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54-884: The area has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for "containing the largest remaining area of lowland rainforests in Java", and also for possessing the most threatened species of rhino, the Javan rhino . It was designated before its formation as a national park. The park fully encompasses the Ujung Kulon peninsula, along with surrounding islands and the Gunung Honje mountain range. Ujung Kulon itself means Western End or Point West in Sundanese / Bantenese . The park covers an area of 1,056.95 km (408.09 sq mi), of which 443.37 km (171.19 sq mi)

108-417: A UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions, involving considerable expense for lobbying and visits for diplomats , were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2021, international scientists recommended UNESCO to put

162-1062: A lowland rainforest ecosystem, together with Baluran and Alas Purwo National Park . It therefore possesses a somewhat similar ecosystem, despite being much wetter than the latter due to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , the latter being found on East Java instead. So far, 175 species have been observed within the park, with 57 of them being protected, This includes mangroves (e.g. Sonneratia alba , Excoecaria agallocha , Rhizophora apiculata , Aegiceras corniculatum ), coastal plants (e.g. Nypa fruticans , Calophyllum inophyllum , Terminalia catappa , Hibiscus tiliaceus , etc.), Figs (e.g. Ficus benjamina , Ficus deltoidea , Ficus racemosa , Ficus septica ) and other lowland vegetation such as Oroxylum indicum , Melastoma malabathricum , Sterculia foetida , and Durio zibethinus . The park possesses three protected rare flora, namely Heritiera percoriacea , Vatica bantamensis , and Intsia bijuga . Rafflesia patma

216-488: A minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one. Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to

270-756: A remarkable accomplishment of humankind and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet, or it might be a place of great natural beauty. As of July 2024, a total of 1,223 World Heritage Sites (952 cultural, 231 natural and 40 mixed cultural and natural properties) exist across 168 countries . With 60 selected areas, Italy is the country with the most sites, followed by China with 59, and Germany with 54. The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones. The World Heritage Sites list

324-1000: A single text was eventually agreed upon by all parties, and the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. The convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of November 2024, it has been ratified by 196 states: 192 UN member states , two UN observer states (the Holy See and the State of Palestine ), and two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue ). Only one UN member state, Liechtenstein , has not ratified

378-690: A vegetable after the seeds have been discarded, and made into stir-fries and curries. The fruits are a favourite staple of the common Indian macaque . It serves as a food plant for the caterpillars of the two-brand crow butterfly ( Euploea sylvester ) of northern Australia. According to the Shatapatha Brahmana , the Audumbara tree was created from the force of Indra , the leader of the gods that came out of his flesh when he overindulged in soma : From his hair his thought flowed, and became millet; from his skin his honour flowed, and became

432-511: Is also a notable species. Currently one particular species of plant is considered troublesome, especially towards the rhino conservation program, the Arenga palm ( Arenga obtusifolia ). This species of palm has been noted to grow rapidly while consuming much area, starving the undergrowth of sunlight, reducing the rhino's required food supply. Local authorities have claimed that eradication efforts have been and will continue to go on. Ujung Kulon

486-522: Is given prominence as a means for acquiring prosperity and vanquishing foes. For instance, regarding an amulet of the Audumbara tree, a hymn ( AV xix, 31) extols: It has been described in the story of Raja Harischandra of the Ikshvaku dynasty , that the crown was a branch of this Audumbara tree, set in a circlet of gold. Additionally, the throne ( simhasana ) was constructed out of this wood and

540-585: Is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by the United Nations General Assembly , and advised by reviews of international panels of experts in natural or cultural history, and education. The Program catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to

594-480: Is marine. Most of the park landmass lies on the mainland, specifically the Ujung Kulon Peninsula , with the highest elevation of 480 m (1,570 ft) atMt. Payung in the southwest of the peninsula. The eastern area of the park is marked by the Gunung Honje mountain range, possessing several low-lying mountains with the highest peak at Mt. Honje at 620 m (2,030 ft). The Ujung Kulon area

