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92-534: His short autobiography contains many details about his life, but over the past two centuries, documents uncovered in Portugal, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and elsewhere have changed and added much to the picture. Da Costa was born in Porto with the name Gabriel da Costa Fiuza . His ancestors were Cristãos-novos , or New Christians , Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism by state edict at 1497. His father, Bento da Costa,

184-797: A Crypto-Jew in Iberia , he read the Bible and was impressed by it. Yet upon confronting an organized rabbinic community, he was not equally impressed by the established ritual and religious doctrine of Rabbinical Judaism, such as the Oral Law . As da Costa himself pointed out, traditional Pharisee and Rabbinic doctrine had been contested in the past by the Sadducees and the Karaites , respectively. Porto Porto ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu] ), also known as Oporto ,

276-470: A Human Life," da Costa tells the story of his life, intellectual development, and experiences as a victim of intolerance . Transmitted to print in Latin some decades after his death and only a few pages long, it also expresses rationalistic and skeptical views, including doubts about whether biblical law was divinely sanctioned or whether it was simply written down by Moses. Da Costa suggests that all religion

368-635: A Tradição (Propositions against the Tradition). In eleven short theses he called into question the disparity between certain Jewish customs and a literal reading of the Law of Moses , and more generally tried to prove from reason and scripture that this system of law is sufficient. In 1616, the text was dispatched to the leaders of the prominent Jewish community in Venice . The Venetians ruled against it, prompting

460-565: A border settlement. Vímara Peres , a Galician count from Gallaecia , and a vassal of the King of Asturias , Léon and Galicia , Alfonso III , was given the fief of Portucale, and the surrounding areas. This included the area from the Minho to the Douro River : the settlement of Portus Cale and the area that is known as Vila Nova de Gaia . Portus Cale, later referred to as Portucale ,

552-476: A concert hall in addition to the library. The Black Diamond is formed by two black cubes that are slightly tilted over the street. In between, there is an eight-storey atrium whose walls are white and wave-shaped, with a couple of transversal corridors that link both sides, and balconies on every floor. The atrium's exterior wall is made of glass; so, you can see the sea; and, on the opposite shore, you can see Christianshavn's luxury buildings. Three bridges connect

644-477: A connection to the Spinoza family, through Baruch's mother, Hanna, with both families coming from Porto, in northern Portugal, and might have known each other there. The Spinozas would have known of da Costa in the Jewish community of Amsterdam, of his troubles with the authorities, and his suicide. There is a 1901 imagined portrait of da Costa and the young Spinoza, but a Spinoza biographer, Steven Nadler describes

736-575: A large and significant collection of old foreign scholarly and scientific literature, including precious books of high value and of importance for book history, including a rare copy of the Gutenberg Bible . The library holds treasures which are inscribed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register : A collection of about 2,000 books by and about Carl Linné (1997); the manuscripts and correspondence of Hans Christian Andersen (1997);

828-512: A long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England . The Portuguese-English alliance (see the Treaty of Windsor ) is the world's oldest recorded military alliance. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator (son of John I of Portugal ) embarked on

920-508: A study concerning competitiveness of the 18 Portuguese district capitals, Porto was the worst-ranked. The study was made by Minho University economics researchers and was published in Público newspaper on 30 September 2006. The best-ranked cities in the study were Évora , Lisbon, and Coimbra . Nevertheless, the validity of this study was questioned by some Porto notable figures (such as local politicians and businesspersons) who argued that

1012-515: Is 11,400,000 loans (10,900,000 of these are electronic loans). The members are 32,196 active users. The annual budget: 394M Danish Kroner (58M US Dollars), including building expenses and maintenance. The library is open to anyone above the age of 18 with a genuine need to use the collections. Special rules apply for use of rare and valuable items. The old building of the Slotsholmen site was built in 1906 by Hans Jørgen Holm . The central hall

