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58-510: In many regards, Upper Brittany is dominated by the industrial and cathedral city of Rennes , seat of the University of Rennes 1 and the University of Rennes 2 . The principal distinction between the two parts of Brittany is that Lower Brittany is the historic realm of the Breton language , while Upper Brittany is that of Gallo , closely related to French . The isolation of Brittany from

116-499: A botanical garden and collections (the Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes ). The local economy is based on car manufacturing, telecommunications, the digital sector and agrifood. The telecommunications firm Orange (ex-France Telecom) is the largest private employer in the metropolitan area of Rennes with a workforce of 4,800 people. PSA Peugeot Citroën is the second largest private employer, with 3,000 employees. PSA opened

174-604: A botanical garden on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867. 17th century promenade "la Motte à Madame", and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor. The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th century constructions. The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola, by the Vilaine River. Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, and

232-613: A Cantor. The abbots of seven abbeys in the diocese were subject to nomination by the King and confirmation by the Pope: the Abbey of St. Maurice (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Notre-Dame-de Daoulac (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Landeunnes (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Saint-Crois de Quimperlé (O.S.B.), the Abbey of Bonrepos (Premonstratensian), the Abbey of Notre Dame de Coeurmalaoüen (O.S.B.), and the Abbey of Langonnet (O.S.B.). The Cathedral of St. Pol de Léon, which

290-454: A legitimate bishop consecrated in 1772, who had apostasized and was then Constitutional Bishop of Paris, in the consecration of additional Constitutional bishops on 27 February and 6 March. He then proceeded to Quimper for his installation. He faced great difficulties both from the flight of many of his clergy in the face of the Terror , and from the seizure of large areas of the countryside by

348-819: A manufacturing plant at La Janais in Chartres-de-Bretagne in 1961. Technicolor , one of the biggest TV and cinema broadcasting firms in the world, employs over 500 people. Rennes has the second largest concentration of digital and ICT firms in France after Paris (with well-known companies and startups like Atos , Google , Neosoft, Orange S.A., Thales , Ericsson , Harmonic France , STmicroelectronics , Technicolor R&D , Ubisoft , Regionsjob, Capgemini , OVH , Dassault Systèmes , Delta Dore, Canon , Artefacto, Enensys Technologies, Exfo, Mitsubishi Electric R&D Europe , Digitaleo, Kelbillet , Klaxoon , Sopra Group , Niji, and Airbus Cybersecurity ). Rennes

406-469: A native of Ireland , often held to be one of the 350 bishops consecrated by Saint Patrick , was in the fifth century known as one of the apostles of Cornouailles and the neighbourhood around Léon. Paul Aurelian , a Gallic monk, founder of monasteries at Ouessant on the north-west coast of Brittany and on the Island of Batz , was believed to have founded in an abandoned fort a monastery which gave origin to

464-593: A terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal . The surrounding plaza is built in the classical style. In the west, the Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Kêr): In the east, at the end of the Rue Saint-Georges with traditional half-timbered houses: In the south-east: The Place des Lices

522-571: Is also the eighth-largest university campus of France. In 2018, L'Express named Rennes as "the most liveable city in France". Since 2015, Rennes is divided into 6 cantons (populations as of 2019): Rennes is divided into 12 quarters : The current mayor of Rennes is Nathalie Appéré . A member of the Socialist Party , she replaced retiring Socialist incumbent Daniel Delaveau , in office from 2008 to 2014. Among previous well-known mayors are: The mairie ( city hall )

580-486: Is at least certain that there are traces in history of a Diocese of Léon as far back as the middle of the ninth century. The cornerstone of Quimper Cathedral was laid in 1424, but the building was still unfinished at the beginning of the sixteenth century. When Alexander VI granted that church the same indulgences as could be gained at the Roman Jubilee, funds came in which allowed its completion. The Chapter of

638-614: Is lined by hôtels particuliers . Along with the Place Rallier-du-Baty, it is the location of the weekly big market, the marché des Lices. Near the Rennes Cathedral (cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Rennes) is the Rue du Chapitre: Also in this area are the former St. Yves chapel, which is now the tourist office and a local historical museum, and the Basilica Saint-Sauveur. Built from the 3rd to

