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84-662: From its beginnings, the Urbaniana has always been an academic institution with a missionary character that has served the Catholic Church through the formation of missionaries and experts in the area of Missiology or other disciplines, necessary in the evangelizational activity of the Church. The origins of the university date back to Pope Urban VIII who decided to establish a new college with his papal bull Immortalis Dei Filius of August 1, 1627. Pope Urban saw, at

168-477: A Scalabrinian nun, was appointed as Secretary General of the university. She is the first woman to hold the post since the organisation was founded. In the seventeenth century, Alexander VII instituted a tradition of having all the students make an oath, binding them to remain under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda , not to enter a religious order without special permission, and to return after ordination to

252-544: A Catholic perspective, including issues that divide Catholicism from Protestantism and other faith communities. Since the encyclopedia was first published starting in 1907 and has never been updated (versus the New Catholic Encyclopedia ), many of its entries may be out of date either with respect to the wider culture or to the Catholic ecclesiastical world. In particular, it predates the creation of

336-671: A Franciscan sent to China to become prelate of Peking in around 1307. He traveled from Persia and moved down by sea to India in 1291, to the Madras region or "Country of St. Thomas". There he preached for thirteen months and baptized about one hundred people. From there Monte Corvino wrote home, in December 1291 (or 1292), giving one of the earliest noteworthy accounts of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. Traveling by sea from Mailapur, he reached China in 1294, appearing in

420-743: A book about his travels entitled The Travels of Joseph the Indian which was widely disseminated across Europe. The introduction of Catholicism in India begins from the first decade of 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese missionaries there. In the 16th century, the proselytization of Asia was linked to the Portuguese colonial policy . With the Papal bull Romanus Pontifex written on 8 January 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal ,

504-570: A century-long effort in translating the Chinese classics into Latin and spreading knowledge of Chinese culture and history in Europe, influencing its developing Enlightenment . The introduction of the Franciscans and other orders of missionaries, however, led to a long-running controversy over Chinese customs and names for God . The Jesuits, the secularized mandarins , and eventually

588-667: A project to republish the 1907-1913 original edition of the '"Catholic Encyclopedia on the Internet . Knight founded the Web site New Advent to host the undertaking. Volunteers from several countries, including the United States, Canada , France , and Brazil helped in the transcription of the original text material. The site first went online two years later in 1995, and transcription work ended after four years efforts in 1997. In 2007, Catholic Answers internet website published

672-498: A sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras. The suffragan sees added later to Goa were the prelacy of Mozambique in 1612 and Peking and Nanking in China in 1690. Missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts, chiefly at Chaul, Bombay, Salsette, Bassein, Damao, and Diu, as well as on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore as far as Bengal. In

756-546: A watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since been replaced with a transcription of the Encyclopedia similar to that found at the New Advent web site. The Catholic Answers transcription, however, is an exact transcription of the original text, whereas the New Advent version at times modernizes certain usages (e.g., using the titles of Old Testament books found in several Protestant versions of

840-708: Is Chancellor of the university ex officio , as a center of higher education it is regulated by the Congregation for Catholic Education . Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle , as current Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, serves as the Chancellor; the Vice Chancellor is Archbishop Protase Rugambwa , Secretary of the same Congregation. In its early days, the rector of

924-508: Is entirely new, and not merely a translation or a compilation from other encyclopedic sources. The editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject. However, "from standard works" allows that some of the articles from European contributors such as Pierre Batiffol (French) and Johann Peter Kirsch (German) had previously been published in whole or in part in Europe and were translated and edited for

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1008-587: Is located on the Janiculum Hill in Rome, has four faculties: the faculty of theology , the faculty of philosophy , the faculty of canon law , and the faculty of missiology . The faculties of theology and philosophy are as old as the institution itself, while the canon law and missiology faculties are more recent. The Missionary Institute was founded on September 1, 1933, and split into the two faculties of canon law and missiology on July 25, 1986. As of 2004,

1092-708: Is said and done, one must recognize gladly that the Jesuits made a shining contribution to mission outreach and policy in China. They made no fatal compromises, and where they skirted this in their guarded accommodation to the Chinese reverence for ancestors, their major thrust was both Christian and wise. They succeeded in rendering Christianity at least respectable and even credible to the sophisticated Chinese, no mean accomplishment." This influence worked in both directions: [The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused

1176-812: Is today much more involved in an option for the poor and integral human development than in proselytizing. In 2016 Pope Francis formed a Department for Promoting Integral Human Development in the Roman Curia to oversee numerous Catholic outreach programs fostered directly by the Vatican . Not that such missions are new; Caritas Internationalis is a confederation of Catholic relief , development , and social service organisations that date back since just after Pope Leo XIII 's social encyclical Rerum novarum in 1893. And today Jesuit missions, as in Africa and India, are more involved in educating and further assisting

1260-776: The Collegium Urbanum from the name of its founder and placed under the immediate direction of the Congregation of Propaganda (now called the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples). After the College's founding, Juan Bautista Vives donated a suitable building near the Piazza di Spagna . Under Pope Alexander VII , the Church of the Three Magi was added to the building. Vives established six free scholarships, to which were later added endowments by other pontiffs and prelates, especially Innocent XII , Clement XII , and

1344-479: The Franciscans and Dominicans gained access to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian. Jesuit Fathers Francisco Xavier , Cosme de Torres, and John Fernandes were the first to arrive at Kagoshima with hopes of bringing Christianity and Catholicism to Japan. Spain and Portugal disputed the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it,

1428-690: The Goan Inquisition , but it was not set up until 1560. In 1557 Goa was made an independent archbishopric, with suffragan sees at Cochin and Malacca . The whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of Goa and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China, and Japan in East Asia. In 1576 the suffragan See of Macao (China)

1512-701: The Holy Bible (used in Protestant churches / denominations ), such as "1 & 2 Chronicles" and "Obadiah", in place of the titles traditionally used differently in the Vulgate ( Latin ) / Douay–Rheims (Roman Catholic) Bible versions, (such as titles of "1 & 2 Paralipomenon" and "Abdias") and Biblical citation formatting (i.e., the Catholic Answers version retains the original's usage of Roman numerals for chapter numbers [e.g., Genesis I,1], while

1596-618: The Kangxi Emperor himself maintained that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius were respectful and secular rituals compatible with Christian doctrine ; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible idolatry and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation. Acting on the complaint of the Bishop of Fujian , Pope Clement XI finally ended

1680-750: The Latin Church in practice. In the Roman Curia , missionary work is organised by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples . The New Testament missionary outreach of the Christian church from the time of St Paul was extensive throughout the Roman Empire . During the Middle Ages, Christian monasteries and missionaries (such as Saint Patrick and Adalbert of Prague ) fostered formal education and learning of religion, beyond

1764-485: The Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510. During the mid-16th century, the city of Goa , was the center of Christianization in the East. The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among Hindu subjects, it would be false to ascribe the large number of conversions to force. The rapid rise of converts in Goa was mostly the result of Portuguese economic and political control over

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1848-579: The Second Vatican Council . It has prioritized social justice issues and striven to avoid the dangers of cultural imperialism or economic exploitation that had often accompanied religious conversion. Christian missionaries recognize that working for justice is a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel and usually observe the principles of inculturation in their missionary work. Before Vatican II " baptism of desire " and salvation outside

1932-767: The Southwest United States . The goal of the Franciscan missions was to spread the Christian faith to the people of the New World through "word and example". Spreading Christianity to the newly discovered continent was a top priority, but only one piece of the Spanish colonization system. The influence of the Franciscans , considering that missionaries are sometimes seen as tools of imperialism , enabled other objectives to be reached, such as

2016-598: The Vatican City State (1929) and the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), which introduced changes to Catholic practice. The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11, 1905, under the supervision of five editors: The first edition was initially printed by the Robert Appleton Company of New York City . The volumes came out sequentially, the first two in 1907 and the last three in 1912: The editors had their first editorial meeting at

2100-703: The poorest rural populations , such as the Dalits and Adivasi in India, than in direct conversion efforts. This is true also in China where proselytizing was forbidden but many Christians assisted with language studies. The present practice in Asia and Africa is detailed in the articles on hundreds of educational institutions and development centres that the Jesuits administer. Much the same can be said of other Catholic lay and religious groups and their contemporary missions. Catholic Encyclopedia The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on

2184-539: The 1830s, it was not until 1939 that the church revisited its stance on Chinese customs. Pope Pius XII 's initial move towards greater leniency was subsequently confirmed and expanded by Vatican II . There are records of Franciscan activity on the Americas as early as 1519. Throughout the early 16th century the mission movement spread from the Caribbean to Mexico , Central America , parts of South America , and