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648-997: Is the last known refuge for the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros after the death of the last remaining Javan rhino in Cát Tiên National Park , Vietnam, where a small population of 10 or less remained in 2010. In Ujung Kulon the population has been estimated at 40–60 in the 1980s. Within 2001-2010 there have been 14 rhino births identified using camera and video traps. Based on recordings taken between February and October 2011, 35 rhinoceros had been identified, of which 22 were males and 13 females. Of these 7 were old, 18 adults, 5 youngsters, and 5 infant rhinos. Increasing from previous years, in 2013 there were 8 calves of which 3 of them were female and 50 teenage and adult of which 20 of them were female identified using 120 video cameras functioning at night with motion sensors. It can be said to be accurate data, since every rhino has its own unique morphology, mainly from skin wrinkles around

702-580: The Audumbara ( Sanskrit , Pali ; Devanagari : औदुंबर) in Buddhism . Udumbara can also refer to the blue lotus ( nila-udumbara , "blue udumbara ") flower. The udumbara flower appears in chapters 2 and 27 of the Lotus Sutra , an important Mahayana Buddhist text . The Japanese word udon-ge ( 優曇華 , literally " udon / udumbara flower") was used by Dōgen Zenji to refer to the flower of

756-796: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic data reporting providing the committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a "snapshot" of current conditions at World Heritage properties. Based on the draft convention that UNESCO had initiated,

810-426: The cluster fig , red river fig or gular , is a species of plant in the family Moraceae . It is native to Australia and tropical Asia. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very rough leaves, usually attaining the size of a large shrub, although older specimens can grow quite large and gnarled. It is unusual in that its figs grow on or close to the tree trunk, termed cauliflory . The fruits are commonly eaten as

864-697: The udumbara tree in chapter 68 of the Shōbōgenzō ("Treasury of the Eye of the True Dharma"). Dōgen places the udonge in the context of the Flower Sermon given by Gautama Buddha on Vulture Peak . Udonge is also used to refer to the eggs of the lacewing insect. The eggs are laid in a pattern similar to a flower, and its shape is used for divination in Asian fortune telling . In Theravada Buddhism ,

918-707: The Great Barrier Reef on the endangered list, as global climate change had caused a further negative state of the corals and water quality. Again, the Australian government campaigned against this, and in July 2021, the World Heritage Committee , made up of diplomatic representatives of 21 countries, ignored UNESCO's assessment, based on studies of scientists, "that the reef was clearly in danger from climate change and so should be placed on

972-507: The Krakatoa eruption and the ensuing tsunami, which was reported to be 15 meters high, many of the peninsula's settlements were destroyed and never completely rebuilt. The eruption also obliterated much of the local flora and fauna, leaving an average 30 cm (12 in) layer of volcanic ash across the area. Despite this, the area rapidly recovered, enabling it to serve as a repository for a large portion of Java's flora and fauna as well as

1026-1038: The List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List. Only three sites have ever been delisted : the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary in Oman, the Dresden Elbe Valley in Germany, and the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City in the United Kingdom. The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce

1080-576: The South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site. The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these regions and their classification as of July 2024 : This overview lists the 23 countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites: Ficus racemosa Ficus glomerata Roxb. Ficus racemosa ,

1134-609: The World Heritage Committee for new designations. The Committee meets once a year to determine which nominated properties to add to the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country that nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one to be included on the list. Until 2004, there were six sets of criteria for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. In 2005, UNESCO modified these and now has one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and must meet at least one of

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1188-998: The World Heritage Fund to facilitate its conservation under certain conditions. UNESCO reckons the restorations of the following four sites among its success stories: Angkor in Cambodia, the Old City of Dubrovnik in Croatia, the Wieliczka Salt Mine near Kraków in Poland, and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Additionally, the local population around a site may benefit from significantly increased tourism revenue. When there are significant interactions between people and

1242-501: The awards, because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. Eritrea 's efforts to promote Asmara are one example. In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for the World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef conservation efforts to be removed from