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1104-592: Is a copy of Charlemagne 's Palace chapel in the Aachen Cathedral . The building is still being used by the library. In 1999, a new building adjacent to the old one was opened at Slotsholmen, known as the Black Diamond . The Black Diamond building was designed by Danish architects schmidt hammer lassen . Named for its outside cover of black marble and glass, the Black Diamond building houses

1196-545: Is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. Built in 1886, its 172 metres (564 ft) span was then the longest of its type in the world. The top-level is used for the Porto Metro trains, with an option for pedestrians; the lower level carries traffic and pedestrians. During the 20th century, major bridges were built: Arrábida Bridge , which at its opening had

1288-523: Is a human invention, and specifically rejects formalized, ritualized religion. He further sketches an idealized religion to be based only on natural law , as God has no use for empty ceremony, nor for violence and strife. Two reports agree that da Costa committed suicide in Amsterdam in 1640: Johannes Müller , a Protestant theologian of Hamburg gives the time as April, and Amsterdam Remonstrant preacher Philipp van Limborch adds that he set out to end

1380-565: Is also a National Monument of Portugal. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back to the 2nd century BC when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire . Its combined Celtic - Latin name, Portus Cale , has been referred to as the origin of the name Portugal , based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. Port wine , one of Portugal's most famous exports,

1472-614: Is augmented by the Via de Cintura Interna or A20, an internal highway connected to several motorways and city exits, complementing the Circunvalação 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the eastern side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença ( Viana do Castelo ) by highway A28, to Estarreja ( Aveiro ) by the A29, to Lisbon by

1564-419: Is connected to central Porto by metro’s line E. Porto's main railway station is Campanhã railway station , located in the eastern part of the city and connected to the lines of Douro (Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho), Minho (Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença) and centre of Portugal (on the main line to Aveiro , Coimbra and Lisbon ). From Campanhã station, both light rail and suburban rail services connect to

1656-581: Is generated by tourism. The hotel occupancy rate in 2017 was 77%. A scholarly study published in June 2019 stated that "Porto is one of the fastest-growing European tourist destinations that has experienced exponential growth in the demand for city-break tourists". The most popular tourist attractions in the city include the Porto Cathedral, Dom Luís I Bridge, Café Majestic , Livraria Lello and Jardins do Palácio de Cristal. The road system capacity

1748-680: Is headquartered outside of the Lisbon area. Breaking down the population further shows that there is a higher percentage of women than men. Estimates from 2016 show that the population is 55% female, compared to 45% male. The largest age group, according to 2016 estimates, is 60 to 69, followed by residents in the 50 to 59 demographic. The majority 93.7% of residents were born in Portugal . The city also has residents that were born in Angola , Brazil, Cape Verde , and countries across Europe. Religion in

1840-529: Is known as the Royal Danish Library ( Danish : Det Kgl. Bibliotek ). It contains numerous historical treasures, and a copy of all works printed in Denmark since the 17th century are deposited there. Thanks to extensive donations in the past, the library holds nearly all known Danish printed works back to and including the first Danish books, printed in 1482 by Johann Snell . The library

1932-619: Is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia , were responsible for the packaging, transport, and export of fortified wine . Porto is on the Portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago . In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency. Proto-Celtic and Celtic people were among

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2024-580: Is north of the city in Matosinhos . Porto is served by Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport which is located in Pedras Rubras, Moreira da Maia civil parish of the neighbouring Municipality of Maia , some 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the north-west of the city centre. The airport underwent a massive programme of refurbishment due to the Euro 2004 football championships being partly hosted in the city. It

2116-561: Is not known what effect this had on his life. He barely mentioned it in his autobiography and continued his international business. In 1623, he moved to Amsterdam for unknown reasons. The leaders of the Amsterdam Sephardic community, troubled by the arrival of a known heretic , staged a hearing and sanctioned the excommunication previously set in place against da Costa. At about the same time (in Hamburg or Amsterdam) da Costa

2208-681: Is the national library of Denmark and the academic library of the University of Copenhagen . It is among the largest libraries in the world and the largest in the Nordic countries . In 2017, it merged with the State and University Library in Aarhus to form a combined national library. The combined library organisation (the separate library locations in Copenhagen and Aarhus are maintained)