2268-539: The Americas and other indigenous people. At the same time, missionaries such as Francis Xavier as well as other Jesuits , Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. These are some of the most well-known missions in history. In the empires ruled by both Portugal and Spain , religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization

2352-546: The Catholic Church were allowed very little scope. With the Council's emphasis on individual conscience, baptism is seen not only as the ordinary means of salvation but as a vocation call for Christians to spread the good news of God's love to all peoples by their practice of true charity, that is universal and inclusive of all God's children. The Church on mission through its various religious and lay associations

2436-636: The Catholic faith but some switched to West Syrian rite. The Saint Thomas Christians were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope . Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the Archdeacon Thomas in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese or to accept Communion with Rome, in the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653. The Diocese of Angamaly was transferred to Diocese of Craganore in 1605, and in 1606

2520-683: The Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church , also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia , is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It

2604-611: The Encyclopedia. Those who wrote new articles in English include Anthony Maas and Herbert Thurston . Under the copyright law of the United States , all works published in the United States before 1928 are considered in the public domain . In 1993, Kevin Knight, a 26-year-old resident of Denver, Colorado , decided, during the visit of Pope John Paul II (1920-2005, served 1978-2005), to that city for World Youth Day , to launch

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2688-577: The Evangelization of Peoples. Although it currently operates in line with the criteria of modern university publishing, it derives from a tradition that goes back to the very origins of the Urban College and the Printing House of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide . Currently the UUP publishes the following periodicals: Euntes Docete , the scientific journal of the university, Ius Missionale ,

2772-543: The Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown. At the same time many New Christians from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the inquisition in Portugal . Many of them were suspected of being Crypto-Jews , converted Jews who were secretly practicing their old religion, and were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief. Saint Francis Xavier , in a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal , requested

2856-559: The Jesuit founder St   Francis Xavier when he tried to begin missionary work in China in the early 1550s. Unable to receive permission to enter the country, however, Xavier died on Shangchuan Island off the coast of Guangdong in 1552. With the Portuguese establishing an enclave on Zhongshan Island 's Macau Peninsula , Jesuits established a base nearby on Green Island (now the SAR 's "Ilha Verde" neighborhood). Alessandro Valignano ,

2940-526: The Jesuits in 16th, 17th, and 18th century played a significant role in introducing European science and culture to China. Their work laid much of the foundation for much of Christian culture in Chinese society today. Members of the Jesuit delegation to China were perhaps the most influential Christian missionaries in that country between the earliest period of the religion up until the 19th century, when significant numbers of Catholic and Protestant missions developed. Despite earlier evangelization under

3024-571: The Kochi Raja to build two church edifices – Santa Cruz Basilica (1505) and St. Francis Church (1506) using stones and mortar which were unheard of at that time, as local prejudices were against such a structure except for a royal palace or a temple. In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Lisbon . On 12 June 1514, Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under

3108-642: The Lazarists, and in 1817 the Urbaniana was reopened. From 1836 until 1848, it operated under the direction of the Jesuits . At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Urban College was still housed in the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide in Piazza di Spagna. At that time, the average number of its resident students was about one hundred and ten. Those resident students were necessarily from countries that fell under

3192-471: The New Advent version uses Arabic numerals throughout [e.g., Genesis 1:1]). Another transcription is hosted by Catholic Online internet website. Similarly to the Catholic Answers transcription, it uses an exact rendition of the original text. Scanned copies of the 1907-1913 Encyclopedia are available on Google Books , at the Internet Archive , and at Wikimedia Commons . Wikisource also hosts

3276-454: The Portuguese fleet consisted of 13 ships and 18 priests anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the Raja of Cochin who allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus missionaries established a Portuguese mission in 1500. Dom Francisco de Almeida , the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from

3360-442: The Tang and Yuan , by the 16th century there is no reliable evidence for any practicing Christians remaining in China. The Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares reached Guangdong in 1513, establishing direct maritime connection between China and Europe; within six years of the Jesuit's 1540 founding, two Chinese boys were enrolled in their college in Goa , India . One of them, known by his baptismal name Antonio, travelled with

3444-442: The accomplishments of Catholics and others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. While more limited in focus than other general encyclopedias, it was far broader in scope than previous efforts at comprehensive Catholic encyclopedias, which covered only internal Church affairs. It offers in-depth portrayals of historical and philosophical ideas, persons and events, from

