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37-680: The Baikal–Amur Mainline passes at the foot of the southern side of the range. The range stretches from southwest to northeast for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), from the northern end of Lake Baikal to the sources of the Mamakan river, a left tributary of the Vitim . It forms the northern limit of the Upper Angara Depression , rising above the right bank of the Upper Angara River which flows into Lake Baikal. To

74-407: A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The mild September temperatures caused by seasonal lag keep the climate within the continental range. This also means that among summer months, June is the fourth warmest, in spite of the highest sun strength being reached during that month. Apart from that there is a strong subarctic and Siberian High influence that keeps winters extremely cold for

111-519: A coastal location at 49 degrees latitude. Sovetskaya Gavan's economy is largely dependent on the harbour and related activities; the town has a deep water port for cargo and fishing vessels, as well as ship repair facilities. There is also some foodstuffs production, such as fish processing. In 1973, Vanino-Kholmsk train ferry to the island Sakhalin was opened, joining the mainland at Vanino , 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Sovetskaya Gavan. Whilst this diminished Sovetskaya Gavan's importance as

148-639: A number of branch lines have been built or are under construction. In January 2012 the Russian mining company Mechel completed the construction of the 320-kilometre-long branch line to Elginskoye, branching from the BAM station Ulak, west of the Zeya River crossing in northwestern Amur Oblast . The branch line connects the Elginskoye coal mine to the Russian railroad network. Currently under discussion

185-712: A result of thawing permafrost. The BAM departs from the Trans-Siberian railway at Tayshet , then crosses the Angara River at Bratsk and the Lena River at Ust-Kut , proceeds past Severobaikalsk at the northern tip of Lake Baikal , past Tynda and Khani , crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-on-Amur and finally reaches the Pacific Ocean at Sovetskaya Gavan . There are 21 tunnels along

222-401: A very poor state, with collapsed bridges, dangerous river crossings, severe potholes and "unrelenting energy-sapping bogs". The narrow, dilapidated Vitim River Bridge (aka Kuandinsky Bridge) that crosses the Vitim river has attracted attention since its first appearance on social media in 2009. The passage of the bridge is forbidden since 2016 but remains a common road for individuals to reach

259-615: Is 48 hours. Travel time from Tynda to Komsomolsk-on-Amur is 36 hours. Travel time from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan is 13 hours. There are ten tunnels along the BAM railway, totaling 30 kilometres (19 miles) of route. They include: These are among the longest tunnels in Russia. In addition, the route crosses 11 full-flowing rivers (including the Lena , Amur , Zeya , Vitim , Olyokma , Selemdzha and Bureya ). In total, 2230 large and small bridges were built on it. The route of

296-523: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Irkutsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baikal%E2%80%93Amur Mainline The Baikal–Amur Mainline ( Russian : Байкало-Амурская магистраль , БАМ , Baikalo-Amurskaya magistral' , BAM ) is a 1,520 mm ( 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in ) broad-gauge railway line in Russia . Traversing Eastern Siberia and

333-579: Is a town in Khabarovsk Krai , Russia, and a port on the Strait of Tartary which connects the Sea of Okhotsk in the north with the Sea of Japan in the south. Population: 27,712 ( 2010 Census ) ; 30,480 ( 2002 Census ) ; 34,915 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . It was previously known as Imperatorskaya Gavan (Императорская Гавань, lit. 'Imperial harbour' ) until 1922. The name of

370-461: Is the construction of a bridge or tunnel under the Strait of Tartary to Sakhalin Island , with the possibility of the further construction of a bridge or tunnel from Sakhalin to Japan . A tunnel from the mainland to Sakhalin was previously begun under Joseph Stalin , but was abandoned after his death. A second attempt in 2003 was also postponed during construction. Current economic conditions make

407-597: The Baikal-Amur Mainline . From 1950 until 1954, the town was the site of the prison camp Ulminlag of the gulag system. In 1958, the town's northern neighborhood, on the Vanino Bay, was separated into a separate urban-type settlement of Vanino . In 1963–1964, six sounding rockets of "Kosmos 2"-type were launched. They reached the height of 402 kilometers (250 mi). Within the framework of administrative divisions , Sovetskaya Gavan serves as

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444-676: The Russian Far East , the 4,324 km (2,687 mi)-long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km (380 to 480 miles) north of and parallel to the Trans-Siberian Railway . The Soviet Union built the BAM as a strategic alternative route to the Trans–Siberian Railway, seen as vulnerable especially along the sections close to the border with China . The BAM cost $ 14 billion, and it was built with special, durable tracks since much of it ran over permafrost . Due to

