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39-483: Uror County is an administrative area of Bieh state in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan . It has nine payams : Pathai , Pieri, Pulchuol , Palouny, Motdit, Motot , Karam, Pajut, Weykol and Padiek. This South Sudan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jonglei State In the 21st century, Jonglei State has been marred in ethnic clashes which

78-555: A 360 km long canal between Bor and where the Sobat River joins the White Nile began construction in 1978 but was halted in 1983-4 for political, financial and technical reasons. From 1991 to 1994, the territory was again included within the newly defined borders of Upper Nile State. On 14 February 1994, Jonglei state was again split off as a separate state. Jonglei State has long suffered from tribal infighting. Much of

117-839: A Southern rebellion in Torit in imatong state) against Northern armed officers. In 1983, the Second Sudanese Civil War also broke out in Bor . In the 1970s, the Investigation Team was established by the Sudanese government to investigate affairs and development potential in the region. In 1976, Jonglei was split off from the Upper Nile as a separate province. Construction of the Jonglei Canal project,

156-720: A result of attack in August 2009 at Panyangor. Between January 2011 and September 2012, some 2600 people died in clashes in Jonglei State. In January 2012 clashes between Murle and Nuer tribes again broke out over cattle. Outbreaks between Nuer and Murle people have been the most severe in Nyirol and Pibor counties but have also affected other counties. In May 2012, state governor, Kuol Manyang Juuk stated that 3,651 people had been killed, 385 people wounded, 1,830 children abducted, and 3,983,613 cattle stolen. The UN estimated at

195-538: Is inhabited mostly by Dinka (Monyjang/Jieng) and the Nuer people . The other ethnic groups include; Murle, Anuak, Jie and Boya. The John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, one of the seven public universities in the country, is located in Bor . The university is named after John Garang de Mabior . Most of all educational institutions are concentrated in Bor, including number of best secondary schools in

234-642: The Jonglei State government said that the groups needed to either join the SPLA or turn their weapons in, or else they would be forcibly disarmed. The Jonglei governor also promised compensation for the weapons, but it was unclear were the funding would come from or who it would go to. The meetings were long, and the mediators consumed approximately 1,300 of the Lou Nuer's cattle. The Lou Nuer refused to disarm, saying they needed their weapons for protection from

273-570: The Murle , who had not been disarmed. Skirmishes began between the Lou Nuer and the SPLA. At the end of January 2006, the White Army forces launched a major attack on the SPLA which left about 60 dead. In the mayhem, hundreds of SPLA forces were scattered into the dry lands and died of hunger and thirst. Wutnyang Gatkek, a Gawaar Nuer spiritual leader and a former influential white army member

312-585: The SPLM , the major political party in Southern Sudan , decided to disarm civilians in order to reduce ethnic violence, reserve the right to bear arms for the party, eliminate armed groups backed by Sudan , and ensure the security of its territory before challenging Sudan on border issues. Disarmament started in Western Jonglei State and moved east, with the lightly armed Dinka and later

351-589: The Wildlife Conservation Society . The economy of Jonglei State is mostly dependent upon livestock, agriculture and fishing. Most of inhabitants are employed in the agricultural sector. UNEP says that the Dinka people of the state are "agro-pastoralists, combining cattle-rearing with wet season agriculture, and migrating seasonally according to the rains and the inundation of the toic (seasonal floodplains)." Most of Jonglei State falls within

390-537: The British established Pibor Post , a colonial era outpost which was originally called Fort Bruce in the eastern part of Jonglei State. From 1919 to 1976, the territory belonged to the state of the Upper Nile region in what was initially Anglo-Egyptian Sudan . The state has a long history of unrest which affected other parts of Sudan. The First Sudanese Civil War which lasted from 1955 until 1972 broke out with

429-699: The Jikan Nuer disarming relatively peacefully. In late 2005, the SPLA assigned Gen. Peter Bol Kong , a Lou Nuer with an ethnically mixed force, to disarm the Lou Nuer. In December, the pastoral Lou and Gawaar Nuer asked the Dinka in Duk County permission to graze on their lands. However, unlike previous years, the Dinka insisted that the Lou and Gawaar disarm before coming in their territories. A series of meetings began in Khorfulus County where

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468-523: The Lou Nuer to peacefully disarm. Riek Machar, regarded as the founder of the White Army, announced its dissolution, but the youth were determined to keep their arms. From April to May there were frequent sightings of a helicopter arriving at Simon Wojong's camp near Yuai , and it was concluded that this was a Sudanese Armed Forces helicopter bringing supplies. By May 2006, the Lou Nuer economy

507-685: The Lou section of the Nuer in Northern Jonglei State refused to comply. The SPLA organized a force under Peter Bol Kong to forcibly disarm the Lou Nuer, whose White Army resisted until a defeat in the battle of Motot , after which they fled the area. While the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War in January 2005 called for the disarmament of other armed groups, it had little guidance on disarming civilians. However,