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3528-415: The advancing Mongols to Christianity, especially the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire . ( See also Catholic Church in China . ) During the Age of Discovery , the Roman Catholic Church established a number of missions in the Americas and other colonies through the Augustinians , Franciscans , and Dominicans in order to spread Catholicism in the New World and to convert the indigenous peoples of

3612-519: The auspices of the Urbanianum was about five hundred in 1910. In 1926, the College moved from its historic home in the Piazza di Spagna to its current campus on the Janiculum, overlooking Saint Peter's Square . Its first home there was a relatively modest building, but it is now housed in a much-expanded group of buildings. The university was endowed with the title "pontifical" with the motu proprio Fidei propagandae of Pope John XXIII on October 1, 1962. In 2021, Sister Pietra Luana (Etra) Modica,

3696-475: The boundaries of the old Roman Empire . In the seventh century, Gregory the Great sent missionaries, including Augustine of Canterbury , into England. The Hiberno-Scottish mission began in 563 CE. In the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, Franciscans (such as William of Rubruck , John of Montecorvino , and Giovanni ed' Magnolia) were sent as missionaries to the Near and Far East. Their travels took them as far as China, in an attempt to convert

3780-436: The brother of Urban VIII, Cardinal Antonio Barberini . In 1798, following the disruption surrounding the creation of the Roman Republic and the Napoleonic Wars , the college was closed and some of the students were received by the Lazarists at Montecitorio . This arrangement lasted until 1809, when even this last remnant of the college was suppressed. In 1814, however, some of the Propaganda students were again received by

3864-493: The capital "Cambaliech" (now Beijing). Friar Odoric of Pordenone arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 m. north of Calicut) at Cranganore and at Kulam or Quilon, proceeding thence, apparently, to Ceylon and to the shrine of St Thomas at Maylapur near Madras. He writes that he had found the place where Thomas was buried. The French Dominican missionary Father Jordanus Catalani followed in 1321–22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on

3948-490: The coast line was by no means fully worked, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically untouched. With the decline of Portuguese power other colonial powers – the Dutch and British and Christian organisations – gained influence. Portuguese shipping arrived in Japan in 1543 and Catholic missionary activities in Japan began in earnest around 1549, performed in the main by Portuguese -sponsored Jesuits until Spanish -sponsored mendicant orders such as

4032-471: The country and becoming close to the imperial court, particularly its Ministry of Rites , which oversaw official astronomy and astrology . "Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign literati , regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography." By 1610, more than two thousand Chinese from all levels of society had converted. Clark has summarized as follows: "When all

4116-399: The directors of the company. In 1912, the company's name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the encyclopedia's volumes was the sole business conducted by the company during the project's lifetime. The encyclopedia was designed to serve the Catholic Church , concentrating on information related to the Church and explaining matters from the Catholic point of view. It records

4200-440: The dispute with a decisive ban in 1704; his legate Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon issued summary and automatic excommunication of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707. By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the Kangxi Emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by

4284-434: The editors subsequently held 134 formal meetings to consider the plan, scope and progress of the multi-volumed reference work, culminating in publication ending on April 19, 1913. A first supplement was published nine years later in 1922; a second supplement in nine loose-leaf sections was published by The Gilmary Society three decades later, between 1950 and 1958. In 1912, a special completely illustrated, commemorative volume

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4368-429: The exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under Alessandro Valignano took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards. This fait accompli was approved in Pope Gregory XIII 's papal bull of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese diocese of Macau . In 1588 the diocese of Funai ( Nagasaki )

4452-448: The extension of Spanish language , culture, and political control to the New World . A goal was to change the agricultural or nomadic Indian into a model of the Spanish people and society. Basically, the aim was for urbanization . The missions achieved this by “offering gifts and persuasion…and safety from enemies.” This protection also offered security for the Spanish military operation, since there would be theoretically less warring if

4536-522: The highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the Synod of Diamper between 20 and 26 June 1599, which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Jesuit Francis Ros as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Angamalé for the Saint Thomas Christians – another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa – and Latinisation of St Thomas Christians started. Most eventually accepted

4620-478: The interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture. Ricci and others including Michele Ruggieri , Philippe Couplet , and François Noël undertook

