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23-532: The initial development of Unix occurred on DEC equipment, notably DEC PDP-7 and PDP-11 (Programmable Data Processor) systems. Later DEC computers, such as their VAX, also offered Unix. The first port to VAX, UNIX/32V , was finished in 1978, not long after the October 1977 announcement of the VAX, for which – at that time – DEC only supplied its own proprietary operating system, VMS . DEC's Unix Engineering Group (UEG)

46-409: A combination hardware and software product named Prestoserv which accelerated NFS file serving to allow better performance for diskless workstations to communicate to a file serving Ultrix host. The kernel supported symmetric multiprocessing while not being fully multithreaded based upon pre-Ultrix work by Armando Stettner and earlier work by George H. Goble at Purdue University. As such, there

69-580: A native UNIX product, Stettner and Bill Doll presented plans for DEC to make a native VAX Unix product available to its customers; DEC founder Ken Olsen agreed. DEC's first native UNIX product was V7M (for modified) or V7M11 for the PDP-11 and was based on Version 7 Unix from Bell Labs. V7M was developed by DEC's original Unix Engineering Group (UEG); work was done primarily by Fred Canter and Jerry Brenner, with their teammates Stettner, Bill Burns, Mary Anne Cacciola, and Bill Munson. V7M contained many fixes to

92-594: A second PDP-7A (serial number 113) previously located at the University of Oregon in its Nuclear Physics laboratory is now at the Living Computer Museum in Seattle, Washington and is completely restored to running condition after being disassembled for transport; Another PDP-7 (serial number 47) is known to be in the collection of Max Burnet near Sydney, Australia, a fourth PDP-7 (serial number 33)

115-467: Is 4K words (9 KB) but expandable up to 64K words (144 KB). The PDP-7 weighs about 1,100 pounds (500 kg). DECsys , the first operating system for DEC's 18-bit computer family (and DEC's first operating system for a computer smaller than its 36-bit timesharing systems), was introduced in 1965. It provides an interactive, single user, program development environment for Fortran and assembly language programs. In 1969, Ken Thompson wrote

138-487: The best from System V and added it to a BSD base. Originally, on the VAX workstations, Ultrix-32 had a desktop environment called UWS, Ultrix Worksystem Software, which was based on X10 and the Ultrix Window Manager . Later, the widespread version 11 of the X Window System (X11) was added, using a window manager and widget toolkit named XUI (X User Interface), which was also used on VMS releases of

161-550: The engineering work was in making the systems relatively flexible and configurable despite their binary-only nature. DEC provided Ultrix on three platforms: PDP-11 minicomputers (where Ultrix was one of many available operating systems from DEC), VAX-based computers (where Ultrix was one of two primary OS choices) and the Ultrix-only DECstation workstations and DECsystem servers. Note that the DECstation and

184-451: The first UNIX system, then named Unics as a pun on Multics despite only using two design elements from Multics, in assembly language on a PDP-7, as the operating system for Space Travel , a game which requires graphics to depict the motion of the planets. A PDP-7 was also the development system used during the development of MUMPS at MGH in Boston a few years earlier. The PDP-7

207-518: The initial development of the Alpha architecture, but was never released as a product. Later, DEC replaced Ultrix with OSF/1 on Alpha , ending Unix development on the MIPS and VAX platforms. The last major release of Ultrix was version 4.5 in 1995, which supported all previously supported DECstations and VAXen. There were some subsequent Y2K patches. WordMARC , a scientifically oriented word processor,

230-450: The kernel including support for separate instruction and data spaces, significant work for hardware error recovery, and many device drivers. Much work was put into producing a release that would reliably bootstrap from many tape drives or disk drives. V7M was well respected in the Unix community. UEG evolved into the group that later developed Ultrix. The first native VAX UNIX product from DEC

253-482: The later DECsystem products (as opposed to DEC's original DECsystem line) used MIPS processors and predate the much later Alpha -based systems. The V7m product was later renamed to Ultrix-11 to establish the family with Ultrix-32 , but as the PDP-11 faded from view Ultrix-32 became known simply as Ultrix . When the MIPS versions of Ultrix was released, the VAX and MIPS versions were referred to as VAX/ULTRIX and RISC/ULTRIX respectively. Much engineering emphasis

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276-748: The standard TCP/IP , and both the SMTP and DEC's Mail-11 protocols. Notably, Ultrix implemented the inter-process communication (IPC) facilities found in System V ( named pipes , messages , semaphores , and shared memory ). While the converged Unix from the Sun and AT&T alliance (that spawned the Open Software Foundation or OSF), released late 1986, put BSD features into System V, DEC, as described in Stettner's original Ultrix plans, took