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696-620: Is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré-Botté, which is the former office of Ouest-Éclair, and then of Ouest-France , France's leading daily regional newspaper. There are large mills at Rue Duhamel, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902. To the northwest of Rennes, near Rue de Saint-Malo, are the locks of the Canal d'Ille-et-Rance , opened in 1843. Two locations for Oberthür Printing Works were built by Marthenot between 1870 and 1895 on Rue de Paris in

754-446: Is now a purely imaginary line and has no administrative or other status. However, having been based on linguistic areas, the boundary does correspond very roughly to administrative borders. The town of Ploërmel is one point where the two meet. In area, Upper Brittany now takes in something over half of the 35,000 square kilometres of the whole of Brittany, but it has some 2.5 million people, compared with Lower Brittany's 1.6 million. In

812-632: Is now in the Diocese of Quimper, was built between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Church of Notre Dame de Creisker, in the same town, restored in the fourteenth century, has a belfry which the Bretons claim to be the handsomest in the world. Formerly Quimperlé had an important Benedictine abbey, Sainte Croix , founded in 1029 and where the Benedictines of St. Maur took up their residence in 1665. Along with all abbeys, convents, and monasteries, it

870-614: Is right in the centre of Rennes. The French Prison Service operates the Centre pénitentiaire de Rennes , the largest women's prison in France. The ancient centre of the town is built on a hill, with the north side being more elevated than the south side. It is at the confluence of two rivers: the Ille and the Vilaine . Rennes is located on the European atlantic arc , 50 km from

928-598: Is well-equipped with musical facilities: Roman Catholic Diocese of Quimper The Diocese of Quimper (–Cornouaille) and Léon ( Latin : Dioecesis Corisopitensis (–Cornubiensis) et Leonensis ; French : Diocèse de Quimper (–Cornouaille) et Léon ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in France . In 1853, the name was changed from the Diocese of Quimper (–Cornouaille) to

986-550: The Brittany region and Ille-et-Vilaine department . In 2017, its urban area had a population of 357,327 inhabitants, while the larger metropolitan area had a population of 739,974. The inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais (masculine) and Rennaises (feminine) in French . Rennes's history goes back more than 2,000 years to a time when it was a small Gallic village named Condate. Together with Vannes and Nantes , it

1044-589: The Chouans , who were loyal to the monarchy. He had himself elected president of the departmental Directory, but his increasingly moderate stance brought him under suspicion from the Jacobins . He was denounced and arrested, and guillotined at Brest on 22 May 1794. His successor, Yves Audrin, was executed by the Chouans on 19/20 November 1800. In accordance with the Concordat of 1801 , Pope Pius VII restored

1102-587: The Department of Finistère . The diocese is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo . The current bishop is Laurent Marie Bernard Dognin. Two versions of the catalogue of the Bishops of Quimper are known: one is from the twelfth century and is held by the Cartulary of Quimperlé; the other is preserved in a Quimper Cartulary of

1160-559: The English Channel (near Saint-Malo , Dinard , and Mont Saint-Michel ). Rennes has the distinction of having a significant Green Belt around its ring road. This Green Belt is a protected area between the city proper (rather dense) and the rest of its urban area (rather rural). Rennes features an oceanic climate . Precipitation in Rennes is considerably less abundant than in the western parts of Brittany, reaching only half of

1218-833: The Republic , and the First Empire , enjoyed more support in Upper Brittany than in Lower. Upper Brittany accounted for some sixty per cent of the province's emigrants to French Canada , with especially high rates of emigration from Nantes and Ille-et-Vilaine , despite having a smaller population than Lower Brittany until the middle of the 20th century. In the realm of cuisine , the pancakes known as galettes , made with buckwheat , originated in Upper Brittany, crêpes , made with wheatflour , in Lower Brittany. In

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1276-413: The metropolitan area had a population of nearly 750,000. Rennes has the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in France after Toulouse and ahead of Montpellier , Bordeaux and Nantes . Rennes is classified as a city of art and history. The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts. There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to

1334-735: The "Lives of the Saints of Brittany" (1636) and published a Breton dictionary, and some devotional works in Breton. Today he is considered by some to be the founder of Breton philology. There was already a grammar school in Quimper in 1348, but never a university. The Jesuits were established in the Collège de Quimper in 1620 where they flourished until the Society of Jesus was expelled from France in 1763. Other notable persons whose origins were in