4704-406: The library there are about 1500 late-Medieval incunabula , a collection of rare atlases, geographical maps printed in the sixteenth century, and missionary catechisms from the sixteenth century onwards. The library is particularly notable for its Chinese collections and Old and New Testament resources. The Urban University Press handles publishing for both the university and the Congregation for

4788-720: The many ecclesiastical dignitaries among the Urbaniana's past students there have also been four martyrs: the Belgian Jacques Foelech (1643); Pietro Cesy (1680); the Armenian Melchior Tasbas (1716), and Nicholas Boscovich (1731). Catholic missions Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide, often after an intermediate phase as an apostolic prefecture or apostolic vicariate . Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by

4872-479: The native populations. Today the missions are among the state's oldest structures and most-visited historic monuments; many of them also remain in operation as Catholic churches. The missions in New Mexico were established by Franciscan friars to convert the local Pueblo , Navajo , and Apaches . The first permanent settlement was Mission San Gabriel in 1598 near what is now known as the San Juan Pueblo . Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since

4956-535: The natives were pacified. Thus the missionaries assisted with another aim of the colonizers. Between 1769 and 1823, Spanish members of the Franciscan Order established and operated 21 missions in California to convert the Native Americans . This was the first major effort by Europeans to colonize the Pacific Coast region and gave Spain a valuable toehold on this frontier. The settlers introduced European livestock , fruits , vegetables , and industry but Spanish occupation also brought negative consequences to

5040-417: The neo-apostles who reached Kappad near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with Vasco da Gama , which represented less than 2% of the total population and was the largest Christian church within India. He was seeking to form anti- Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations. The lucrative spice trade attracted the Portuguese crown. During the second expedition under Captain Pedro Álvares Cabral ,

5124-693: The new regional manager ("visitor") of the order, came to Macau in 1578–1579 and established St. Paul's College to begin training future missionaries in the language and culture of the Chinese. He requested assistance from the orders' members in Goa in bringing over suitably talented linguists to staff the college and begin the mission in earnest. In 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work inside China, introducing Western science , mathematics , astronomy , and cartography . Missionaries such as Matteo Ricci and Johann Adam Schall von Bell wrote Chinese catechisms and made influential converts like Xu Guangqi , establishing Christian settlements throughout

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5208-563: The newly created Diocese of Funchal in Madeira , in the Atlantic. In 1534 Pope Paul III by the Bull Quequem Reputamus raised Funchal to an archdiocese with Goa as its suffragan , placing the whole of India under the diocese of Goa . This created an episcopal see – suffragan to Funchal , with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the Cape of Good Hope to China . The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during

5292-463: The offices of the Archdiocese of New York 's newspaper The Messenger , on West 16th Street, New York City . The text received a nihil obstat from an official censor, Remy Lafort, on November 1, 1908, and an imprimatur from John Murphy Farley , then Archbishop of New York . This review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. In addition to frequent informal conferences and constant communication by letters,

5376-470: The patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith (see " Padroado ") in Asia was given to the Portuguese, who were rewarded with the right of conquest. The missionaries of the different orders ( Franciscans , Dominicans , Jesuits , Augustinians , etc.) flocked out with the conquerors, and began at once to build churches along the coastal districts wherever the Portuguese power made itself felt. The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with

5460-417: The priesthood to their dioceses or provinces to engage in the sacred ministry, and to send each year if in Europe, or every second year otherwise, a report of their apostolic work. By the early 1900s, this practice was still done: every graduate student ( alumno ), wherever he may have been in the pursuit of his ministry, was bound to write a letter to the cardinal prefect every year, to let him know how his work

5544-418: The responsibility of the Propaganda . Then as now, however, the Urbaniana operates its own schools, which are attended by other students not subject to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. In fact, since 1966, the Urbaniana has accepted the affiliation of seminaries and institutes of philosophy, theology, missiology, and canon law from all over the world. The total number of students educated under

5628-459: The route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their patron. The history of the missions of the Society of Jesus or Jesuits in Ming and Qing China stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and the Western world , as well as a prominent example of relations between two cultures and belief systems in the pre-modern age. The missionary efforts and other work of

5712-503: The shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. Another prominent Indian traveler was Joseph, priest over Cranganore. He journeyed to Babylon in 1490 and then sailed to Europe and visited Portugal, Rome, and Venice before returning to India. He helped to write

