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99-477: The UR Group was founded by Julius Evola . His original purpose was to use magical means in an attempt to influence Benito Mussolini to abandon populism and instead create an aristocratic regime based on ancient Roman virtues. Among the first collaborators were the freemason Arturo Reghini , follower of the neo-Pythagoreanism of the Rocco Armentano 's "Schola Italica", his pupil Giulio Parise, and

198-462: A Dada artist but gave up painting in his twenties. He said he considered suicide until he had a revelation while reading a Buddhist text . In the 1920s he delved into the occult ; he wrote on Western esotericism and of Eastern mysticism , developing his doctrine of " magical idealism ". His writings blend various ideas of German idealism , Eastern doctrines , traditionalism and the interwar Conservative Revolution . Evola believed that mankind

297-473: A "real renewal ... in those who are still capable of receiving it." The text was "immediately recognized by Mircea Eliade and other intellectuals who allegedly advanced ideas associated with Tradition." Eliade was one of the most influential twentieth-century historians of religion, a fascist sympathiser associated with the Romanian Christian right wing movement Iron Guard . Evola was aware of

396-399: A Babylonian god ), Carlo d'Altavilla, and Arthos (from Arthurian legend). In 1928, Evola wrote an attack on Christianity titled Pagan Imperialism , which proposed transforming fascism into a system consistent with ancient Roman values and Western esotericism . Evola proposed that fascism should be a vehicle for reinstating the caste system and aristocracy of antiquity. Although he invoked

495-499: A bone of contention for Evola, who accused him of wanting to put the magazine under the direct control of the Grand Orient of Italy . The UR Group declared itself independent of esoteric schools or tendencies formed in modern and contemporary times, referring, if anything, to a universal Tradition prior to particular doctrinal forms. In addition to Hermetists and Kremmerzians , were also accepted within it some Catholics and

594-605: A consequence of miscegenation . Peter Staudenmaier notes that many other racists of the time found Evola's "spiritual racism" perplexing. Like René Guénon , Evola believed that mankind is living in the Kali Yuga of Hinduism —the Dark Age of unleashed materialistic appetites. He argued that both Italian fascism and Nazism represented hope that the "celestial" Aryan race would be reconstituted. He drew on mythological accounts of super-races and their decline, particularly

693-722: A doctrine of the "two natures": the natural world and the primordial "world of 'Being'". He believed that these "two natures" impose form and quality on lower matter and create a hierarchical "great chain of Being." He understood "spiritual virility" as signifying orientation towards this postulated transcendent principle. He held that the State should reflect this "ordering from above" and the consequent hierarchical differentiation of individuals according to their "organic preformation". By "organic preformation" he meant that which "gathers, preserves, and refines one's talents and qualifications for determinate functions." Among Evola's chief contacts

792-642: A glimpse of an unchanging eternal realm". Ensuring Tradition's triumph of order over chaos, in Evola's view, required an obedience to aristocracy. Rose wrote that Evola "aspired to be the most right-wing thinker possible in the modern world". Evola philosophical work started in the 1920s with The Theory of the Absolute Individual and Phenomenology of the Absolute Individual. Teoria dell'individuo assoluto ( Theory of The Absolute Individual ) and Fenomenologia dell'individuo assoluto ( Phenomenology of

891-472: A journal devoted to Hermetic thought published a section of Evola's book and described it as "Luciferian." Evola later confessed that he was not a Buddhist, and that his text on Buddhism was meant to balance out his earlier work on the Hindu tantras . Evola's interest in tantra was spurred on by correspondence with John Woodroffe . Evola was attracted to the active aspect of tantra, and its claim to provide

990-419: A monkey." Coogan wrote, "It goes almost without saying that Evola's views on women were saturated with misogyny." Evola believed that the alleged higher qualities expected of a man of a particular race were not those expected of a woman of the same race. Evola believed that women's liberation was "the renunciation by woman of her right to be a woman". A woman, Evola wrote, "could traditionally participate in

1089-804: A practical means to spiritual experience, over the more "passive" approaches in other forms of Eastern spirituality. In Tantric Buddhism in East Asia , Richard K. Payne, Dean of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, argued that Evola manipulated Tantra in the service of right wing violence, and that the emphasis on "power" in The Yoga of Power gave insight into his mentality. Evola often relied on European sources about Asian creeds while evoking them for racist ends, Peter Staudenmaier wrote. Rose described Evola as an "unreliable scholar of Eastern religions." Evola advocated that "differentiated individuals" following

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1188-510: A publisher for his Theory and Phenomenology of Absolute Individual, this work which started in 1924 but were only published in final form in 1927 and 1930, though it is not certain to which extent Croce helped Evola. Evola wrote prodigiously on mysticism , Tantra , Hermeticism , the myth of the Holy Grail and Western esotericism . German Egyptologist and scholar of esotericism Florian Ebeling noted that Evola's The Hermetic Tradition