546-625: The Sudd swamps was unclear, more recently experts have concluded that it would have had a devastating impact upon the vast wetland in the south of the state which is a unique ecosystem for a diversity of wildlife, drying it up. Researchers from Iowa State University concluded that the canal project to provide irrigation had always been a lost cause and would have proved ineffective and that future agricultural development in southern Sudan could only be achieved by rain-fed crops and mechanized agriculture. Whittington and McClelland in 1992, however, evaluated

585-731: The UNMISS estimated in May 2012 had affected the lives of over 140,000 people, and has been heavily magnified by the broader South Sudanese conflict since December 2013. Jonglei State is divided into 9 counties as follows: The capital of the state, Bor , became an administrative centre under the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899 -1956) for the Dinka Bor . It was in Malek, a small settlement, about 19 kilometres (12 mi), south of Bor that

624-412: The bulk of the eastern part of South Sudan covering most of the eastern centre. Located in the Greater Upper Nile region, it is bordered by Upper Nile State to the north, Unity State to the northwest and west, Lakes State to the southwest, Central Equatoria to the southwest, Eastern Equatoria to the south, and Ethiopia to the east. The principal town, Bor , lies in the southwestern corner of

663-531: The community was attacked by the rebel group of David Yau Yau and Murle youth. On 9 April 2013, five Indian UNMISS troops and seven civilian UN employees (two UN staff and five contractors) were killed in a rebel ambush in Jonglei while escorting a UN convoy between Pibor and Bor. Nine further UN employees, both military and civilian, were wounded and some remain missing. Four of the civilians killed were Kenyan contractors working to drill water boreholes. One of

702-400: The conflict is over basic resources of food, land, and water, and personal grudges related to the abduction of women and children and theft of cattle. In November and December 2007, clashes between Murle and Dinke tribesmen had worsened to revenge attacks, killing over 34 people and injuring over 100. On one outbreak in late November 2007, eight Dinka tribesmen and 7,000 cattle were stole near

741-568: The country. Some of the leading schools in Bor are Bor College, Greenbelt Academy, St. Andrew High School, and many more. [REDACTED] Media related to Jonglei state at Wikimedia Commons Disarmament of the Lou Nuer [REDACTED] Southern Sudan The disarmament of the Lou Nuer was a forcible disarmament campaign undertaken by the SPLA in Southern Sudan in December 2005. While other groups had been peacefully disarmed ,

780-450: The dead soldiers was a lieutenant-colonel and one of the wounded was a captain. According to South Sudan's military spokesman, the convoy was attacked by Yau Yau's rebel forces that they believe are supported by the Sudanese government. UNMISS said that 200 armed men were involved in the attack and that their convoy was escorted by 32 Indian UN peacekeepers. The attackers were equipped with rocket propelled grenades. A UN spokesman said that

819-478: The far north near Malakal , is the most prominent project to have ever been conducted in the state and is also one of its greatest failures. Construction began in 1978 but was halted in 1983-4 for political, financial and technical reasons, and today abandoned machinery used to construct the canal is rusting away. The project was a highly controversial one, and in 1979 the Wildlife Clubs of South Sudan (WCSS)

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858-528: The fierce resistance put up by their peacekeepers forced the rebels to withdraw and saved the lives of many of the civilians. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon labelled the killings a war crime , and called for the perpetrators to be brought to justice. Rebel group South Sudan Democratic Movement /Army (SSDM/A) denied responsibility for the murders of the UN peacekeepers. Jonglei State, which covers an area of 122,581 square kilometres (47,329 sq mi), forms

897-415: The first modern Christian mission in present-day South Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw in December 1905. Bor became the first area to host a Church Missionary Society station in 1905. Shaw opened the first primary school in Malek. This school produced the first indigenous Anglican bishop to be consecrated in Dinka land, Daniel Deng Atong, the first person to be baptized in 1916 in Bor. In 1912,

936-424: The huts of White Army members, so about 1,000 huts were burned. The violence made it so the locals could not plant and the SPLA was not supplied with food so it had to live off the locals' animals, creating serious food shortages after the conflict. The White Army was defeated, but it would later be reformed and again challenge the SPLA. Meanwhile, SPLA commander George Athor used many of the guns confiscated from

975-434: The local population. The SPLA also looted the fleeing forces. Simon Gatwitch claimed to have ordered his forces north as well to avoid conflict with the SPLA, and they reached Dolip Hill. The military campaign was over. On May 20 Peter Bol Kong called together local authorities, and disarmament began and lasted for two months. The disarmament collected more than 3,000 weapons and was claimed to be 95 percent effective. In

1014-403: The next place in line for disarmament, Akobo , Akobo Commissioner Doyak Choal, shocked by the violence to the east, quickly organized a disarmament led by traditional leaders without the involvement of the SPLA . The Akobo disarmament was successful and turned out 1,400 weapons. About 400 SPLA soldiers and 1,200 White Army fighters died in the disarmament of the Lou Nuer. The SPLA burned