5796-419: The southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous. It extended to the Krishna River, with a number of outlying stations beyond it. The mission of Cochin on the Malabar Coast was also one of the most fruitful. Several missions were also established in the interior northwards, e.g., that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, the greater part even of

5880-402: The sponsorship and consent of colonial governments, those in other portions of the world (notably Matteo Ricci 's Jesuit mission to China, and the work of other Jesuit missionaries in the Nagasaki region in Japan) were focused on the conversion of individuals within existing social and political structures, and often operated without the consent of local government. John of Monte Corvino was

5964-413: The terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism . Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715 bull Ex Illa Die ... , led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China, with the last Jesuits— obliged to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721. Although Catholic mission work began again following the opening up of the country after the Treaty of Nanking in

6048-625: The university always used to be a Theatine and would serve as the parish priest of all who lived in the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide. For centuries, however, the rector was a secular prelate (that is, not attached to a particular order). As of 2015, the Rector Magnificus of the Urbaniana is Father Alberto Trevisiol, a priest of the order of Consolata Missionaries . He is assisted by Father Godfrey Igwebuike Onah as Vice Rector. (Former Metropolitan Archbishop of Kodungallūr) In addition to

6132-588: The university educated about 1400 students between these four faculties. The current library of the Urbaniana was formed from two pre-existing collections: the historic Urban College Library and the Pontifical Missionary Library, which were joined in 1979. Today the combined library contains about 350,000 volumes, including over 9,000 directly accessible in reading rooms; 800 current journals and about 4,000 archival; about 50,000 microfiches ; and documents from various specialized archives. In

6216-403: The urging of Juan Bautista Vives , a spanish prelate, that it was necessary to establish a central seminary for the missions where young priests could be educated, both for countries which had no national college , but also those that did. A central international college would allow priests to make acquaintances and form mutually helpful relationships in other countries. The new college was called

6300-516: The west coast of India, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 Mirabilia describing the marvels of the East: he furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flori given by any European in the Middle Ages – superior even to Marco Polo's. In 1347, Giovanni de Marignolli visited

6384-533: The yearbook of the Faculty of Canon Law, and Bibliographia Missionaria , a journal curated by the director of the Library. In addition to these, every year the press also prints the university Annales , which serves to review and record the academic and non-academic life of the university and its faculty. While the university is owned and operated by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, whose prefect

6468-611: Was added, and in 1588 that of Funai in Japan. In 1597 the death of the last metropolitan bishop , Archdeacon Abraham of the Saint Thomas Christians , an ancient body formerly part of the Church of the East gave the then Archbishop of Goa Menezes an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. He was able to secure the submission of Archdeacon George ,

6552-504: Was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise in 1907 by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on. There was controversy over the presence of The Catholic Encyclopedia on the shelves in public libraries in the United States with nativist protests that this violated the constitutional separation of church and state , including a successful court appeal in Belleville, New Jersey . The encyclopedia

6636-523: Was designed "to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine". The Catholic Encyclopedia was published by the Robert Appleton Company (RAC), a publishing company incorporated in New York in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedia's Editorial Board also served as

6720-600: Was founded under Portuguese protection. In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders entered Japan via Manila . While criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in Pope Clement VIII 's decree of 1600 which allowed Spanish friars to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and Pope Paul V 's decree of 1608 which abolished the restrictions on

6804-526: Was later updated over a half-century later under the auspices of the faculty of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. and the successor New Catholic Encyclopedia was first published 53 years later in 1967, followed by several supplements during the next three decades. Then a revised second edition 35 years more in 2002. It too has been supplemented every few years since. The Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers states that: The work

6888-543: Was progressing and how he was faring. Catholic Encyclopedia reports that cardinal used to answer immediately with "a letter of paternal encouragement and counsel." In the early twentieth century, it used to be customary for the Urban College to hold an annual solemn "Accademia Polyglotta" at Epiphany, to symbolize the worldwide unity of the Catholic Church. At this event, the Propaganda students would recite poems in their respective mother tongues. The university, which

6972-641: Was repudiated by Grotius 's Mare Liberum . Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself. The Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the Iberian kingdoms. While missions in areas ruled by Spanish and Portuguese, and to a lesser extent, the French, are associated with cultural imperialism and oppression, and often operated under

7056-512: Was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the Treaty of Tordesillas , the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade, and colonization. The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England . Theoretically, it

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