1287-416: A reality independent of it is nothing but an illusion, caused by its own deficiency." For Evola, this ever-increasing unity with the "absolute individual" was consistent with unconstrained liberty, and therefore unconditional power. In his 1925 work Essays on Magical Idealism , Evola declared that "God does not exist. The Ego must create him by making itself divine." According to Sheehan, Evola discovered

1386-442: A revelation he had while reading an early Buddhist text that dealt with shedding all forms of identity other than absolute transcendence. Evola would later publish the text The Doctrine of Awakening , which he regarded as a repayment of his debt to Buddhism. By this time his interests led him into spiritual , transcendental , and "supra-rational" studies. He began reading various esoteric texts and gradually delved deeper into

1485-564: A significant component of Steinerians , whose anthroposophy undoubtedly inspires most of the members of the Group. Operating branches of the Group were established in Rome and in other cities of Italy , the so-called "chains", based on common intentions and practices, mainly employing the anthroposophical exercises taught by Steiner for spiritual development , as well as techniques from Buddhist , Tantric and rare Hermetic texts. The name of

1584-642: A small town in the Province of Palermo on the north-western coast of Sicily , and married there on 25 November 1892. The paternal grandparents of Evola were Giuseppe Evola, a joiner by trade, and Maria Cusumano. Evola's maternal grandparents were Cesare Mangiapane, reported as being a shopkeeper , and his wife Caterina Munacó. Giulio Cesare Evola had an elder brother, Giuseppe Gaspare Dinamo Evola, born in 1895 in Rome. His family were devout Roman Catholics. Evola considered details about his early life irrelevant, and

1683-493: A source of revelatory spiritual experience. Evola purportedly went through a "spiritual crisis" through the intolerance of civilian life and his need to "transcend the emptiness" of normal human activity. He experimented with hallucinogenics and magic, which, he wrote, almost brought him to madness. In 1922, at 23 years old, he considered suicide, he wrote in The Cinnabar Path . He said he avoided suicide thanks to

1782-572: A strange version of the present and future, but in the process he brings together for the first time interest in the esoteric and in conspiracy theory which characterize much of the later Grail literature." Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola "regarded the advent of Christianity as an era of unprecedented decline", because Christianity's egalitarianism and accessibility undermined the Roman ideals of "duty, honor and command" that Evola believed in. In his The Doctrine of Awakening (1943), Evola argued that

1881-444: A strategy for aggression, he found the means to counter the "emasculated" West. Evola also said that the "ritual violation of virgins", and "whipping women" were a means of "consciousness raising", so long as these practices were done to the intensity required to produce the proper "liminal psychic climate". Evola translated Weininger's Sex and Character into Italian. Dissatisfied with simply translating Weininger's work, he wrote

1980-504: A symptom of decadence, and preferred a hyper-masculine, warrior ethos. He was influenced by Hans Blüher , a proponent of the Männerbund ('alliance of men') concept as a model for his "warrior-band" or "warrior-society". Goodrick-Clarke noted the fundamental influence of Otto Weininger 's book Sex and Character on Evola's dualism of male-female spirituality. According to Goodrick-Clarke, "Evola's celebration of virile spirituality

2079-410: A world in which God was dead, and rejected the possibility of any political or collective revival of Tradition due to his belief that the modern world had fallen too far into the Kali Yuga for any such thing to be possible. Instead of this and rather than advocating a return to religion as Rene Guénon had, he conceptualised what he considered an apolitical manual for surviving and ultimately transcending

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2178-486: Is estimated between twelve and fifteen people. Evola rapidly expanded his influence on the Group's magazine, to the point of ousting Arturo Reghini and his disciple Giulio Parise from the management at the end of 1928. Strong personal disagreements with Parise had in fact led to a split in the group itself, after which, in January 1929, Evola founded a new magazine called KRUR . Reghini's support for Freemasonry would prove

2277-615: Is laid to rest in the Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Vernon, BC. Caetani made extensive analysis of sources related to the origins of the Qur'an and Islamic thought between 1904 and 1926 during which he collected and arranged chronologically all known materials related to the origins of Islam. Caetani presented his critical analysis and conclusions regarding what he believed to be inconsistencies, contradictions, and variances in

2376-641: Is living in the Kali Yuga , a Dark Age of unleashed materialistic appetites. To counter this and call in a primordial rebirth , Evola presented a "world of Tradition". Tradition for Evola was not Christian—he did not believe in God—but rather an eternal supernatural knowledge with values of authority, hierarchy, order, discipline and obedience. Evola advocated for Fascist Italy's racial laws , and eventually became Italy's leading "racial philosopher". Autobiographical remarks by Evola allude to his having worked for

2475-541: Is noted for hiding some details of his personal life. He is sometimes described as a baron , probably in reference to a purported distant relationship with a minor aristocratic family, the Evoli, who were the barons of Castropignano in the Kingdom of Sicily in the late Middle Ages. He adopted the name Julius as a connection to ancient Rome. Evola rebelled against his Catholic upbringing. He studied engineering at