2300-645: Is the second largest city in Portugal , after Lisbon . It is the capital of the Porto District and one of the Iberian Peninsula 's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto , is small compared to its metropolitan area, with an estimated population of just 248,769 people in a municipality with only 41.42 km (16 sq mi). Porto's metropolitan area has around 1.8 million people (2023) in an area of 2,395 km (925 sq mi), making it

2392-562: The 31 January 1891 revolt in Porto, the first uprising against the Portuguese monarchy. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the 5 October 1910 revolution . On 19 January 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a counter-revolution in Porto known as Monarchy of the North . During this time, Porto was

2484-654: The Avenida dos Aliados , the tile-adorned São Bento railway station and the gardens of the Crystal Palace ( Palácio de Cristal ). A guided visit to the Palácio da Bolsa , and in particular, the Arab Room is a major tourist attraction . Many of the city's oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by nearly 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent residents in

2576-823: The Copenhagen Psalter , the Dalby Gospel Book , the Angers fragment (parts of Denmark's first national chronicle), and maps of the Polar Region. The library also holds important collections of Icelandic manuscripts, primarily in Den gamle kongelige samling (The Old Royal Collection) and Den nye kongelige samling (The New Royal Collection). Denmark's most outstanding Icelandic collection, the Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection ,

2668-631: The Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto , most notably, in the core municipalities of Maia , Matosinhos , Porto, and Vila Nova de Gaia . The city's former stock exchange ( Bolsa do Porto ) was transformed into the largest derivatives exchange of Portugal, and merged with Lisbon Stock Exchange to create the Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto , which eventually merged with Euronext , together with Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris stock and futures exchanges . The building formerly hosting

2760-646: The Hamburg community to sanction da Costa with a herem , or excommunication . The Propositions are extant only as quotes and paraphrases in Shield and Buckler ( Hebrew : מגן וצנה ), a lengthy rebuttal by Leon of Modena , written in response to religious queries about da Costa posed by the Hamburg Jewish authorities. Da Costa's early work thus resulted in official excommunication in Venice and Hamburg . It

2852-537: The Liberal Wars ) was then fought from 1828 to 1834 between those supporting Constitutionalism, and those opposed to this change, keen on near-absolutism and led by D. Miguel. Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a siege of eighteen months between 1832 and 1833 by the absolutist army. Porto is also called "Cidade Invicta" (English: Unvanquished City) after successfully resisting the Miguelist siege. After

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2944-605: The Napoleonic troops in Portugal under Marshal Soult brought war to the city of Porto. On 29 March 1809, as the population fled from the advancing French troops and tried to cross the river Douro over the Ponte das Barcas (a pontoon bridge), the bridge collapsed under the weight . (This event is still remembered by a plate at the Ponte D. Luis I . The French Army was rooted out of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington , when his Anglo-Portuguese Army crossed

3036-747: The Portuguese Inquisition , suggesting they were Conversos , more or less close to Jewish customs. Gabriel explicitly supported the adherence to Mosaic prescriptions as well as traditional ones. After his father died, the da Costa family fell into financial difficulty due to unpaid debts. In 1614, they escaped this predicament by leaving Portugal with a significant sum previously collected as tax farmers for Jorge de Mascarenhas . The family branched off, settling among two major Sephardic diaspora communities. Newly circumcised and with new Jewish names, two brothers migrated to Amsterdam , while two others went with their mother to Hamburg . Gabriel

3128-568: The Ryanair hub at Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport. Porto won the European Best Destination 2012, 2014 and 2017 awards. The city received 2.8 million overnight visitors and 1.4 million day trippers between January and November 2017, with 73% from other countries. Tourism revenue has been increasing by over 11%, according to a 2018 report. According to a February 2019 report, over 10% of economic activity in Porto

3220-538: The Seven Laws of Noah , when he made an analogous argument that Christian states should be at least as tolerant toward modern Deists as ancient Israelites had been. Internally to Judaism, da Costa has been regarded variously as a heretic or as a martyr against the intolerance of the Rabbinic establishment. He has also been seen as a precursor to Baruch Spinoza and to modern biblical criticism . Da Costa had