481-583: The administrative center of Sovetsko-Gavansky District even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of krai significance of Sovetskaya Gavan —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the town of krai significance of Sovetskaya Gavan is incorporated within Sovetsko-Gavansky Municipal District as Sovetskaya Gavan Urban Settlement . Sovetskaya Gavan has

518-457: The 19-kilometre (12 mi) section east of Komsomolsk which was completed in 1974. In April 2008 the state-owned Bamtonnelstroy corporation started work on the new 3.91-kilometre (2.43 mi) single-track Kuznetsovsky Tunnel to bypass an older tunnel built in 1943–1945. It was opened in December 2012. The old tunnel had difficult gradients; building the new tunnel relieved a bottleneck on

555-566: The AYaM connecting the Trans-Siberian at Bamovskaya with the BAM at Tynda is also referred to as the "Little BAM". During the winter the passenger trains go from Moscow past Tayshet and Tynda to Neryungri and Tommot and there are also a daily trains from Tynda to Komsomolsk-on-Amur and from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan on the Pacific Ocean via Vanino ( "Vladivostok-Sovetskaya Gavan" train No.351Э). Travel time from Tayshet to Tynda

592-521: The BAM as a Komsomol shock construction project , created the central Komsomol headquarters of BAM construction, and appointed Dmitry Filippov the chief of the headquarters. By the end of 1974, perhaps 50,000 young people of the 156,000 young people who applied had moved to the BAM service area. In 1975 and 1976, 28 new settlements were inaugurated and 70 new bridges, including the Amur and Lena bridges, were erected. And while 110 miles (180 km) of track

629-682: The BAM as a single operational body was dissolved, with the western section from Tayshet to Khani becoming the East Siberian Railway and the rest transferred to the management of the Far Eastern Railway . During the Russo-Ukrainian War , on November 30, 2023, an explosion occurred in the Severomuysky Tunnel . A second explosion happened soon thereafter on the bypass used as backup for

666-611: The BAM would be one of the two major projects in the Tenth Five Year Plan (1976–80). He famously stated that "BAM will be constructed with clean hands only!" and firmly rejected the suggestion to again use prison labor . A few weeks later, he challenged the Young Communist League ( Komsomol ) to join in "the construction project of the century". The 17th Komsomol congress (held in April 1974) announced

703-411: The BAM. The 59.8 bn roubles (about $ 1.93 bn) project included 20 kilometres (12 mi) of new track. In 2010, Yakunin had said, the stretch between Komsomolsk and Sovetskaya Gavan was the weakest link on the BAM, which, he said, could be carrying 100 million tons of freight a year in 2050. Running approximately alongside the railway track is the BAM road, a railway service track. It is said to be in

740-547: The bay to Imperatorskaya Gavan ('Emperor's Harbor' or 'Port Imperial'). The bay was also known to the English as Barracouta Harbour. Nikolay Boshnyak was appointed the commander of the post, which became the first Russian settlement in the area, and the predecessor of today's Sovetskaya Gavan. After the abandonment of the military post before 1900, the area became a center for timber production, including concessions to companies from other countries such as Canada. The bay and

777-675: The east rises the Delyun-Uran , the northernmost range of the Stanovoy Highlands . The main ridge is relatively narrow, with sharp peaks, cirques and glacial troughs . The highest summit is a 2,641 metres (8,665 ft) high unnamed ultra prominent peak . The range forms a watershed that separates the Mama River basin to the north from the right tributaries of the Upper Angara to the south. The Kichera , one of

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814-450: The finalisation of plans for upgrading the BAM for diesel or electric instead of steam traction, and for the heavier axle-loads of eight-axle oil tankers to carry new-found oil from Western Siberia. The upgrading required 25 years and 3,000 surveyors and designers, although much of the redesign work (particularly as regards the central section) took place between 1967 and 1974. In March 1974, Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev proposed that

851-444: The line, with a total length of 47 km (29 mi). There are also more than 4,200 bridges, with a total length of over 400 kilometres (250 mi). Of the whole route, only the western Tayshet- Taksimo sector of 1,469 km (913 mi) is electrified. The route is largely single-track, although the reservation is wide enough for double-tracking for its full length, in the case of eventual duplication. The unusual thing about

888-429: The overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks (with well cars to make 6.15m height) are proposed. Tayshet to Lake Baikal 1,064 kilometres (661 mi): Lake Baikal to Tynda 1,300 kilometres (810 mi): valley Tynda to Komsomolsk 1,473 kilometres (915 mi): Komsomolsk to Sovetskaya Gavan 486 kilometres (302 mi): This section was completed by prisoners during World War II , except for