2574-561: Is of a race': the people are only people, mass," Evola wrote in 1969. In Synthesis of the Doctrine of Race (1941) (Italian: Sintesi di Dottrina della Razza ), Evola provides an overview of his ideas concerning race and eugenics , introducing the concept of "spiritual racism", and "esoteric-traditionalist racism". The book was endorsed by Benito Mussolini . Prior to the end of the Second World War, Evola frequently used

2673-465: Is unclear whether this meant that Evola was placing himself above or beyond Fascism". Evola has been called the "chief ideologue" of Italy's radical right after World War II , and his philosophy has been characterized as one of the most consistently " antiegalitarian , antiliberal , antidemocratic , and antipopular systems in the twentieth century". Writings by Evola contain misogyny , racism , antisemitism , and attacks on Christianity and

2772-433: Is viewed as an "extremely important work" on Hermeticism for esotericists. Evola gave particular focus to Cesare della Riviera's text Il Mondo Magico degli Heroi , which he later republished in modern Italian. He held that Riviera's text was consonant with the goals of "high magic" – the reshaping of the earthly human into a transcendental 'god man'. According to Evola, the alleged "timeless" Traditional science

2871-847: The Sicherheitsdienst , or SD, the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party . He fled to Nazi Germany in 1943 when the Italian Fascist regime fell, but returned to Rome under the puppet Salò government to organize a radical-right group. In 1945 in Vienna , a Soviet shell fragment paralysed him from the waist down. On trial in 1951, Evola denied being a fascist and instead referred to himself as " superfascista " ( lit.   ' superfascist ' ). Concerning this statement, historian Elisabetta Cassina Wolff wrote that "It

2970-581: The Turba philosophorum , or Gichtel 's Theosophia practica were published in the journals of UR and KRUR , and others of a philosophical and ritual nature from various sources. The pseudonyms behind which the members of the Ur Group hid were partly revealed by the researches of Gianfranco de Turris , and Renato Del Ponte. Below a list of those who collaborated with the magazines of UR and KRUR (in brackets their symbolic name used to sign, according to

3069-616: The Catholic Church . He continues to influence contemporary traditionalist and neo-fascist movements . Giulio Cesare Evola was born in Rome on 19 May 1898, the second son of Vincenzo Evola (born 1854), a telegraphic mechanic chief , and Concetta Mangiapane (born 1865), a landowner. As per the Sicilian naming convention of the era, Evola was partly named after his maternal grandfather. Both his parents were born in Cinisi ,

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3168-816: The First World War , Evola served as an artillery officer on the Asiago plateau. Despite reservations that Italy was fighting on the wrong side (against Germany , which Evola admired for its discipline and hierarchy), Evola volunteered in 1917 and briefly saw frontline service the following year. Evola returned to civilian life after the war and became a painter in Italy's Dadaist movement; he described his paintings as "inner landscapes". He wrote his poetry in French and recited it in cabarets accompanied by classical music. Through his painting and poetry, and work on

3267-824: The Hyperboreans , and maintained that traces of Hyperborean influence could be felt in Aryan men. He felt that Aryan men had devolved from these higher mythological races. Gregor noted that several contemporary criticisms of Evola's theory were published: "In one of Fascism's most important theoretical journals, Evola's critic pointed out that many Nordic-Aryans, not to speak of Mediterranean Aryans, fail to demonstrate any Hyperborean properties. Instead, they make obvious their materialism, their sensuality, their indifference to loyalty and sacrifice, together with their consuming greed. How do they differ from 'inferior' races, and why should anyone wish, in any way, to favor them?" Concerning

3366-611: The Pāli Canon could be held to represent true Buddhism . His interpretation of Buddhism is intended to be anti-democratic. He believed that Buddhism revealed the essence of an "Aryan" tradition that had become corrupted and lost in the West. He believed it could be interpreted to reveal the superiority of a warrior caste. Harry Oldmeadow described Evola's work on Buddhism as exhibiting a Nietzschean influence, but Evola criticised Nietzsche's purported anti-ascetic prejudice. Evola claimed that

3465-425: The anthroposophist Giovanni Colazza, a disciple of Rudolf Steiner , belonging to the tradition of Christian esotericism . They gathered various seekers devoted to initiate asceticism, united by the sharing of similar esoteric studies, to revitalize the perennial tradition of the ancient sacred mysteries . Julius Evola was the first editor of the magazine UR . The size of the Group has remained hidden but it

3564-413: The historical method to sources of the early Islamic traditions, which he subjected to minute historical and psychological analysis. He was the father of Italian-Canadian visual artist Sveva Caetani . Caetani was born in Rome into the prominent and wealthy Caetani family. His father Onorato Caetani , Prince of Teano and Duke of Sermoneta , was Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1896 in

3663-481: The left-hand path use dark violent sexual powers against the modern world. For Evola, these "virile heroes" are both generous and cruel, possess the ability to rule, and commit "Dionysian" acts that might be seen as conventionally immoral. For Evola, the left-hand path embraces violence as a means of transgression. According to A. James Gregor , Evola's definition of spirituality can be found in Meditations on