3312-536: The Søren Kierkegaard Archives (manuscripts and personal papers) (1997); Guamán Poma de Ayala 's El Primer Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno , an autographed manuscript of 1,200 pages including 400 full-page drawings depicting the indigenous point of view on pre-conquest Andean life and Inca rule, the Spanish conquest in 1532, early Spanish colonial rule, and the systematic abuse of the rights of

3404-728: The conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta , in northern Morocco . This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese Age of Discovery . The nickname that the people of Porto are known by began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as tripeiros ( tripe peoples ), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as tripe , were left behind for

3496-533: The "Sadducees", and a listing in the Index of Prohibited Books . After his death, da Costa's name became synonymous with the Exemplar Humanae Vitae . Müller publicized da Costa's excommunication, to make an anachronistic point that some Sephardic Jews of his days were Sadducees. Johann Helwig Willemer made the same point, and implied that this extreme heresy leads to suicide. Pierre Bayle reported

3588-414: The (Christian) city authorities that this was an attack on Christianity as well as on Judaism. The work was burned publicly , and da Costa fined a significant sum. By 1627, da Costa was a denizen of Utrecht, though the Amsterdam community still had an acrimonious relationship with him. For example, they asked a Venetian rabbi, Yaakov Ha-Levi, whether da Costa's elderly mother was eligible for a burial plot in

3680-698: The A1, to Bragança by the A4 and to Braga by the A3. There is also an outer-ring road, the A41, that connects all the main cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. Since 2011, a new highway, the A32, connects the metropolitan area to São João da Madeira and Oliveira de Azeméis . The Dom Luís I Bridge (Ponte de Dom Luís I)

3772-513: The Black Diamond with the old part of the Royal Library; those three bridges (two small ones for internal transport and a big one with the circulation desk) go over the road. At the ceiling of the big bridge, there is a huge painting by Danish painter Per Kirkeby . The Royal Library acquires Danish books through legal deposit. The holdings include an almost complete collection of all Danish printed books back from 1482. In 2006, legal deposit

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3864-756: The Campo Alegre area, nearby the Faculty of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley. Porto is often referred to as Cidade das Pontes (City of the Bridges), besides its more traditional nicknames of "Cidade Invicta" (Unconquered/ Invincible City) and "Capital do Norte" (Capital of the North). In July 2015 a new cruise terminal was opened at the port of Leixões, which

3956-407: The Douro River from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight coup de main , using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the French Army. Influenced by liberal revolutions occurring in Europe, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 started in Porto. The revolutionaries demanded the return of John VI of Portugal , who had transferred the Portuguese Court to

4048-567: The Jewish cemetery. The following year, da Costa's mother died, and he went back to Amsterdam. Ultimately, the loneliness was too much for him to handle. Around 1633, he accepted terms of reconciliation with the Jewish authorities, which he does not detail in his autobiography. He was thus reaccepted into the Jewish community. Shortly after, da Costa was tried again; he encountered two Christians who expressed to him their desire to convert to Judaism and he dissuaded them from doing so. Based on this and earlier accusations regarding kashrut violations, he

4140-435: The Portuguese colony of Brazil since the French invasions of Portugal, it also demanded a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. In 1822, a liberal constitution was accepted, partly through the efforts of the liberal assembly of Porto (Junta do Porto). When Miguel I of Portugal took the Portuguese throne in 1828, he rejected this constitution and reigned as an anti-liberal, absolutist monarch. A civil war (known as

4232-439: The abdication of King Miguel , the liberal constitution was re-established. Known as the city of bridges, Porto built its first permanent bridge, the aforementioned Ponte das Barcas (a pontoon bridge ), in 1806. Three years later, it collapsed under the weight of thousands of fugitives from the French invasions during the Peninsular War , causing thousands of deaths. It was replaced by the Ponte D. Maria II , popularised under