925-583: The present-day BAM first came under consideration in the 1880s as an option for the eastern section of the planned Trans-Siberian railway. In the 1930s, labor-camp inmates, in particular from the Bamlag camp of the Gulag system, built the section from Tayshet to Bratsk . In a confusing transfer of names, the label BAM applied from 1933 to 1935 to the project to double-track the Trans-Siberian east of Lake Baikal, constructed largely using forced labor. 1945 saw

962-607: The railway is that it is electrified with a 27.5 kV, 50 Hz catenary minimum height at 6.5 metres (21 ft 4 in) above top of the rails to suit double-stacking under the overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks, which requires rolling stock to be modified for service on the railway. At Tynda the route is crossed by the Amur–Yakutsk Mainline , which runs north to Neryungri and Tommot , with an extension to Nizhny Bestyakh opened in 2019. The original section of

999-532: The rivers flowing into Baikal, originates at the southwestern end of the ridge. Rivers Left Mama and Right Mama, which form the Mama River , a tributary of the Vitim , as well as the Chaya , have their sources in the northern side of the range. The slopes of the range are mainly covered with larch taiga , with mountain tundra and bare summits (golets) at higher elevations. This Buryatia location article

1036-489: The route, but today many of these places are deserted ghost towns and unemployment in the area is high. The building of the BAM has also been criticised for its complete lack of environmental protection. When the Soviet Union was dissolved , numerous mining and industrial projects in the region were cancelled and the BAM was greatly underutilized until the late 1990s, running at a large operational deficit. In 1996,

1073-482: The settlement were renamed Sovetskaya Gavan in 1922. During World War II , construction was begun on a railway from the right bank of the Amur River near Komsomolsk-on-Amur to the Pacific coast, with Sovetskaya Gavan chosen as the endpoint. Sovetskaya Gavan was granted town status in 1941; the railway reached the town in 1945. This section of railway was the first section to be completed of what would later become

1110-423: The severe terrain, weather, length and cost, Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev described BAM in 1974 as "the construction project of the century". If the permafrost layer that supports the BAM railway line were to melt, the railway would collapse and sink into peat bog layers that cannot bear its weight. In 2016 and 2018 there were reports about climate change and damage to buildings and infrastructure as

1147-511: The short-term completion of the tunnel doubtful, although Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced in November 2008 his support for a revival of this project. The BAM now also attracts the interest of Western railway enthusiasts, with some tourist activity on the line. Also, the BAM itself extension from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Magadan (Okhotsk coastal route), full length electrification, full length track doubling, and double-stacking under

Upper Angara Range - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-543: The town is often informally abbreviated to "Sovgavan" ( Совгавань ). On May 23, 1853, Lt. Nikolay Konstantinovich Boshnyak of the Russian-American Company ship Nikolay discovered the bay on which Sovetskaya Gavan is located and named it Khadzhi Bay. On August 4, 1853, Captain Gennady Nevelskoy founded a military post named after Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin , and renamed

1221-529: The town of Koanda. The road is passable only by the most extreme off-road vehicles and adventure motorcycles . In 2009, a group of three experienced motorcycle riders took a whole month to travel from Komsomolsk (in the east) to Lake Baikal . Main belt asteroid 2031 BAM , discovered in 1969 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh , is named in honor of the builders of the BAM. Sovetskaya Gavan Sovetskaya Gavan ( Russian : Сове́тская Га́вань , lit.   ' Soviet harbor ')

1258-414: The tunnel. The Security Service of Ukraine claimed responsibility for the explosions. A major improvement was the opening of the 15.34-kilometre (9.53 mi) Severomuysky Tunnel on 5 December 2003. It is up to 1.5 kilometres (nearly 1 mile) deep. Construction took 27 years to complete. Prior to this, the corresponding route segment was 54 km (34 mi) long, with heavy slopes necessitating

1295-474: The use of auxiliary bank engine locomotives. With the resources boom of recent years and improving economic conditions in Russia, use of the line is increasing. Plans exist for the development of mining areas such as Udokanskoye and Chineyskoye near Novaya Chara , as well as one of Eurasia 's largest coal deposits at Elginskoye (Elga) in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). In connection with this,

1332-444: Was fully operational for civilians, due to military reasons. The BAM was again declared complete in 1991. By then, the total cost to build the line was US$ 14 billion ( RU₽ 106 trillion ). Beginning in the mid-1980s, the BAM project attracted increasing criticism for having been poorly planned. Infrastructure and basic services like running water were often not in place when workers arrived. At least 60 boomtowns developed along

1369-408: Was laid, the track-laying rate would have needed to nearly triple to meet the 1983 deadline. In September 1984, a " golden spike " was hammered into place, connecting the eastern and western sections of the BAM. The Western media was not invited to attend this historic event as Soviet officials did not want any comments about the line's operational status. In reality, only one third of the BAM's track

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