3762-577: The Absolute Individual) originally constituted a single work which only for editorial reasons ended up being divided into two separate volumes, published a few years apart from each other, one in 1927 and the other in 1930, published in Turin at the publisher called Bocca. This work was different and even attack on the dominant Hegelian thought in Italy, prevailed by the works of Croce . Interesting, however, Benedetto Croce helped Evola find

3861-532: The Catholic Church a regime pillar. Evola's lack of party membership was later emphasized by admirers to distance him from the regime. Leone Caetani Leone Caetani (September 12, 1869 – December 25, 1935), Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani ), was an Italian scholar, politician, and historian of the Middle East. Caetani is considered a pioneer in the application of

3960-579: The Catholic Church". On account of Evola's anti-Christian proposals, in April 1928 the Vatican-backed right wing Catholic journal Revue Internationale des Sociétés Secrètes published an article entitled "Un Sataniste Italien: Julius Evola", accusing him of satanism . In his The Mystery of the Grail (1937), Evola discarded Christian interpretations of the Holy Grail and wrote that it "symbolizes

4059-639: The Grail myth. He also held that the Guelph victory against the Ghibellines represented a regression of the castes, since the merchant caste took over from the warrior caste. In the epilogue to the book, Evola argued that the fictitious The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , regardless of whether it was authentic or not, was a cogent representation of modernity. The historian Richard Barber said, "Evola mixes rhetoric, prejudice, scholarship, and politics into

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4158-482: The Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci in Rome, but did not complete his course, later claiming this was because he did not want to be associated with " bourgeois academic recognition" and titles such as "doctor and engineer". In his teenage years, Evola immersed himself in painting—which he considered one of his natural talents—and literature, including Oscar Wilde and Gabriele d'Annunzio . He

4257-706: The Kali Yuga. This idea was summarised in the title of the book, the Tantric metaphor of "Riding the Tiger" which in general practice, consisted of turning things that were considered inhibitory to spiritual progress by mainstream Brahmanical society (for example, meat, alcohol and in very rare circumstances, sex, were all employed by Tantric practitioners) into a means of spiritual transcendence. The process that Evola described involved potentially making use of everything from modern music, hallucinogenic drugs, relationships with

4356-461: The Modern World , though he diverged from Guénon by valuing action over contemplation, and the empire over the church. Evola held that "just relations between the sexes" involved women acknowledging their "inequality" with men. He quoted Joseph de Maistre 's statement that "Woman cannot be superior except as woman, but from the moment in which she desires to emulate man she is nothing but

4455-472: The Nazi conception of Jews as "representatives of a biological race", but rather as "the carriers of a world view, a way of being and thinking—simply put, a spirit—that corresponded to the 'worst' and 'most decadent' features of modernity: democracy, egalitarianism and materialism", Wolff writes. According to Wolff, "Evola's 'totalitarian' or 'spiritual' racism was no milder than Nazi biological racism", and Evola

4554-458: The Peaks : "what has been successfully actualized and translated into a sense of superiority which is experienced inside by the soul, and a noble demeanor, which is expressed in the body." Evola attempted to construct, Ferraresi wrote, "a model of man striving to reach the 'absolute' within his inner self". For Evola, Furlong wrote, transcendence "rested on the freeing of one's spiritual self through

4653-405: The U.S. "mechanistic and rational philosophy of progress combined with a mundane horizon of prosperity to transform the world into an enormous suburban shopping mall." In the posthumously published collection of writings, Metaphysics of War , Evola, in line with the conservative revolutionary Ernst Jünger , explored the viewpoint that war could be a spiritually fulfilling experience. He proposed

4752-699: The University of Rome, under Ignazio Guidi and Giacomo Lignana , with an intensive study of Arabic, Hebrew , Persian , Sanskrit and Syriac languages (and perhaps also Turkish). Caetani spent many years researching and traveling throughout the Muslim world, gathering material on a wide range of Islamic cultures from Tunisia , Algeria , Egypt , Syria , Turkey , Iraq , the Levant , the Sahara , India , Central Asia, and southern Russia. Later, one of his disciples

4851-488: The Ur Group were later published in Introduction to Magic . Reghini's support of Freemasonry would however prove contentious for Evola; accordingly, Reghini broke himself from Evola and left the Ur Group in 1928. Reghini accused him of plagiarising his thoughts in the book Pagan Imperialism ; Evola, in turn, blamed him for its premature publication. Evola's later work owed a considerable debt to Guénon's Crisis of

4950-513: The West" and thereby "re-establish genuine contact between man and a transcendent, supersensible reality". Evola wrote the foreword and an essay in the second Italian edition of the infamous antisemitic fabrication The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in 1938 by the Catholic fascist Giovanni Preziosi . In it, Evola argued that the Protocols —whether or not a forgery—"contain

