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29-610: Gornal is a village and electoral ward in the Dudley Metropolitan Borough , in the West Midlands of England. It encompasses the three historical villages of Upper Gornal, Lower Gornal, and Gornal Wood. Gornal was historically part of Staffordshire, prior to the creation of the West Midlands County in 1974. Gornal is 11 miles from Birmingham . The three Gornal villages were originally

58-539: A football team currently in the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League , are based in Lower Gornal. One, not entirely apocryphal, episode from Lower Gornal's past occurred when Enoch and Eli ( Aynuk and Ayli in the local dialect – the two fictional characters to which local jokes are usually attributed) "put the pig on the wall to watch the band go by". Local legend has it, that once,

87-684: A ku (or 区 in Japanese writing ) is an administrative unit of one of the larger cities, closely equivalent to the divisions or wards of a London Borough or a New York Borough. In Vietnam , a phường is an administrative subunit of an inner city district, or quận . Wards and electoral divisions of Nepal are political divisions which are grouped into Gaunpalika ( Rural council ) and Municipality . A rural municipality or municipality has minimum of five and maximum of 33 divisions. Epicentre The epicenter ( / ˈ ɛ p ɪ ˌ s ɛ n t ər / ), epicentre , or epicentrum in seismology

116-487: A 'guess and correction' algorithm. As well, a very good model of the local crustal velocity structure is required: seismic velocities vary with the local geology. For P waves, the relation between velocity and bulk density of the medium has been quantified in Gardner's relation . Before the instrumental period of earthquake observation, the epicenter was thought to be the location where the greatest damage occurred, but

145-599: A district or municipality , used in local government elections. In the United States, wards are usually subdivided into precincts for polling purposes. In Wisconsin, a 'ward' is what in most other states would be a precinct In some cities of India , such as Mumbai and Delhi , a ward is an administrative unit of the city region; a city area is divided into Zones, which in turn contain numerous wards. The smallest administrative unit of Gram Panchayats in India

174-487: A macroseismic epicenter can be given. The word is derived from the Neo-Latin noun epicentrum , the latinisation of the ancient Greek adjective ἐπίκεντρος ( epikentros ), "occupying a cardinal point, situated on a centre", from ἐπί ( epi ) "on, upon, at" and κέντρον ( kentron ) " centre ". The term was coined by Irish seismologist Robert Mallet . It is also used to mean "center of activity", as in "Travel

203-523: A military band marched through the suburb, and caused such great excitement amongst the residents, that not only did many people flock to see it, but one person even put his pig on the wall to afford the animal a better view. This phrase has long been part of the local idiolect, but its origins still remain obscure. There was even a hotel in the Upper Gornal area of the town called the "Pig on the Wall". It

232-594: A part of the ancient manor of Sedgley until 1894, when the area became part of Sedgley Urban District . In 1966, along with most of the rest of Sedgley, it was merged into the County Borough of Dudley . Since 1974, it has been part of the larger Metropolitan Borough of Dudley . Gornal stone , a variety of limestone , originates in Gornal. Himley Hall and Park and Baggeridge Country Park are notable nearby visitor attractions. Situated south of Sedgley on

261-442: A result of mining subsidence. The pub was closed in 2023 and later sold. In early August 2023 a fire left the building in ruins and was controversially demolished. Gornal Wood Crematorium and Cemetery is also in this area, having opened in 1960. The X10 bus route operated by National Express running from Birmingham city centre terminates here. Other services are the 223, 27/27a and 17 operated by Diamond Bus. The epicentre of

290-405: A sense of the direction of the first motions from an earthquake. The Chinese frog seismograph would have dropped its ball in the general compass direction of the earthquake, assuming a strong positive pulse. We now know that first motions can be in almost any direction depending on the type of initiating rupture ( focal mechanism ). The first refinement that allowed a more precise determination of

319-450: A small hardware store. Also of note, the local landmark Pig on the Wall public house was controversially demolished in 2002 to make way for a McDonald's restaurant. Another landmark was The Green Dragon public house which is now an Indian restaurant. Lower Gornal is located southwest of Upper Gornal, and includes the three schools in the local area – Roberts Primary, Red Hall Primary, and Ellowes Hall Sports College . First built in 1894,

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348-445: A third seismograph would there be a precise location. Modern earthquake location still requires a minimum of three seismometers. Most likely, there are many, forming a seismic array. The emphasis is on precision since much can be learned about the fault mechanics and seismic hazard , if the locations can be determined to be within a kilometer or two, for small earthquakes. For this, computer programs use an iterative process, involving

377-495: Is also known as a ward. In Bangladesh wards are subdivisions of a city or town which administrates under City Corporations and municipalities ( pourashova ) In East Africa, the word ward used in English is translated into Swahili/Kiswahili as Kata. In the case of a municipal amalgamation , the former cities and towns that make up the new metropolis may be referred to as wards. In Monaco , wards are informal divisions of

406-517: Is restricted in the Chinese province thought to be the epicentre of the SARS outbreak." Garner's Modern American Usage gives several examples of use in which "epicenter" is used to mean "center". Garner also refers to a William Safire article in which Safire quotes a geophysicist as attributing the use of the term to "spurious erudition on the part of writers combined with scientific illiteracy on