4324-468: The architectural highlights of the city, Porto Cathedral is the oldest surviving structure, together with the small romanesque Church of Cedofeita , the gothic Igreja de São Francisco (Church of Saint Francis ), the remnants of the city walls and a few 15th-century houses. The baroque style is well represented in the city in the elaborate gilt work interior decoration of the churches of St. Francis ( São Francisco ) and St. Claire ( Santa Clara ),

4416-409: The biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects the north and south shores of the Douro on the west side of the city, S. João , to replace D. Maria Pia and Freixo , a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge is Infante Dom Henrique Bridge , finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the next 10 years, one on

4508-451: The buildings of this firm. The revolt became known as the Revolta dos Borrachos (revolt of the drunkards). Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect Nicolau Nasoni designed a baroque church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: the Torre dos Clérigos (English: Clerics' Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased. The invasion of

4600-426: The capital of the restored kingdom, as the movement was contained to the north. The monarchy was deposed less than a month later and no other monarchist revolution in Portugal happened again. The historic center of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises

4692-412: The churches of Mercy ( Misericórdia ) and of the Clerics ( Clérigos ), the Episcopal Palace of Porto , and others. The neoclassicism and romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries also added interesting monuments to the landscape of the city, like the magnificent Stock Exchange Palace ( Palácio da Bolsa ), the Hospital of Saint Anthony , the Municipality, the buildings in the Liberdade Square and

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4784-469: The citizens of Porto; tripe remains a culturally important dish in modern-day Porto. By the 13th century, the wine produced in the Douro valley was already being transported to Porto in barcos rabelos (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, the Methuen Treaty established trade relations and a military alliance between Portugal and England. In 1717, the first English trading post was established in Porto. The production of port wine then gradually passed into

4876-506: The city center. The main central station is São Bento Station , which is itself a notable landmark in the heart of Porto. This station was built between 1900 and 1916, based on plans by architect José Marques da Silva. The large panels of azulejo tile were designed by Jorge Colaço; the murals represent moments in the country's history and rural scenes showing the people of various regions. Royal Library, Denmark The Royal Library ( Danish : Det Kongelige Bibliotek ) in Copenhagen

4968-406: The city of Porto and the Upper Douro River have been documented since the Middle Ages . However, they were greatly deepened in the modern age. Indeed, sumach , dry fruits and nuts and the Douro olive oils sustained prosperous exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverside quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of the Old and New World . However,

5060-467: The city proper does not function independently but in conurbation with other municipalities. A 2007 ranking published in Expresso ranked Porto as the third best city to live in Portugal – tied with Évora and below Guimarães and Lisbon . The Porto metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $ 42.1 billion euros and $ 24,344 per capita in 2021. Over the last few years, Porto has experienced significant tourism increases, which may be partly linked to

5152-435: The contents of the Exemplar quite fully, to demonstrate among other things that questioning religion without turning to revelation would bring one to miserable faithlessness. The later Enlightenment saw da Costa's rational religion more tolerantly. Herder eulogized him as a crusader of authentic belief. Voltaire noted that he left Judaism for philosophy. Reimarus embraced da Costa's appeal to have legal status based on

5244-426: The first known inhabitants of the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas. Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of the Douro River as early as the 8th century BC, which hints at a Phoenician trading settlement there. During the period of Roman Empire in the Iberian Peninsula , the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in

5336-477: The focus of what has been called the Reconquista , and later became the independent Kingdom of Portugal , after eventually expanding to its current frontiers into the south as it conquered territory inhabited by the Muslim Moors for centuries, under the reign of King Afonso I of Portugal at the beginning of the 12th century. In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster , daughter of John of Gaunt ; this symbolized

5428-420: The greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of the Port wine ( Vinho do Porto ) agro-industry. It decidedly bolstered the complementary relationship between the large coastal urban centre, endowed with open doors to the sea, and a region with significant agricultural potential, especially in terms of the production of extremely high quality fortified wines , known by

