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28-492: Well known because of its caves, Urdax is an interesting place for speleology at a basic level. Urdax caves were created by the underground river Urtxuma 14,000 years ago, and nowadays only a single cave can be visited by the public. The only cave that is opened to those interested in it, is the Ikaburu cave where visitors can enjoy a guided visit through its corridors and stances. The Ikaburu cave tour includes more than seeing

56-575: A distinct and independent identity until 1999, when a restructuring of the UCC merged it into the Justice and Witness Ministries division. Its magazine, American Missionary , was published 1846–1934, and had a circulation of 20,000 in the 19th century, ten times that of the abolitionist William Garrison 's magazine. The Cornell University Library has editions from 1878–1901 accessible online in its Making of America digital library. The records of

84-403: A fire that happened in 1526 and another one in 1793. The external appearance and architecture in renaissance style, which was not the original style, and the only things that are completely original and did not disappear during the fires are the church and the cloister. 43°16′02″N 1°30′16″W  /  43.2672°N 1.5044°W  / 43.2672; -1.5044 This article about

112-720: A location in Navarre, Spain, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Contraband Contraband (from Medieval French contrebande "smuggling") is any item that, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold. It comprises goods that by their nature are considered too dangerous or offensive in the eyes of the legislator—termed contraband in se —and forbidden. Derivative contraband consists of goods that may normally be owned, but are liable to be seized because they were used in committing an unlawful act and hence begot illegally, e.g. smuggling goods; stolen goods – knowingly participating in their trade

140-750: A significant role in several key historical events and movements, including the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Civil Rights Movement. In the 1850s it assisted the operation of the Underground Railroad for men and women fleeing enslavement in the South. Starting in 1861, it opened camps in the South for former slaves. It played a major role during and after the Reconstruction Era in promoting education for blacks in

168-705: Is an offense in itself, called fencing . In international law , contraband means goods that are ultimately destined for territory under the control of the enemy and may be susceptible for use in armed conflict. Traditionally, contraband is classified into two categories, absolute contraband and conditional contraband. The former category includes arms, munitions, and various materials, such as chemicals and certain types of machinery that may be used directly to wage war or be converted into instruments of war. Conditional contraband, formerly known as occasional contraband, consists of such materials as provisions and livestock feed. Cargo of that kind, presumably innocent in character,

196-427: Is subject to seizure if in the opinion of the belligerent nation that seizes them, the supplies are destined for the armed forces of the enemy rather than for civilian use and consumption. In former agreements among nations, certain other commodities, including soap, paper, clocks, agricultural machinery and jewelry , have been classified as non-contraband, but the distinctions have proved meaningless in practice. Under

224-652: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867). Located on an island occupied by Union troops, the colony was intended to be self-sustaining. It was supervised by Horace James , a Congregational chaplain appointed by the Army as "Superintendent for Negro Affairs in the North Carolina District". The first of 27 teachers who volunteered through the AMA was his cousin, Elizabeth James. By 1864

252-527: The AMA began their support of education for blacks before the Civil War. Once war had begun, they recruited teachers for the numerous contraband camps that developed in Union-occupied territory in the South. In slaveholding Union states, such as Kentucky, the AMA staffed schools for both the newly emancipated United States Colored Troops and their families, such as at Camp Nelson, now known as Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument . Leading this effort

280-704: The AMA's achievements was the founding of anti-slavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was among the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped start 115 anti-slavery churches in Illinois before the American Civil War , building on the strong westward migration of population to that area. Another member, Rev. Mansfield French , an Episcopalian who became a Methodist, helped found Wilberforce University in Ohio. Members of

308-541: The Civil War. It spent more money for that purpose than did the Freedmen's Bureau of the federal government." In addition, the AMA organized the Freedmen's Aid Society , which recruited northern teachers for the schools and arranged to find housing for them in the South. In the mid-1870s, white Democrats began to regain control of state legislatures through violence and intimidation at the polls that suppressed Republican voting. The Association expressed disappointment at

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336-732: The North for their schools by the American Missionary Association , and thousands of freedmen enlisted from such camps in the United States Colored Troops to fight with the Union against the Confederacy. Numerous treaties defining contraband have been concluded among nations. In time of war, the nations involved have invariably violated the agreements, formulating their own definitions as

364-476: The South by establishing numerous schools and colleges, as well as paying for teachers. It helped establish Black churches and civic organizations. Its teachers and workers were targets of white supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan . Outside the South it also promoted schools for Native Americans and immigrants. The AMA continued to play a role in the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th century, supporting

392-474: The beginning the leadership was integrated: the first board was made up of 12 men, four of them black. One of its primary objectives was to abolish slavery. The AMA (American Missionary Association) was one of the organizations responsible for pushing slavery onto the national political agenda. The organization started the American Missionary magazine, published from 1846 through 1934. Among