5049-578: The West." Furlong wrote that a 1957 article by Evola about America "leaves no doubt as to his deep prejudice against black people". Evola's racism included racism of the body, soul, and spirit, giving primacy to the latter factor, writing that "races only declined when their spirit failed." For his spiritual interpretation of different racial psychologies, Evola was influenced by the German race theorist Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss. Like Evola, Clauss believed that physical race and spiritual race could diverge as

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5148-568: The ages. Evola considered human history to be, in general, decadent ; he viewed modernity as the temporary success of the forces of disorder over tradition. Tradition, in Evola's definition, was an eternal supernatural knowledge, with absolute values of authority, hierarchy, order, discipline and obedience. Matthew Rose wrote that "Evola claimed to show how basic human activities—from eating and sex, commerce and games, to war and social intercourse—were elevated by Tradition into something ritualistic, becoming activities whose very repetitiveness offered

5247-651: The book "received the official approbation of the Pāli [Text] Society", and was published by a reputable Orientalist publisher. Evola's interpretation of Buddhism, as put forth in his article "Spiritual Virility in Buddhism", is in conflict with the post-World War II scholarship of the Orientalist Giuseppe Tucci , who argues that the viewpoint that Buddhism advocates universal benevolence is legitimate. Arthur Versluis stated that Evola's writing on Buddhism

5346-547: The effects of this action, and indeed offers through heredity, a matter that is already refined and pre-formed ..." Writings by Evola in the late 1930s contributed arguments for Fascist Italy's repression of its Jews. Evola encouraged and applauded Mussolini's antisemitic racial laws in 1938, and called for a "supreme Aryan elite" to oppose the Jews. In some writings, Evola called Jews a virus. He said Fascism and Nazism's final victory over Jews would end "the spiritual decadence of

5445-663: The end of his marriage and the rise of Fascism, in August 1921 Caetani decided to emigrate to Vernon, British Columbia , Canada, with his new partner Ofelia Fabiani and their daughter Sveva . He later became a Canadian citizen. In 1935, the Fascist regime stripped him of his Italian citizenship and expelled him from the Accademia dei Lincei ; he died of throat cancer on December 24, 1935 in Vancouver , British Columbia. Leone Caetani

5544-717: The features of his idealised traditional society in which religious and temporal power were created and united not by priests, but by warriors expressing spiritual power. In mythology, he saw evidence of the West's superiority over the East. Moreover, he claimed that the traditional elite had the ability to access power and knowledge through a hierarchical magic which differed from the lower "superstitious and fraudulent" forms of magic. He asserted that history's intellectuals starting as early as ancient Greece had undermined traditional values through their questioning. He insisted that only "nonmodern forms, institutions, and knowledge" could produce

5643-638: The group comes from the phonetic expression u-r , existing in the Chaldean and in the Runic with the meaning of fire and bull or ram respectively, as well as a prefix "ur-" in German to indicate something primal, ancestral. In the magazines, expressions of the works within the Ur Group, the authors of the articles signed themselves with a pseudonym , because they preferred to spread their thought rather than advertise their own person. The magazine's director

5742-418: The higher castes, which expressed themselves in physical as well as in cultural features, but were not determined by them. The law of the regression of castes places racism at the core of Evola's philosophy, since he sees an increasing predominance of lower races as directly expressed through modern mass democracies." Evola used "a man of race" to mean "a man of breeding". "Only of an elite may one say that 'it

5841-490: The idea of 'active impersonality'): Other people, whose identity is unknown, signed with the pseudonyms of: Alba, Apro, Arom, Nilius, Primo Sole, Zam. Another enigmatic name, Ekatlos, is attributable to a lady, or perhaps to Leone Caetani . In the magazine Krur also wrote Agnostus, behind which the French esotericist René Guénon is probably hidden. Julius Evola Giulio Cesare Andrea " Julius " Evola ( Italian: [ˈɛːvola] ; 19 May 1898 – 11 June 1974)

5940-485: The importance of myth from his readings of Georges Sorel , one of the key intellectual influences on fascism. Hermann Hesse described Revolt Against the Modern World as "really dangerous." Richard Drake wrote that the book was not widely influential in the 1930s but eventually received a cult following on the extreme right and is now considered Evola's most important work. Ride the Tiger (1961), Evola's last major work, saw him examining dissolution and subversion in

6039-723: The intellectual themes of Evola's writings were otherwise unchanged. Evola continued to write about elitism and his contempt for the weak. His "doctrine of the Aryan-Roman super-race was simply restated as a doctrine of the 'leaders of men' ... no longer with reference to the SS, but to the mediaeval Teutonic knights or the Knights Templar, already mentioned in [his book] Rivolta." Evola wrote of "inferior, non-European races". He believed that military aggressions such as Fascist Italy's 1935 invasion of Ethiopia were justified by Italy's dominance, outweighing concerns he had about