435-473: Is the point on the Earth 's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus , the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates. The primary purpose of a seismometer is to locate the initiating points of earthquake epicenters. The secondary purpose, of determining the 'size' or magnitude must be calculated after the precise location is known. The earliest seismographs were designed to give

464-749: The 2002 Dudley earthquake was located in Gornal Wood. It measured 4.8 on the Richter magnitude scale and could be felt as far away as North Yorkshire . Former BBC newsreader Sue Lawley was born in Dudley in 1946 and grew up in Lower Gornal. Ward (country subdivision) The word "ward", for an electoral subdivision, appears to have originated in the Wards of the City of London , where gatherings for each ward known as "wardmotes" have taken place since

493-614: The 12th century. The word was much later applied to divisions of other cities and towns in England and Wales and Ireland . In parts of northern England , a ward was an administrative subdivision of a county , very similar to a hundred in other parts of England. In Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , Sri Lanka , the United Kingdom , and the United States , wards are an electoral district , within

522-507: The country, grouped into quartiers. In the Republic of Ireland , urban divisions were called wards and rural ones were called district electoral divisions . Both were renamed as electoral divisions in 1996. The electoral districts for Irish local authorities are local electoral areas . These are generally defined as combinations of electoral divisions, and in urban areas were formally described as combination of wards. In Japan ,

551-416: The focus and then expands along the fault surface. The rupture stops where the stresses become insufficient to continue breaking the fault (because the rocks are stronger) or where the rupture enters ductile material. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the total area of its fault rupture. Most earthquakes are small, with rupture dimensions less than the depth of the focus so the rupture doesn't break

580-505: The hypocenter. Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the planet's liquid outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional ( P waves ) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves ( S waves ). Outside the seismic shadow zone, both types of wave can be detected, but because of their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times. By measuring

609-413: The location was the use of a time scale. Instead of merely noting, or recording, the absolute motions of a pendulum , the displacements were plotted on a moving graph, driven by a clock mechanism. This was the first seismogram , which allowed precise timing of the first ground motion , and an accurate plot of subsequent motions. From the first seismograms, as seen in the figure, it was noticed that

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638-655: The main A459 road , the area has undergone extensive private and council housing development since the 1920s. It was the target of three bombs by the German Luftwaffe during World War II , though no buildings were damaged and there were no civilian casualties. Upper Gornal formerly had a small cinema, the Jack Darby Picture House, from the early 20th century, but it closed in 1960 due to competition from other nearby theatres. The building now houses

667-488: The original building of Roberts Primary School was demolished in 2000 following the completion of a new £6million building. Red Hall was formed around 1900 as an infant, junior and secondary school; but the secondary school closed in 1964 when Ellowes Hall opened. Ellowes Hall itself was named after the Ellowes Hall House that previously stood on the site, prior to its demolition in 1964. Gornal Athletic F.C. ,

696-425: The range of 2,000−10,000 km. Once distances from the epicenter have been calculated from at least three seismographic measuring stations, the point can be located, using trilateration . Epicentral distance is also used in calculating seismic magnitudes as developed by Richter and Gutenberg . The point at which fault slipping begins is referred to as the focus of the earthquake. The fault rupture begins at

725-730: The subsurface fault rupture may be long and spread surface damage across the entire rupture zone. As an example, in the magnitude 7.9 Denali earthquake of 2002 in Alaska , the epicenter was at the western end of the rupture, but the greatest damage was about 330 km (210 mi) away at the eastern end. Focal depths of earthquakes occurring in continental crust mostly range from 2 to 20 kilometers (1.2 to 12.4 mi). Continental earthquakes below 20 km (12 mi) are rare whereas in subduction zone earthquakes can originate at depths deeper than 600 km (370 mi). During an earthquake, seismic waves propagates in all directions from

754-704: The surface, but in high magnitude, destructive earthquakes, surface breaks are common. Fault ruptures in large earthquakes can extend for more than 100 km (62 mi). When a fault ruptures unilaterally (with the epicenter at or near the end of the fault break) the waves are stronger in one direction along the fault. The macroseismic epicenter is the best estimate of the location of the epicenter derived without instrumental data. This may be estimated using intensity data, information about foreshocks and aftershocks, knowledge of local fault systems or extrapolations from data regarding similar earthquakes. For historical earthquakes that have not been instrumentally recorded, only

783-406: The time difference on any seismograph and the distance on a travel-time graph on which the P wave and S wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the quake's epicenter. This distance is called the epicentral distance , commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology. The Láska's empirical rule provides an approximation of epicentral distance in

812-467: The trace was divided into two major portions. The first seismic wave to arrive was the P wave , followed closely by the S wave . Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake. One seismograph would give the distance, but that could be plotted as a circle, with an infinite number of possibilities. Two seismographs would give two intersecting circles, with two possible locations. Only with

841-662: Was originally called the Bricklayer's Arms and known locally as Hammond's after the long time owners, but took up its new name in 1985. It was however demolished and replaced with a McDonald's restaurant in late 2002. Gornal Wood is on the western boundary of the Dudley Metropolitan Borough, and contains a small shopping area, including a library. It is the site of the Crooked House pub, a famous landmark known because of its distinctive appearance as

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