1296-521: The aśvattha tree (Ficus religiosa); from his flesh his force flowed, and became the udumbara tree (Ficus glomerata) ; from his bones his sweet drink flowed, and became the nyagrodha tree (Ficus indica); from his marrow his drink, the Soma juice, flowed, and became rice: in this way his energies, or vital powers, went from him. In the Atharva Veda , this fig tree ( Sanskrit : Umbara or Audumbara )

1350-567: The banteng, silvery gibbon , Javan lutung , crab-eating macaque , Javan leopard , dhole , Java mouse-deer , Javan rusa , Sunda leopard cat and smooth-coated otter . There are 197 species of birds. Javan tigers survived in the national park until the mid-1960s. World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around

1404-504: The commitment of countries and local population to World Heritage conservation in various ways, providing emergency assistance for sites in danger, offering technical assistance and professional training, and supporting States Parties' public awareness-building activities. Being listed as a World Heritage Site can positively affect the site, its environment, and interactions between them. A listed site gains international recognition and legal protection, and can obtain funds from, among others,

1458-454: The committee. A site may be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of

1512-417: The common culture and heritage of humankind. The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 196 states have ratified the convention, making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme. In 1954,

1566-412: The convention. By assigning places as World Heritage Sites, UNESCO wants to help preserve them for future generations. Its motivation is that "heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today" and that both cultural and natural heritage are "irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration". UNESCO's mission with respect to World Heritage consists of eight sub targets. These include encouraging

1620-650: The endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia . This resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of several important temples. The most famous of these are the temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Philae . The campaign ended in 1980 and

1674-414: The eyes. Current estimates are set to about 82 rhinos. By 2013 feeding areas of Eupatorium odoratum vegetation have been reduced from 10 locations comprising 158 ha (390 acres) to 5 locations comprising 20 ha (49 acres). This has increased competition for feeding grounds between the local rhino and banteng population. Roughly 35 mammals species endemic to Java are found in the park, notably

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1728-538: The government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam , whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia . In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to assist them to protect and rescue

1782-407: The largest remaining lowland rainforest in Java. By 2005, the park was designated as an ASEAN Heritage Park . Villages that still survived within the area have now acclaimed cultural status as Kampung Wisata (literally 'Recreational Village'). Future plans even intended to develop Cimenteng, one of the local hamlets, into an ecovillage. Ujung Kulon is one of three national parks in Java housing

1836-992: The last two decades. These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91% experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action. The destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Terrorists, rebels, and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, United Nations peacekeeping and UNESCO in cooperation with Blue Shield International are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with

1890-517: The list." According to environmental protection groups, this "decision was a victory for cynical lobbying and [...] Australia, as custodians of the world's biggest coral reef, was now on probation." Several listed locations, such as Casco Viejo in Panama and Hội An in Vietnam , have struggled to strike a balance between the economic benefits of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers after

1944-836: The local level which can result in the site being damaged. Rock art under world heritage protection at the Tadrart Acacus in Libya have occasionally been intentionally destroyed. Chalcraft links this destruction to Libyan national authorities prioritizing World Heritage status over local sensibilities by limiting access to the sites without consulting with the local population. UNESCO has also been criticized for alleged geographic bias, racism , and colourism in world heritage inscription. A major chunk of all world heritage inscriptions are located in regions whose populations generally have lighter skin, including Europe, East Asia, and North America. The World Heritage Committee has divided

1998-422: The majority of the island's lowland forest. Conservation efforts for the area began in the early 20th century during colonial Dutch East Indies . Pulau Panaitan was first designated as a nature reserve ( Suaka Alam ) in 1921 before later being combined with Pulau Peucang to become a wildlife sanctuary ( Suaka Margasatwa ) in 1937. Post-independence, the area acclaimed restored status as a nature reserve along with

2052-730: The natural environment, these can be recognised as "cultural landscapes". A country must first identify its significant cultural and natural sites in a document known as the Tentative List. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union . A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. The two international bodies make recommendations to