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6138-440: The interwar Conservative Revolution , "with which Evola had a deep personal involvement". He viewed himself as part of an aristocratic caste that had been dominant in an ancient Golden Age, as opposed to the contemporary Dark Age (the Kali Yuga ). In his writing, Evola addressed others in that caste whom he called l'uomo differenziato —"the man who has become different"—who through heredity and initiation were able to transcend

6237-652: The latter category. In 1970, Evola described Adolf Hitler 's antisemitism as a paranoid idée fixe that damaged the reputation of the Third Reich . But Evola never clearly acknowledged the Holocaust committed by the regimes he associated with, perpetrated in the name of racism—Furlong called this a "fatal lapse that by itself ought to be enough to destroy his authority". Evola wrote more than 36 books and 1,100 articles. In some of his 1930s writings, and in works about magic, Evola used pseudonyms, including Ea ( after

6336-448: The members' individual identities into such a superhuman state of power and awareness that they would be able to exert a magical influence on the world. The group employed techniques from Buddhist, Tantric, and rare Hermetic texts. They aimed to provide a "soul" to the burgeoning Fascist movement of the time through the revival of ancient Roman religion , and to influence the fascist regime through esotericism. Articles on occultism from

6435-473: The necessity of a transcendental orientation in a warrior. Evola translated some works of Oswald Spengler and Ortega y Gasset to Italian. In Evola's view, a state ruled by a spiritual elite must reign with unquestionable supremacy over its populace. He cited two models of such an elite as the Nazi SS and Romanian Iron Guard , known for their violence. Evola's philosophy, over his long career, adapted

6534-494: The occult, alchemy , magic , and Oriental studies , particularly Tibetan Tantric yoga . Historian Richard H. Drake wrote that Evola's alienation from contemporary values resembled that of other Lost Generation intellectuals who came of age in World War I, but took an uncompromising, eccentric and reactionary form. Evola's writings blended ideas from German idealism , Eastern doctrines , traditionalism , and especially

6633-462: The occult. Guénon's 1927 text Crisis of the Modern World inspired Evola to organise his thoughts around the critique of modernity, and Guénon, whom Evola called his "master", would be one of the few writers Evola found worthy to debate with. In 1927, Reghini and Evola, along with other Italian esotericists, founded the Gruppo di Ur ("Ur Group"). The purpose of this group was to attempt to bring

6732-481: The opposite sex and even substituting the atmosphere of an urban existence for the Theophany that Traditionalists had identified in virgin nature. During the 1960s Evola thought right-wing entities could no longer reverse the corruption of modern civilisation. E. C. Wolff noted that this is why Evola wrote Ride the Tiger, choosing to distance himself completely from active political engagement, without excluding

6831-584: The plan for an occult war, whose objective is the utter destruction, in the non-Jewish peoples, of all tradition, class, aristocracy, and hierarchy, and of all moral, religious, and spiritual values." He was an admirer of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu , the antisemitic leader of the fascist Romanian Iron Guard . After Codreanu was assassinated in 1938 on orders from King Carol II , Evola railed against "the Judaic horde" that he accused of planning "Talmudic, Israelite tyranny." Evola's antisemitism did not emphasise

6930-556: The possibilities of sex." Evola held that women "played" with men, threatened their masculinity, and lured them into a "constrictive" grasp with their sexuality. He wrote that "It should not be expected of women that they return to what they really are ... when men themselves retain only the semblance of true virility", and lamented that "men instead of being in control of sex are controlled by it and wander about like drunkards". He believed that in Tantra and sex magic , in which he saw

7029-400: The possibility of race-mixing . Richard H. Drake wrote, "Evola was never prepared to discount the value of blood altogether". Evola wrote: "a certain balanced consciousness and dignity of race can be considered healthy" in a time where "the exaltation of the negro and all the rest, anticolonialist psychosis and integrationist fanaticism [are] all parallel phenomena in the decline of Europe and

7128-406: The possibility of action in the future. He argued that one should stay firm and ready to intervene when the tiger of modernity "is tired of running." Goodrick-Clarke notes that, "Evola sets up the ideal of the 'active nihilist' who is prepared to act with violence against modern decadence." Evola contributed to Giuseppe Bottai 's magazine Critica Fascista for a time . From 1934 to 1943 Evola

7227-532: The power of metaphysical mythology while developing his theories. This led to his advocacy of supra-rational intellectual intuition over discursive knowledge. In Evola's view, discursive knowledge separates man from Being. Sheehan stated that this position is a theme in certain interpretations of Western philosophers such as Plato , Thomas Aquinas , and Martin Heidegger that was exaggerated by Evola. Evola would later write: "The truths that allow us to understand

7326-468: The principle of an immortalizing and transcendent force connected to the primordial state ... The mystery of the Grail is a mystery of a warrior initiation." He held that the Ghibellines , who had fought the Guelph for control of Northern and Central Italy in the thirteenth century, had within them the residual influences of pre-Christian Celtic and Nordic traditions that represented his conception of