299-464: The tape Bill Joy took with him. The thinking was that 5BSD would be the next version - university lawyers thought it would be better to call it 4.1BSD. After the completion of 4.1BSD, Bill Joy left Berkeley to work at Sun Microsystems . Shannon later moved from New Hampshire to join him. Stettner stayed at DEC and later conceived of and started the Ultrix project. Shortly after IBM announced plans for

322-589: The time. Eventually Ultrix also provided the Motif toolkit and Motif Window Manager . Ultrix ran on multiprocessor systems from both the VAX and DECsystem families. Ultrix-32 supported SCSI disks and tapes and also proprietary Digital Storage Systems Interconnect and CI peripherals employing DEC's Mass Storage Control Protocol , although lacking the OpenVMS distributed lock manager it did not support concurrent access from multiple Ultrix systems. DEC also released

345-537: The time. The PDP-7 is the third of Digital's 18-bit machines, with essentially the same instruction set architecture as the PDP-4 and the PDP-9 . The PDP-7 was the first wire-wrapped PDP computer. The computer has a memory cycle time of 1.75 µs and an add time of 4 µs . Input/output (I/O) includes a keyboard, printer, punched tape and dual transport DECtape drives (type 555). The standard core memory capacity

368-399: Was POSIX compliant. Shannon and Stettner worked on low-level CPU and device driver support initially on UNIX/32V but quickly moved to concentrate on working with the University of California, Berkeley 's 4BSD . Berkeley's Bill Joy came to New Hampshire to work with Shannon and Stettner to wrap up a new BSD release. UEG's machine was the first to run the new Unix, labeled 4.5BSD as was

391-883: Was Ultrix-32, based on 4.2BSD with some non-kernel features from System V , and was released in June 1984. Ultrix-32 was primarily the brainchild of Armando Stettner. It provided a Berkeley-based native VAX Unix on a broad array of hardware configurations without the need to access kernel sources. A further goal was to enable better support by DEC's field software and systems support engineers through better hardware support, system messages, and documentation. It also incorporated several modifications and scripts from Usenet/UUCP experience. Later, Ultrix-32 incorporated support for DECnet and other proprietary DEC protocols such as LAT . It did not support VAXclustering . Given Western Electric /AT&T Unix licensing, DEC (and others) were restricted to selling binary-only licenses. A significant part of

414-462: Was among the application packages available for Ultrix. The following shells were provided with Ultrix: PDP-7 The PDP-7 is an 18-bit minicomputer produced by Digital Equipment Corporation as part of the PDP series. Introduced in 1964, shipped since 1965, it was the first to use their Flip-Chip technology. With a cost of US$ 72,000 , it was cheap but powerful by the standards of

437-608: Was described as "highly successful." A combined total of 120 of the PDP-7 and PDP-7A were sold. A DEC publication states that the first units shipped to customers in November 1964. Eleven systems were shipped to the UK. At least four PDP-7s were confirmed to still exist as of 2011 and a fifth was discovered in 2017. A PDP-7A (serial number 115) was under restoration in Oslo , Norway;

460-505: Was liberal use of locking and some tasks could only be done by particular CPUs (e.g. the processing of interrupts ). This was not uncommon in other SMP implementations of that time (e.g. SunOS ). Also, Ultrix was slow to support many then new or emerging Unix system capabilities found on competing Unix systems (e.g. it never supported shared libraries or dynamically linked executables); and a delay in implementing bind, 4.3BSD system calls and libraries. The absence of memory-mapped file support

483-439: Was placed on supportability and reliable operations including continued work on CPU and device driver support (which was, for the most part, also sent to UC Berkeley), hardware failure support and recovery with enhancement to error message text, documentation, and general work at both the kernel and systems program levels. Later Ultrix-32 incorporated some features from 4.3BSD and optionally included DECnet and SNA in addition to

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506-459: Was regarded as a particular deficiency with Ultrix in comparison to its competitors in the early 1990s. As part of its commitment to the OSF, Armando Stettner went to DEC's Cambridge Research Labs to work on the port of OSF/1 to DEC's RISC-based DECstation 3100 workstation. This was released in 1991 with a Mach -based kernel for the MIPS architecture. A port of Ultrix to Alpha was carried out during

529-499: Was started by Bill Munson with Jerry Brenner and Fred Canter, both from DEC's Customer Service Engineering group, Bill Shannon (from Case Western Reserve University ), and Armando Stettner (from Bell Labs ). Other later members of UEG included Joel Magid, Bill Doll, and Jim Barclay recruited from DEC's marketing and product management groups. Under Canter's direction, UEG released V7M , a modified version of Unix 7th Edition (q.v.). In 1988 The New York Times reported that Ultrix

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