2106-425: The peninsula. The southern part of Gunung Honje Protection Forest was incorporated within the reserve in 1967, with the northern portion following in 1979. Lastly, it was declared a national park in 1992. Border reconstructions by Mt. Honje were finalized in 2004. It is Indonesia's first proposed national park coincidentally designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 during its establishment for containing

2160-407: The places associated with Lord Dattatreya who is seen as an icon Rishi a sage who represents all the three of the trinity of Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva (Creator, Preserver and destroyer) needed for each one to learn by unlearning the obsolete. this is the plan of evolution in analogy. Its leaves are an indispensable part of many Hindu havan s. Both the tree and the flower are referred to as

2214-451: The plant is said to have used as the tree for achieved enlightenment ( bodhi ) by the 26th Lord Buddha , Konaagama ( Sinhala : කෝණාගම ). The Ovambo people call the fruit of the cluster fig eenghwiyu and use it to distill ombike , their traditional liquor. The bark of Ficus racemosa is used as a home remedy . In India, the bark is rubbed on a stone with water to make a paste, which can be applied to boils or mosquito bites. Allow

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2268-562: The protected area's size by 90%. The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the Waldschlösschen Bridge would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, the Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed,

2322-467: The recognition and preserving the original culture and local communities. Another criticism is that there is a homogeneity to these sites, which contain similar styles, visitor centres , etc., meaning that a lot of the individuality of these sites has been removed to become more attractive to tourists. Anthropologist Jasper Chalcraft said that World Heritage recognition often ignores contemporary local usage of certain sites. This leads to conflicts on

2376-413: The royal personage would ascend it on his knee, chanting to the gods to ascend it with him, which they did so, albeit unseen. The tree has been worshipped as Abode under which Lord Dattatreya teaches that to teach first learn from others however small or big. There is always something to be learnt from One and to learn new things one has to learn to unlearn as per the time. The tree is seen planted in all

2430-481: The ten criteria. A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the Tentative List and then onto the Nomination File. A request for

2484-405: The threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site. The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the list if the threats have ceased or consider deletion from both

2538-622: The valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009. Liverpool 's World Heritage status was revoked in July 2021, following developments ( Liverpool Waters and Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium ) on the northern docks of the World Heritage site leading to the "irreversible loss of attributes" on the site. The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63% of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over

2592-436: The words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible". The UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers. A large lobbying industry has grown around

2646-526: The work of the World Heritage Committee was developed over a seven-year period (1965–1972). The United States initiated the idea of safeguarding places of high cultural or natural importance. A White House conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, which were presented in 1972 at

2700-652: The world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity". To be selected, a World Heritage Site is nominated by its host country and determined by the UNESCO's World Heritage Committee to be a unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable, having a special cultural or physical significance, and to be under a sufficient system of legal protection. For example, World Heritage Sites might be ancient ruins or historical structures, buildings, cities, deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains or wilderness areas. A World Heritage Site may signify

2754-744: The world into five geographic regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the Caucasus states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and the Caribbean region. The UNESCO geographic regions also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, Gough Island , located in

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2808-693: Was collected from 50 countries. The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Together with the International Council on Monuments and Sites , UNESCO then initiated a draft convention to protect cultural heritage. The convention (the signed document of international agreement ) guiding

2862-973: Was considered a success. To thank countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, Egypt donated four temples; the Temple of Dendur was moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , the Temple of Debod to the Parque del Oeste in Madrid , the Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden , and the Temple of Ellesyia to Museo Egizio in Turin . The project cost US$ 80 million (equivalent to $ 295.83 million in 2023), about $ 40 million of which

2916-444: Was first introduced to the Western world by Dutch-German botanist, Franz W. Junghuhn in 1846, during one of his expeditions. Since then, scientists have started gaining interest in the peninsula's biological abundance. Several years later, this supposed first trip to Ujung Kulon was included in a scientific journal. However there are not many written records regarding Ujung Kulon before the eruption of Mount Krakatoa in 1883. Following

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