7425-405: The purity of physical and mental discipline." Evola wrote that the tension between a detached "impulse toward transcendence" and an engaged "warrior spirit" defined his life and work. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola's "rigorous New Age spirituality speaks directly to those who reject absolutely the leveling world of democracy, capitalism, multi-racialism and technology at the outset of

7524-468: The regression of castes" in Revolt Against the Modern World and other writings on racism from the 1930s and World War II period. In Evola's view "power and civilization have progressed from one to another of the four castes—sacred leaders, warrior nobility, bourgeoisie (economy, 'merchants') and slaves". Furlong explains: "for Evola, the core of racial superiority lay in the spiritual qualities of

7623-402: The relationship between "spiritual racism" and biological racism, Evola put forth the following viewpoint, which Furlong described as pseudo-scientific: "The factor of 'blood' or 'race' has its importance, because it is not psychologically—in the brain or the opinions of the individual—but in the very deepest forces of life that traditions live and act as typical formative energies. Blood registers

7722-514: The sacred hierarchical order only in a mediated fashion through her relationship with a man." He held, as a feature of his idealised gender relations, the archaic Hindu sati (suicide), which for him was a form of sacrifice indicating women's respect for patriarchal traditions. For the "pure, feminine" woman, "man is not perceived by her as a mere husband or lover, but as her lord." Women would find their true identity in total subjugation to men. Evola regarded matriarchy and goddess religions as

7821-502: The same period he contributed to the antisemite Giovanni Preziosi 's magazine La vita italiana. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke has written that Evola's 1945 essay "American 'Civilization'" described the United States as "the final stage of European decline into the 'interior formlessness' of vacuous individualism, conformity and vulgarity under the universal aegis of money-making." According to Goodrick-Clarke, Evola argued that

7920-606: The second di Rudini cabinet; his English mother, Ada Bootle Wilbraham , was the daughter of the Earl of Lathom . His paternal grandfather, Michelangelo , had married the Polish Countess Calixta Rzewuski , whose ancestor Wacław Seweryn Rzewuski had been a well-known Polish orientalist. Caetani developed an interest in foreign languages at an early age. At 15, he began to study Sanskrit and Arabic on his own. Later he studied Oriental languages at

8019-402: The short-lived journal Revue Bleue , he became a prominent representative of Dadaism in Italy. (In his autobiography, Evola described his Dadaism as an attack on rationalist cultural values. ) In 1922, after concluding that avant-garde art was becoming commercialised and stiffened by academic conventions, he gave up painting and renounced poetry. Evola was a keen mountaineer , describing it as

8118-400: The sidelines of officialty, as some sort of eccentric". Evola was in charge of the cultural page of the influential fascist newspaper Il Regime Fascista for the regime's last decade. Evola declined to join Italy's National Fascist Party or any other party of the time; Ferraresi wrote that Evola's "lofty nonconformism" and "imperial paganism" did not fit well in a party that would make

8217-560: The spiritual orientation of Traditionalist writers such as René Guénon and the political concerns of the European authoritarian right, Furlong wrote. Sheehan described Evola as "perhaps the most original and creative — and, intellectually, the most nonconformist, of the Italian Fascist philosophers". Evola had access to Benito Mussolini in the last years of the Fascist regime, and advised him on racial policies, but "without much effect", Ferraresi wrote; Evola "was kept (or stayed) on

8316-476: The strangest intellectual figures of his century". Thomas Sheehan wrote that "Evola's first philosophical works from the 'twenties were dedicated to reshaping neo-idealism from a philosophy of Absolute Spirit and Mind into a philosophy of the "absolute individual" and action." Accordingly, Evola developed his doctrine of " magical idealism ", which held that "the Ego must understand that everything that seems to have

8415-516: The term "Aryan" to refer to the nobility, who in his view were imbued with traditional spirituality. Feinstein writes that this interpretation made the term "Aryan" more plausible in an Italian context and thereby furthered antisemitism in Fascist Italy. Evola's interpretation was adopted by Mussolini, who declared in 1938 that "Italy's civilization is Aryan". Wolff notes that Evola seems to have stopped writing about race in 1945, but adds that

8514-501: The term "fascism" in this text, his diatribe against the Catholic Church was criticised by both Benito Mussolini 's fascist regime and the Vatican itself. A. James Gregor argued that the text was an attack on fascism as it stood at the time of writing, but noted that Mussolini made use of it to threaten the Vatican with the possibility of an "anti-clerical fascism". Richard Drake wrote that Evola "rarely missed an opportunity to attack

8613-537: The text Eros and the Mysteries of Love: The Metaphysics of Sex (1958), where his views on sexuality were dealt with at length. Arthur Versluis described this text as Evola's "most interesting" work aside from Revolt Against the Modern World (1934). This book remains popular among many 'New Age' adherents. Evola's views on race had roots in his aristocratic elitism. According to European studies professor Paul Furlong, Evola developed what he called "the law of