420-476: The carrying trade. By 1916, the list of conditional contraband included practically all waterborne cargo. Thereafter, for the duration of World War I , nearly all cargo in transit to an enemy nation was treated as contraband of war by the intercepting belligerent, regardless of the nature of the cargo. A similar policy was inaugurated by the belligerent powers early in World War II . Under international law,

448-444: The citizens of neutral nations are entitled to trade, at their own risk, with any or all powers engaged in war. No duty to restrain contraband trade is imposed on the neutral governments, but no neutral government has the right to interfere on behalf of citizens whose property is seized by one belligerent if it is in transit to another. The penalty traditionally imposed by belligerents on neutral carriers engaged in commercial traffic with

476-478: The colony had more than 2200 residents, and both children and adults filled the classrooms in the several one-room schools, as they were eager for learning. The missionary teachers also evangelized and helped provide the limited medical care of the time. The AMA's pace of founding schools and colleges increased during and after the war. Freedmen, historically free blacks (many of whom were "mulattoes" of mixed race), and white sympathizers alike believed that education

504-436: The conditions of modern warfare, in which armed conflict has largely become a struggle involving the total populations of the contending powers, virtually all commodities are classified by belligerents as absolute contraband. During the American Civil War , Confederate -owned slaves who sought refuge in Union military camps or who lived in territories that fell under Union control were declared "contraband of war". The policy

532-740: The enemy consists of confiscation of cargo. By the Declaration of London, it was extended to include condemnation of the carrying vessel if more than half the cargo was contraband. The right of warring nations to sink neutral ships transporting contraband is not recognized in international law, but the practice was initiated by Germany in World War I and was often resorted to by the Axis powers in World War II. American Missionary Association The American Missionary Association ( AMA )

560-592: The failures of the Reconstruction Era but never wavered in opposing disenfranchisement and continued the struggle over the following decades. By the 1870s, the AMA national office had relocated to New York City . While the AMA became widely known in the United States for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freedmen, it also sponsored and maintained missions in numerous nations overseas. The 19th-century missionary effort

588-583: The fortunes of war indicated. The Declaration of London , drafted at the London Naval Conference of 1908–1909 and made partly effective by most of the European maritime nations at the outbreak of World War I, established comprehensive classifications of absolute and conditional contraband. As the war developed, the lists of articles in each category were constantly revised by the various belligerents despite protests by neutral powers engaged in

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616-461: The wonderful stalactites and stalagmites, but also stories of witches, shepherds, monks, Spanish Civil War, or even contrabandists . The Monastery of Urdax is said to have been established during the 11th century by an Augustinian Congregation who built a pilgrim hospital there for those who were doing the Way of St James . Even if the monastery is there, the original building does not longer exist due to

644-653: The work of activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. and supporting legal efforts to desegregate public schools. The American Missionary Association was started by members of the American Home Missionary Society (AHMS) and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), who were disappointed that their first organizations refused to take stands against slavery and accepted contributions from slaveholders. From

672-484: Was Rev. John Gregg Fee . Rev. French was assigned to Port Royal, South Carolina , and went on a speaking tour with Robert Smalls , who famously escaped enslavement, as well as met with President Abraham Lincoln , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase , jointly convincing them to allow blacks to serve in the Union military. By war's end, Union forces had organized 100 contraband camps, and many had AMA teachers. The AMA also served

700-822: Was a Protestant -based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846 (178 years ago)  ( 1846-09-03 ) in Albany, New York . The main purpose of the organization was abolition of slavery, education of African Americans , promotion of racial equality, and spreading Christian values . Its members and leaders were of both races; the Association was chiefly sponsored by the Congregationalist churches in New England. The main goals were to abolish slavery, provide education to African Americans, and promote racial equality for free Blacks. The AMA played

728-415: Was a priority for the newly freed people. It created and supported Atlanta University, Hampton Institute, Fisk University; Talladega College; Tougaloo College; Straight College (now Dillard University); Tillotson College (now Huston-Tillotson); and LeMoyne College (now LeMoyne Owen). Altogether, "the AMA founded eleven colleges and more than five hundred schools for the freedmen of the South during and after

756-476: Was first articulated by General Benjamin F. Butler in 1861, in what came to be known as the " Fort Monroe Doctrine ," established in Hampton, Virginia . By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the South, and the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867) was developed to be a self-sustaining colony. Many adult freedmen worked for wages for the Army at such camps, teachers were recruited from

784-610: Was strong in India, China and east Asia. It was strongly supported by Congregational and Christian churches. Over time, the association became most closely aligned with the Congregational Christian Churches , established in 1931 as a union between those two groups of churches. Most of those congregations became members of the United Church of Christ (UCC) in the late 20th century. The AMA maintained

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