5520-508: The hands of a few English firms. To counter this dominance, Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal established a monopolistic Portuguese firm to receive all the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, which was almost a century ahead of a similar exercise in Bordeaux. The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on Shrove Tuesday , burning down

5612-431: The idea of immortality of the soul . Da Costa believed that this was not an idea deeply rooted in biblical Judaism but rather had been formulated primarily by Pharisaic rabbis and was a late addition to the Jewish principles of faith . The work also pointed to discrepancies between biblical Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism . He declared the latter an accumulation of mechanical ceremonies and ritual practices. He believed it

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5704-410: The indigenous population (2007). Biblia Latina . Commonly called the Hamburg Bible or the Bible of Bertoldus (MS. GKS 4 2°), a richly illuminated Bible in three very large volumes made for the Cathedral of Hamburg in 1255. The 89 illuminated initials in the book are unique both as expressions of medieval art and as sources to the craft and history of the medieval book. (2011); Other treasures are

5796-498: The library by an employee. Most have since been recovered, but a few hundred remain missing. Books, journals, newspapers, pamphlets and corporate publications, manuscripts and archives, maps, prints and photographs, music scores, documentation of folkways and popular traditions, four annual electronic copies of the Danish Internet by legal deposit. As of 2017, the Royal Library held 36,975,069 physical volumes and 2,438,978 electronic titles. The online catalogue, in combination with

5888-496: The library collections) and Chr. Bruun. Since 1900 the former librarians are H.O. Lange (1901-1924), Carl S. Petersen (1924-1943), Svend Dahl (1943-1952), Palle Birkelund (1952-1982), Torkil Olsen (1982-1986), Erland Kolding Nielsen (1986-2017), followed by the present Director General Svend Larsen. In the 1970s, the library saw the largest book theft in Danish history, with the case only being resolved in 2003. Almost 3,200 works (books and similar), mostly antiques, were stolen from

5980-420: The lives of both his brother (or nephew) and himself. Seeing his relative approach one day, he grabbed a pistol and pulled the trigger, but it misfired. Then he reached for another, turned it on himself, and fired, dying a reportedly terrible death. In his lifetime, Examination inspired not only da Silva's answer, but also Menasseh ben Israel 's more lasting De Resurrectione Mortuorum (1636) directed against

6072-430: The medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall. In 2001, Porto, alongside Rotterdam , was the European Capital of Culture for the whole year. For this event, several urban projects, from urban requalification to new infrastructures and public transportation, were put into practice. Situated at 280Km from Lisbon, in 1996, UNESCO recognized Porto's historic centre as a World Heritage Site . Among

6164-635: The municipality of Porto (Census 2021) Porto plus the conurbation to which it belongs and has Porto municipality as its central core forming the nucleus of the conurbation, is a major industrial and financial center of both Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. As the most important city in the heavily industrialized northwest, many of the largest Portuguese corporations from diverse economic sectors , like Altri , Ambar , Amorim , Bial , BPI , Cerealis , CIN , Cofina , EFACEC , Frulact , Lactogal , Millennium bcp , Porto Editora , RAR , Sonae , Sonae Indústria , and Super Bock Group , are headquartered in

6256-417: The name Ponte Pênsil ( suspended bridge ) and built between 1841 and 1843; only its supporting pylons have remained. The Ponte D. Maria , a railway bridge, was inaugurated on 4 November of 1877; it was considered a feat of wrought iron engineering and was designed by Gustave Eiffel , notable for his Parisian tower . The later Ponte Dom Luís I replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil. This last bridge

6348-399: The newspaper) was at a time one of the tallest in the city (it has been superseded by a number of modern buildings which have been built since the 1990s). Porto Editora , one of the biggest Portuguese publishers, is also located in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the country, and the translations are very popular as well. The economic relations between

6440-436: The organization as of 1 January 2006 is The Royal Library, the National Library of Denmark and the Copenhagen University Library . In 2008, the Danish Folklore Archive was merged with the Royal Library. The first librarian was Marcus Meibom , followed 1663-1671 by Peder Griffenfeld . Later librarians included J. H. Schlegel, Jon Erichsen, Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer (1787-1823 notorious for stealing numerous books to enrich