8712-616: The twenty-first century. Their acute sense of cultural chaos can find powerful relief in his ideal of total renewal." Stephen Atkins summarized Evola's philosophy as "a complete rejection of modern society and its mores". Evola loathed liberalism , because, as Rose wrote, "Everything he revered—social castes, natural inequalities, and sacred privileges—was targeted by liberalism for reform or abolition." Goodrick-Clarke wrote that Evola invoked Indo-Aryan tradition to advance "a radical doctrine of anti-egalitarianism, anti-democracy, anti-liberalism and anti-Semitism". Rose described Evola as "one of

8811-580: The world of Tradition are not those that can be "learned" or "discussed." They either are or are not. We can only remember them, and that happens when we are freed from the obstacles represented by various human constructions (chief among these are the results and methods of the authorized "researchers") and have awakened the capacity to see from the nonhuman viewpoint, which is the same as the Traditional viewpoint ... Traditional truths have always been held to be essentially non-human ." Evola developed

8910-492: Was Arturo Reghini , a critic of Christianity and democracy and advocate for the ancient Roman aristocracy . Reghini welcomed the rise of Fascist Italy and sought to return to pre-Christian spirituality through the promotion of a "cultured magic". Through Reghini, Evola was introduced to the French Orientalist René Guénon , a leading figure of traditionalism at the time who shared an interest in

9009-864: Was Giorgio Levi Della Vida . He became a corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 1911 and a full member in 1919. Later, he left his rich library to the Lincei to create the Caetani foundation for Muslim studies. Caetani also served as a deputy of the Italian Parliament (1909–1913), keeping a radical socialist stance. He married Vittoria Colonna Caetani of the Colonna , daughter of Marcantonio VI prince of Paliano , from whom he later separated; in 1917 he succeeded his father as Prince of Teano and Duke of Sermoneta. After

9108-440: Was Julius Evola as it appears on the 1927 cover; together with the "curators" Pietro Negri (alias Arturo Reghini) and Giulio Parise in the cover of 1928; again and only Evola in 1929, when the magazine's name was changed to KRUR . Each of the three publication years corresponds to one of the three volumes of the work Introduction to Magic as Science of the Ego reprinted in 1955 and 1971. Several hermetic-alchemical texts such as

9207-556: Was a vehicle for his own theories, but was a far from accurate rendition of the subject, and he held that much the same could be said of Evola's writings on Hermeticism. Ñāṇavīra Thera was inspired to become a bhikkhu from reading Evola's text The Doctrine of Awakening in 1945 while hospitalised in Sorrento . Evola's Revolt Against the Modern World (1934) promotes the mythology of an ancient Golden Age which gradually declined into modern decadence. In this work, Evola described

9306-508: Was able to come to lucid expression through this text, in spite of the "coverings" added to it to prevent accusations from the church. Though Evola rejected Carl Jung 's interpretation of alchemy, Jung described Evola's The Hermetic Tradition as a "magisterial account of Hermetic philosophy". In Hegel and the Hermetic Tradition , the philosopher Glenn Alexander Magee favoured Evola's interpretation over that of Jung's. In 1988,

9405-531: Was an Italian far-right philosopher. Evola regarded his values as traditionalist , aristocratic , martial , and imperialist . An eccentric thinker in Fascist Italy , he also had ties to Nazi Germany ; in the post-war era , he was an ideological mentor of the Italian neo-fascist and militant Right. Evola was born in Rome . He served as an artillery officer in the First World War . He became

9504-489: Was introduced to philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Otto Weininger . Other early philosophical influences included Italian man of letters Carlo Michelstaedter and German post-Hegelian thinker Max Stirner . He was attracted to the avant-garde , and briefly associated with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti 's Futurist movement during his time at university. He broke with Marinetti in 1916 as Evola disagreed with his extreme nationalism and advocacy of industry. In

9603-418: Was responsible for 'Diorama Filosofico', the cultural page of Il Regime Fascista , an influential radical fascist daily newspaper owned by Roberto Farinacci , the pro-Nazi mayor of Cremona . Evola used the page to publish international right-wing thinkers. Evola's writings on the page argued for imperialism ; leading up to Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia , Evola praised "the sacred valor of war". During

9702-527: Was rooted in Weininger's work, which was widely translated by the end of the First World War." Evola denounced homosexuality as "useless" for his purposes. He did not neglect sadomasochism , so long as sadism and masochism "are magnifications of an element potentially present in the deepest essence of eros ." Then, it would be possible to "extend, in a transcendental and perhaps ecstatic way,

9801-523: Was trying to promote an "Italian version of racism and antisemitism, one that could be integrated into the Fascist project to create a New Man". Evola dismissed the biological racism of chief Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg and others as reductionist and materialistic. He also argued that one could be "Aryan" but have a "Jewish" soul, and could be "Jewish" but have an "Aryan" soul. In Evola's view, Otto Weininger and Carlo Michelstaedter were Jews of "sufficiently heroic, ascetic, and sacral" character to fit

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