1392-517: The 12th centuries, the ramparts were largely destroyed between the beginning of the 16th century and the 1860s. In the south-west of the area, La Rue Saint-Michel nicknamed Rue de La Soif ( Road of Thirst ), is known for its many bars. Meanwhile, in the south-east, the Place du Champ-Jacquet features Renaissance buildings and a statue of mayor Jean Leperdit ripping up a conscription list. Area of Saint-Melaine square Jardin botanique du Thabor (formal French garden, orangerie, rose garden, aviary)

1450-491: The 1720 fire, which destroyed most of the timber-framed houses in the northern part of the city. The rebuilding was done in stone, on a grid plan. The poorer southern part was not rebuilt. Due to the presence of the parlement de Bretagne , many " hôtels particuliers " were built in the northern part, the richer half of Rennes in the 18th century. Most of the city's monuments historiques can be found there. Colourful traditional half-timbered houses are situated primarily along

1508-473: The 1980s, Rennes became one of the main centres in telecommunications and high-tech industry. It is now a significant digital innovation centre in France. In 2002, Rennes became the smallest city in the world to have a Metro line. Labeled a city of art and history, it has preserved an important medieval and classical heritage within its historic center, with over 90 buildings protected as historic monuments. Home to more than 66,000 students in 2016, it

1566-472: The 20th and 21st centuries, the growth of urbanization and industry has been more pronounced in Upper Brittany than in Lower Brittany, the character of which has remained more rural. In much of Upper Brittany, Breton has been little spoken, and indeed in some parts it may never have been the principal means of communication. Instead, the population historically spoke Gallo , and later a mixture of Gallo and French . However, in both ancient and modern times

1624-537: The 20th century. Attempts are now made to revitalize it, with schools playing a role in this, but it is largely viewed as a rural language of older people. Place-names are one form of evidence for the linguistic boundary during the Early Middle Ages , suggesting that it was much farther to the east than it is now, near Nantes and Rennes . For example, Pleugueneuc , in Ille-et-Vilaine , combines

1682-402: The Breton element plou (parish) with the name 'Guehenoc'. The distinction of two Brittanys was made at least as early as the 15th century, when the names used were Britannia gallicana (Upper Brittany) and Britannia britonizans (Lower Brittany). At that time, it appears that Lower Brittany had a separate fiscal status. Since then, the boundary between them has changed slowly as a result of

1740-871: The Cathedral was composed of six dignities and twelve Canons. The dignities were: the Dean, the Archdeacon of Cornuaille, the Archdeacon of Poher, the Treasurer, the Cantor and the Theologian. The Abbot of Doulas was always first Canon ex officio , and held precedence in the Chapter after the Bishop. There were two Collegiate Churches in the diocese, Saint-Trémeur de Carhaix and Notre-Dame de Rostrenen, each headed by

1798-537: The Diocese of Quimper (–Cornouaille) and Léon. Originally established in the 5th century, the diocese was dismantled during the anti-clericalism of the French Revolution . It was restored by the Concordat of 1801 , as the combination of the Dioceses of Quimper, Saint-Pol-de-Léon and Tréguier in Brittany , France . Traditionally, it formed part of Lower Brittany ; today's diocese is coextensive with

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1856-464: The Diocese of Quimper are: the classical scholar Jean Hardouin (1646–1729), the critic Élie Catherine Fréron (1719–71), and the physician René Laennec (1781–1826), inventor of the stethoscope . In 1772, the city of Quimper contained about 10,000 persons, and in the city there were five parishes. The entire diocese contained some 180 parishes. During the French revolution the Diocese of Quimper

1914-533: The Diocese of Quimper in 1802. The lessons taught by the reduction in the number of bishoprics by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 1790, and the rationalization of diocesan boundaries to coincide with civil administration districts called 'départmentes', did not go unnoticed. Only four of the nine Breton dioceses were restored. Quimper received all of the former diocese of St.-Pol-de-Léon, most of

1972-497: The French agrifood industry, with many firms in this field ( Lactalis , Triballat Sojasun, Coralis, Panavi, Bridor , Groupe Avril, Loïc Raison, Groupe Roullier, Sanders, etc.), an agro campus (Agrocampus Ouest) and a large international and professional expo, SPACE (held every September). Other large firms located in Rennes include the restaurant conglomerate Groupe Le Duff (owners of Brioche Dorée , Bruegger's , La Madeleine , Mimi's Cafe , Timothy's World Coffee ), Ouest-France,