6532-433: The outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Porto features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ), with influences of an oceanic climate ( Cfb ), common in the north of the Iberian Peninsula . As a result, its climate shares many characteristics with the warm, dry Mediterranean climates of southern Europe and

6624-515: The painting as "overwrought" and its depiction of Spinoza being instructed by da Costa as "pure fantasy." Spinoza was just eight years old when da Costa committed suicide, and he might not have known then about his family's connection to him. However, as an adolescent he likely learned the details of the public and family scandal. Da Costa is also indicative of the difficulties faced by many New Christians seeking to return to their ancestral Jewish roots upon arriving in an organized Jewish community. As

6716-603: The reading room, is still patrons' most direct form of access to the collections. Today, The Royal Library has five sites: The main library at Slotsholmen , Copenhagen harbour (in the Black Diamond ), covering all subjects and special collections; one at Nørre Alle , Faculty Library of Natural and Health Sciences; one at Gothersgade, central Copenhagen, Faculty Library of Social Sciences; one at Amager , Faculty Library of Humanities; and, one in Studiestræde, central Copenhagen, The Faculty of Law Library. The annual circulation

6808-564: The second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a global city with a Gamma + rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centers and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as the "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar". The historic area

6900-521: The stock exchange is currently one of the city's touristic attractions, with the Salão Árabe (Arab Room in English) being its major highlight. The Banco Português de Fomento (BPF), a Portuguese state-owned development bank established in 2020, is headquartered in Porto. Porto hosts a popular Portuguese newspaper, Jornal de Notícias . The building where its offices are located (which has the same name as

6992-627: The trade between Olissipona (the modern Lisbon ) and Bracara Augusta (the modern Braga ). Porto was also important during the Suebian and Visigothic times, and a center for the expansion of Christianity during that period. Porto fell under Muslim control following the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula between 714 and 716. Porto, and several cities of Northwestern Portugal, such as Braga , Chaves and Lamego were reconquered by Alfonso I of Asturias in 741, and thus Porto became

7084-565: The urban areas. Summer average temperatures are a few degrees cooler than those expected in more continentally Mediterranean-influenced Portuguese cities because of the oceanic influence. Winter temperatures typically range between 6 °C (43 °F) early in the morning and 15 °C (59 °F) in the afternoon, but rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. The weather is often rainy for long stretches, although prolonged sunny periods do occur. "Moyennes 1991/2020 Sagres" . Baseline climate means (1991–2020) from stations all over

7176-499: The wet marine west coast climates of the North Atlantic, providing it warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Cool and rainy days can, occasionally, interrupt the sunny weather. These occasional summer rainy periods may last a few days and are characterized by showers and cool temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F) in the afternoon. The annual precipitation is high and concentrated in the winter months, making Porto one of

7268-441: The wettest major cities of Europe. However, long periods with warmer temperatures and sunny days are frequent even during the rainiest months. Summers are typically sunny, with average temperatures between 16 and 26 °C (61 and 79 °F), but can rise to as high as 38 °C (100 °F) during occasional heat waves. During such heatwaves, the humidity remains quite low. Nearby beaches are often windy and usually cooler than

7360-450: The world . Météo Climat . Retrieved 7 May 2022 . "Extremes for Porto" . Météo Climat . Retrieved 7 May 2022 . Rui Moreira ( Independent ) is the current mayor of Porto, having taken office on 22 October 2013, following the 2013 local elections. He was reelected in 2017 and 2021. The Portuguese party Iniciativa Liberal (IL), founded and headquartered in Porto, is the only Portuguese party represented in parliament which

7452-601: The world-famous label Port . The development of Porto was also closely connected with the left margin of River Douro in Vila Nova de Gaia , where is located the amphitheater-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars. The city is very much the gateway to Portugal's northern region as well as the northern and western areas of Spain. Within a two-hour drive of Porto's airport, there are four Unesco World Heritage sites and popular Spanish tourist hotspots such as Santiago de Compostela. In

