This village, to the west of Cape Peek and called Keniskun by the local Chukchi was an important regional coastal trading centre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but

2805-409: The stem; 3. avoid schwas . Chukchi is one of few languages to have autonomously produced its own written script, and the northernmost language in the world to have done so. The script was invented by a man named Tenevil , but never saw widespread use. Until 1931, the Chukchi language had no official orthography, in spite of attempts in the 1800s to write religious texts in it. At the beginning of

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2860-460: The suffix -ӄeв (after close vowels) or -ӄaв (after open vowels). The external influences of Chukchi have not been well-studied. In particular, the degree of contacts between the Chukchi and Eskimo languages remains an open question. Research into this area is problematic in part because of the lack of written evidence. (Cf. de Reuse in the Bibliography.) Contact influence of Russian, which

2915-544: The term used by the Chukchis' Tungusic -speaking neighbors, itself a rendering of the Chukchi word чавчыв [tʃawtʃəw] , which in Chukchi means "[a man who is] rich in reindeer," referring to any successful reindeer herder, a wealthy man by local standards. Although Chukchi language is taught in 28 elementary schools in Chukotka Autonomous Region to 1616 children (according to 2015-2016 data), and there are several hours of daily TV and radio broadcasts in

2970-488: The use of "have" in the perfect in English and other Western European languages. Both subject and direct object are cross-referenced in the verbal chain, and person agreement is very different in intransitive and transitive verbs. Person agreement is expressed with a complex system involving both prefixes and suffixes; despite the agglutinative nature of the language, each individual combination of person, number, tense etc.

3025-463: Was deemed unviable by the Soviet government and the villagers were moved to Uelen. The addition of Dezhnevo carvers to the existing artistic school in Uelen served to strengthen Uelen's cultural reputation not just in the region but across Russia with notable carvers such as Pyotr Penkok and Stepan Ettugi working in Uelen. In addition to absorbing the population of Dezhnevo, Uelen also absorbed the part of

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