2030-649: The Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. The Chapter of Quimper entered a protest on 26 October 1790 against the uncanonical election of a bishop by 'electors'. The Constituent Assembly chose, as successor of the deceased Bishop Conan de Saint-Luc, Louis Alexandre Expilly, the Rector of the church of St. Martin at Morlaix. He had been the delegate of Saint-Pol-de-Leon to the Estates General of 1789 and

2088-467: The boundary as running from the outskirts of Binic southwards to Guérande , leaving the towns of Loudéac , Josselin , and Malestroit in Upper Brittany. In 1886, Paul Sébillot noted that the boundary was deeper into what had been Breton territory, the line then running from Plouha on the north coast to Batz-sur-Mer in the south, on the Bay of Biscay . The boundary between 'Upper' and 'Lower' Brittany

2146-543: The country. During the 1980s, Rennes was often cited as a hub of rock and new wave music in France. Les Champs Libres is the largest cultural institution in Brittany. They welcome more than a million visitors each year. Organized in a six-story pyramid with views over the city, the library offers 120,000 documents for loan, and there we can find as well the Museum of Brittany , Espace des Sciences and Planetarium. Rennes

2204-527: The destructive fire of 1720, the medieval wooden center of the city was partially rebuilt in stone. Remaining mostly rural until the Second World War , Rennes underwent significant development in the twentieth century. Since the 1950s, Rennes has grown in importance through rural flight and modern industrial development, partly in the automotive sector. The city developed extensive building plans to accommodate upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. During

2262-550: The early 20th century, about 60% of the population had lived in the Breton-speaking areas. Rennes Rennes ( French pronunciation: [ʁɛn] ; Breton : Roazhon [ˈrwɑːõn] ; Gallo : Resnn ; Latin : Condate Redonum ) is a city in the east of Brittany in Northwestern France at the confluence of the rivers Ille and Vilaine . Rennes is the prefecture of

2320-474: The eastern part of the city. Oberthür Park is the second biggest garden in the city. The 17th century manor of Haute-Chalais, a granite château, is situated to the south of the city in Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny). Parc du Thabor contains a compact but significant botanical garden , the Jardin botanique du Thabor . The University of Rennes 1 , with a campus in the city's eastern section, also contains

2378-412: The fifteenth century. Both mention a St. Chorentius as first Bishop of Quimper. His hagiography, however, was developed relatively late in church history. Nothing accurate is known about him, but he is supposed by some to have been ordained by St. Martin of Tours in the fourth century, while others claim that he was a sixth-century monk. Duchesne points out that, before the eleventh century, control of

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2436-453: The former Diocese of Cornuaille, a canton and two parishes of the Diocese of Vannes , and parts of the former Diocese of Dol ; Quimper, however, handed over some of its eastern parishes to Vannes and to Saint-Brieuc. Quimper returned to its status as a suffragan of Tours. When Rennes became an archbishopric in 1859, however, Quimper was assigned to that Metropolitanate, as it had been during

2494-442: The larger towns of Upper Brittany have drawn in large numbers of Breton speakers from Lower Brittany, and most of them have at some time contained various institutions supporting that language and its culture. At the beginning of the 21st century, it was estimated that about one-tenth of Breton speakers lived in Upper Brittany. Gallo, like the Breton language, was until recently highly stigmatized , and its use declined steeply during

2552-451: The levels of, e.g., the city of Quimper , which makes rainfall in Rennes comparable to the levels of large parts of western Germany. Sunshine hours range between 1,700 and 1,850 annually, which is about the amount of sunshine received by the city of Lausanne . In 2018, the inner population of the city was 221,272. The Rennes intercommunal structure connecting Rennes with 42 nearby suburbs (named Rennes Métropole ) had 450,593 inhabitants and

2610-467: The list of Bishops of Quimper is "très difficile". External material to provide verification is lacking. The tale of Saint-Guénolé (Winwaloe) (ca. 460–532), the alleged first Abbot of Landevennec, is, as Robert Latouche has shown, devoid of historical merit, and the documents on which it depends complete forgeries. The city of Quimper was the capital of the County of Cornouaille. The Diocese of Quimper

2668-419: The long retreat of the Breton language. Under the ancien régime , the boundary between the two was generally in line with the province's division into nine bishoprics , with those of Rennes , Dol , Nantes , St Malo and St Brieuc considered to form Upper Brittany, while Tréguier , Vannes , Quimper and Saint-Pol-de-Léon formed Lower Brittany. In 1588, the historian Bertrand d'Argentré defined