7544-646: Was a well-off international merchant and tax-farmer . His mother, Branca, "seems to have been a Judaizer", a false convert to Christianity. Studying Catholic canon law at the University of Coimbra intermittently between 1600 and 1608, he began to read the Hebrew Bible and contemplate it seriously. Da Costa also held a benefice, an ecclesiastical office, in the Catholic Church. In his autobiography, da Costa depicted his family as devout Catholics. However, they had been subject to several investigations by

7636-522: Was among the Hamburg group, going by Uriel among his Jewish neighbours and using the alias Adam Romez for outside relations, presumably because he was wanted in Portugal. All resumed their international trade business. Upon arriving in Hamburg, da Costa quickly became disenchanted with the kind of Judaism he saw in practice. He came to believe that the rabbinic leadership was obsessed with ritualism and legalistic posturing. At this time, he composed his earliest known written work titled Propostas contra

7728-528: Was discovered in 1990 at the Danish Royal Library by H. P. Salomon ; previously, only the three chapters had been known. The work runs to over 200 pages and is divided into two parts. In the first part, da Costa develops his earlier Propositions , considering Modena's responses and corrections. In the second part, he adds novel views that the Hebrew Bible , especially the Torah , does not support

7820-423: Was excommunicated a second time. As he describes it, for seven years, he lived in virtual isolation, shunned by his family and embroiled in civil-financial disputes with them. In search of legal help, he returned to being "an ape amongst the apes"; he would follow established Jewish traditions and practices but with little real conviction. Seeking reconciliation, he first suffered punishment for his heretical views: he

7912-552: Was extended to electronic publications and now the library harvests four electronic copies of the Danish Internet each year. Danish books printed before 1900 are digitized on demand and made freely available to the public. As the National library, RDL has vast collections of digital material (Danish net archive, digitized radio and TV and newspapers etc.) which are relevant for scholars in many fields. The library also holds

8004-552: Was founded in 1648 by King Frederik III , who contributed a comprehensive collection of European works. It was opened to the public in 1793. In 1989, it was merged with the prestigious Copenhagen University Library (founded in 1482) (UB1). In 2005, it was merged with the Danish National Library for Science and Medicine (UB2), now the Faculty Library of Natural and Health Sciences. The official name of

8096-427: Was made by Theophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886. A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica, 1762) and a stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910 ) were established in the city, but were discontinued later. Unrest by Republicans led to

8188-413: Was publicly given 39 lashes at the Portuguese synagogue in Amsterdam, then forced to lie on the floor while the congregation trampled over him. This ordeal left him both demoralized and thirsty for revenge against the man (a cousin or nephew) who initiated his trial seven years previously and marked the final dramatic point of his autobiography. In a document titled Exemplar Humanae Vitae "Example of

8280-498: Was the origin for the modern name of Portugal . In 868, Count Vímara Peres established the County of Portugal , or ( Portuguese : Condado de Portucale ), usually known as Condado Portucalense , after repopulating the region north of Douro. In 1093, Teresa of León , illegitimate daughter of the king Alfonso VI of Castile , married Henry of Burgundy , bringing the County of Portugal as dowry. This Condado Portucalense became

8372-483: Was thoroughly devoid of spiritual and philosophical concepts. Da Costa was relatively early in arguing before a Jewish readership in favor of the mortality of the soul, and in appealing exclusively to direct reading of the bible. He cites neither rabbinic authorities nor philosophers of the Aristotelian and Neoplatonic traditions. The book sparked a controversy among Jews in Amsterdam , whose leaders reported to

8464-494: Was working on a second treatise. Three chapters of this unpublished manuscript were stolen, and formed the target for a traditionalist rebuttal published by Semuel da Silva of Hamburg. Da Costa enlarged his book further, with the printed version containing responses to da Silva and revisions to the crux of his argument. In 1623, da Costa published this book under the title of Exame das tradições phariseas (Examination of Pharisaic Traditions) in Portuguese. The complete printed book

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