1053-409: The oil development Block B, which was granted to Total S.A. before independence. Chevron Oil has been one of the major developers of oil extraction in Jonglei. Exploration of petroleum has been stalled by ongoing (as of January 2013) violence. The Jonglei Canal Project, formulated in the mid 1970s to build a 360 km long canal between Bor and where the Sobat River joins the White Nile in

1092-528: The opportunity costs of the Jonglei Canal I project at $ US 500 million. The main hospital and schools are in Bor. Access to adequate healthcare in the state is extremely poor, and the situation has worsened since 2009 when Médecins Sans Frontières Belgium , who had been running the Bor Hospital , pulled out of the country amidst security concerns. Dr Samuel Legato Agat, a doctor at the hospital,

1131-776: The post-CPA period." A civilian disarmament operation targeting primarily the Nuer communities in 2005–06 resulted in a major outbreak of violence against the authorities, who believed that the crackdown was politically motivated. In August 2007, some 80 people were killed in Murle–Lou Nuer clashes. In 2009 alone, some 86,000 people were displaced, and at least 1248 killed as a result of violent clashes. One attack at Lilkwanglei in March 2009 claimed 450 lives, wounding 45 and displacing 5000 people. A month later, 250 were killed, 70 wounded and 15,000 displaced at Akoko. 24,000 were displaced as

1170-641: The southern part of the state is the Kenamuke Swamp (Kobowen), a wetland which is part of the Boma National Park . In June 2007, Animal Geographic Magazine estimated that over 1.3 million animals lived in Boma National Park. It is "home to one of the largest migrations in the world with an estimated 800,000 white-eared kob antelope , 250,000 Mongalla gazelle and some 160,000 tiang moving across Jonglei State", according to

1209-485: The state. Other towns include Akobo , Ayod , Fangak , Padak , Pibor , Pochalla and Waat . The principal rivers are the White Nile , which flows in the western part of the state, and the Pibor River , which flows in the central-east. The Pibor and its tributaries drain a watershed 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) in size. The river's mean annual discharge at its mouth is 98 m³/s (3,460 ft³/s). In

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1248-485: The time that ongoing clashes had affected the lives of over 140,000 people. The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), international defence forces, and UN Peacekeepers are struggling to defuse the ongoing conflict and protect civilians against raids. The Bor Peace Conference was signed on 6 May 2012 in Bor, and has since been trying to improve the situation in the region. Despite the peace agreement, attacks continued to follow. On 9 May 2012 two people were killed and one

1287-517: The village of Padak , about 20 kilometres north-east of Bor. Many fled to the Kakuma Camp in northwestern Kenya, and they amounted to some 85 percent of the total 3,000 or so refugees reaching the camp. Violence between Murle and Nuer tribes has been central to the attacks in the state. The Geneva Small Arms Survey concluded that the "Murle–Lou Nuer conflict in Jonglei State is indicative of how tribal and political dynamics are intertwined in

1326-413: Was established, which led the campaign against its construction. The building of the canal had a negative impact on the lives of thousands of people in local communities who had to be displaced to accommodate for the canal, and "deprived them of dry-season grazing land for their cattle and other livestock". Although New Scientist said in 1983 that the impact of the canal which by-passed a large area of

1365-592: Was given a free hand to disarm the Lou Nuer. Major battles began with Bol Kong's disarmament forces fighting the White Army, the forces of Thomas Maboir (though Maboir did not fight), and a section of the SSDF forces of Simon Gatwitch under his deputy Simon Wojong. A conference was held from February 27 to March 7 in Yuai with the White Army and leading figures of the Government of Southern Sudan in another attempt to get

1404-474: Was in tatters and many White Army fighters had lost most of their cattle. Peter Bol Kong arrived in the Motot area on May 16. After some skirmishes with the White Army and Simon Wojong's forces, the battle of Motot occurred on May 18, in which 113 White Army fighters were killed to just one SPLA soldier killed. The White Army and the forces of Thomas Maboir fled north, heavy looting cattle and property from

1443-792: Was injured in an attack by the Murle on 32 cows in Twic East. A day later, a car traveling from Juba to Bor belonging to the South Sudan Ministry of Roads and Bridges was attacked near Panwell village in Bangachorot , killing the driver and wounding two policemen. In January 2013, more than 100 people, mainly women and children, were slaughtered during cattle raids. In February 2013, 114 civilians, mainly women and children, along with 14 SPLA soldiers, were killed in Walgak after

1482-480: Was killed when he went to Yuai on behalf of the SPLA to promote disarmament. His death and the deaths of SPLA soldiers led to demands for a swift and hard military response. The Security Committee of the Government of Southern Sudan met and was split, with the leader of the SPLM , Salva Kiir , wanting restraint and with Riek Machar , a Nuer, wanting a rapid response. Machar's side won, and Gen. Peter Bol Kong

1521-458: Was trained in Cuba and Canada, but most staff at the hospital as of 2012 were illiterate and incapable of producing documentation for patients. Kenya Commercial Bank (South Sudan) maintains a branch in Bor. The main transport connections are Bor Airport at Bor, in addition to river traffic on the White Nile and three major roads that lead out of Bor to other parts of South Sudan. Jonglei State

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