2726-585: The mainstream of French society was always less acute in Upper than in Lower Brittany, largely thanks to the languages they spoke. Together with other factors, this has led to other differences throughout history. The Revolt of the Papier Timbré of 1675 was more ferocious in Lower Brittany than in Upper, but the Chouannerie , a royalist uprising in the west of France against the French Revolution ,

2784-490: The most-read French-language newspaper in the world (with a circulation of 800,000 daily copies), and Samsic Service (cleanliness, industrial safety, job search, etc.). Rennes is known as one of the most festive cities in France. It invests heavily in arts and culture and a number of its festivals such as the music festival Les Transmusicales , Les Tombées de la Nuit , Mythos , Stunfest ( fighting game competition) and Travelling (a film festival) are well known throughout

2842-405: The roads of Saint-Sauveur, Saint-Georges, de Saint-Malo, Saint-Guillaume, des Dames, du Chapitre, Vasselot, Saint-Michel, de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ-Jacquet, des Lices, Saint-Anne and Rallier-du-Baty. The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton : Breujoù Breizh ) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after

2900-400: The town of St. Pol de Léon, afterwards the seat of a diocese. He was the first titular of the see, a wonder-worker and prophet, and was held to have died in 575 at the age of 140 years, after having been assisted in his labours by three successive coadjutors. Though the monastery of Léon was probably founded by Paul Aurelian in the sixth century, the history of the diocese is more complicated. It

2958-607: Was Quimper. One of the four prelates, Sarmatio, Chariato, Rumoridus, and Viventius, was Bishop of Quimper. There is evidence that Christianity was preached in Léon twenty years before the evangelization of Cornouaille , but ancient Breton chronology is very uncertain. The legend of St. Paul Aurelian , written in 884, shows that the Breton monks believed the See of Léon had been founded in the Merovingian epoch. The hermit Saint Ronan ,

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3016-475: Was abolished and subsumed into a new diocese, coterminous with the new 'Departement de Finistère', which was made a suffragan of the 'Metropole du Nord-Ouest' with its seat at Rennes. The clergy were required to swear and oath to the Constitution, and under the terms of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy a new bishop was to be elected by all the voters of the department. This placed them in schism with

3074-517: Was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc . It houses the Brittany Museum (Musée de Bretagne), the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors, and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium. At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales, a covered market from 1922, with one part converted into contemporary art gallery. The Mercure Hotel

3132-750: Was one of the authors of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . Expilly was presented to King Louis XVI who ratified his election. He therefore became the first of the Constitutional Bishops. The Chapter of Quimper on 17 November wrote to the Constitutional Bishop-elect proclaiming the nullity of his election. Expilly was consecrated in Paris at the Oratory by Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand , Bishop of Autun, on 24 February 1791. Expilly then assisted Jean-Baptiste Gobel ,

3190-460: Was one of the first French cities to receive French Tech accreditation, in November 2014. Moreover, Rennes has the third highest public research potential in the digital and ICT sectors in France, after Paris and Grenoble, with 3,000 people working in 10 laboratories, including the well-known IRISA, IETR, IRMAR, DGA-MI (cyberdefense), and SATIE. It also has the third highest innovation potential in

3248-544: Was one of the major cities of the ancient Duchy of Brittany . From the early sixteenth century until the French Revolution , Rennes was a parliamentary, administrative and garrison city of the historic province of Brittany in the Kingdom of France , as evidenced by its 17th-century Parliament's Palace . Rennes played an important role in the Stamped Paper Revolt ( Revolt of the papier timbré ) in 1675. After

3306-425: Was represented at church councils as early as the mid-fifth century. The earliest historical reference dates from 453. An assembly of eight bishops of Provincia Lugdunensis Tertia took place at Angers on 4 October 453 to consecrate a new bishop for Angers. Four of the bishops can be associated with particular Sees. The other four are assigned by scholars to the other dioceses in the ecclesiastical province, one of which

3364-533: Was suppressed by the National Constituent Assembly and by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy . Monastic vows were abolished. Brest , one of the great fortified harbours of France, is now in the diocese. In 1608 Counter-Reformation preacher Michel Le Nobletz conducted his first mission on the island of Ouessant. "Apostle of Brittany" Father Julian Maunoir worked as a missionary to the Breton people for 43 years. Albert Le Grand wrote

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