Misplaced Pages

#971028

76-555: The indigenous Urus have darker skin than their neighbours Aymaras and Quechuas . According to legend, the Uru descend from a people that spoke the Puquina language . While most of the Uru have shifted to Aymara and Spanish , two people still spoke in 2004 the nearly extinct Uru language , which is closely related to the Chipaya language . The Uru considered themselves the owners of

152-571: A case of goitre with exophthalmos in 1835. The German Karl Adolph von Basedow also independently reported the same constellation of symptoms in 1840, while earlier reports of the disease were also published by the Italians Giuseppe Flajani and Antonio Giuseppe Testa, in 1802 and 1810 respectively, and by the English physician Caleb Hillier Parry (a friend of Edward Jenner ) in the late 18th century. Paracelsus (1493–1541)

228-590: A ginseng or turnip like vegetable; onion ( Trichlora ); olluco ( Ullucus ), a root vegetable that looks like a small potato; Yacón , a root vegetable called ground apple and cherimoya (Annona). The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is indigenous to the region of the Aymara. Wild species are no longer eaten but are still found. Peru has 47% of all wild potato species. Cultivated species are a dietary staple. Potato can be stored for many years as Chuño . Potatoes are exposed to freezing temperatures overnight then dried during

304-624: A long pilgrimage to the Island of the Sun and the Island of the Moon to the ruined but ritually powerful city of Tiwanaku, sought to have some of their sons and daughters conceived and born in the lake area (and) offered precious objects to the cold waters. In 1438, Aymara warriors were, be it as mercenaries, volunteers or conscripts, present in the army of the Inca ruler, Pachacuti in the defense of Cusco during

380-920: A palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. A goitre, if associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism , may be present with symptoms of the underlying disorder. For hyperthyroidism, the most common symptoms are associated with adrenergic stimulation: tachycardia (increased heart rate), palpitations , nervousness , tremor , increased blood pressure and heat intolerance . Clinical manifestations are often related to hypermetabolism (increased metabolism), excessive thyroid hormone , an increase in oxygen consumption, metabolic changes in protein metabolism, immunologic stimulation of diffuse goitre, and ocular changes ( exophthalmos ). Hypothyroid people commonly have poor appetite, cold intolerance , constipation , lethargy and may undergo weight gain. However, these symptoms are often non-specific and make diagnosis difficult. According to

456-478: A partial or complete thyroidectomy is required. The discovery of iodine's importance in thyroid function and its role in preventing goiter marked a significant medical breakthrough. The introduction of iodized salt in the early 20th century became a key public health initiative, effectively reducing the prevalence of goiter in previously affected regions. This measure was one of the earliest and most successful examples of mass preventive health campaigns. Goitre

532-403: A tea or sucked with a pinch of wood ash . Medicinally, coca has been used to relieve stomach complaints, including hunger. Whether or not coca ameliorates the symptoms of altitude related illness remains uncertain. The psychoactive drug , cocaine is just one of the alkaloid substances found in coca plants. One variant grown for its cocaine content is Erythroxylum coca . Other variants of

608-622: A town about 2000 km north of Cusco, Pizarro met and captured Atahualpa . Atahualpa, known for his tyrannical rule, was executed in July 1533. Pizarro reached Cusco by 1534. Some native groups saw the Spaniards as liberators and lent support to Pizarro. Pizarro also secured a lineage of Inca puppet rulers , including Manco Inca Yupanqui . Manco Inca Yupanqui, was ill treated by Pizarro's men. He escaped then returned with tens of thousands warriors, forcing Cusco into siege . After ten months, and

684-557: A watchtower, as do most smaller islands. The Uru traded with the Aymara tribe on the mainland, intermarrying with them and eventually abandoning the Uru language for that of the Aymara. They lost their original language about 500 years ago. When conquered by the Inca Empire , they had to pay taxes to them, and often were enslaved . Starting from at 1722 a conflict arose between the Uru and Aymara people , but these conflicts ended in

760-399: Is based on the seasons and key agricultural events. It gives the foundation of the existence of the Aymara and their responsibility to the natural environment. The Aymara concept of time comes from the cycle of natural events such as the seasons, historical events such as the arrival of the Spaniards and mythological concepts such as the time of the sun. When there is a major shift in these, it

836-508: Is buildings designed in a " Neo-Andean " style which has appeared in El Alto . Both Quechua and Aymara women in Peru and Bolivia took up the style of wearing bowler hats in the 1920s. According to legend, a shipment of bowler hats was sent from Europe to Bolivia via Peru for use by Europeans working on railroad construction. They were given to the indigenous people if they were too small for

SECTION 10

#1732773233972

912-445: Is classically cooked in pots on pottery stoves; these are placed on flat stones to prevent the flammable reed islands from catching fire. To relieve themselves, tiny "outhouse" islands are placed near the main islands with simple toilets installed in them. The ground root absorbs the waste. Most islands feature a standardized shower building with tile roofs, water heating cells and a hot water boiler to allow for warm showers. Houses on

988-665: Is less than 10 μg per day. Examples of such regions include the alpine regions of Southern Europe (such as Switzerland), the Himalayans, the Great Lakes basin , etc. As reported in 1923, all the domestic animals have goiter in some of the glacial valleys of Southern Alaska. It was so severe in Pemberton Meadows that it was difficult to raise young animals there. Chinese physicians of the Tang dynasty (618–907) were

1064-407: Is more common among women, but this includes the many types of goitre caused by autoimmune problems, and not only those caused by simple lack of iodine. Iodine mainly accumulates in the sea and in the topsoil . Before iodine enrichment programs, goiters were common in areas with repeated flooding or glacial activities, which erodes the topsoil. It is endemic in populations where the intake of iodine

1140-422: Is particularly common in tropical countries where people eat the cyanide-rich cassava root as the staple food. Goitre may be diagnosed via a thyroid function test in an individual suspected of having it. A goitre may be classified either as nodular or diffuse. Nodular goitres are either of one nodule (uninodular) or of multiple nodules (multinodular). Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common disorder of

1216-677: Is spoken by 1.6% of the population. The Aymara flag is known as the Wiphala . It is an ancient design associated with the Inca. It is an ethnic symbol for the Aymara and has been adopted as a symbol of indigenous rights. It consists of seven colors patched together in diagonal stripes. The different colours represent geographical regions. The meaning of colours have been adapted to represent different areas of indigenous culture: red (planet earth); orange (society); yellow (strength and morality); green (economy and ecology); blue (supernatural life); and, violet (self-determination). The native language of

1292-572: Is transformation ( kuti ). The deities are regarded in a hierarchical system. Goitre A goitre , or goiter , is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland . A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency . The term is from the Latin gutturia , meaning throat . Most goitres are not cancerous ( benign ), though they may be potentially harmful. A goitre can present as

1368-445: Is very cool to the touch. The white part of the reed is also used to help ease alcohol-related hangovers. The totora reeds are a primary source of food. The Uru also make a reed flower tea . Local residents fish ispi, carachi and catfish . Trout was introduced to the lake from Canada in 1940, and kingfish was introduced from Argentina . Uru also hunt birds such as sea gulls , ducks and flamingos , and graze their cattle on

1444-600: The Chanka–Inca War . The date of Inca conquest of the Altiplano is uncertain beyond that, it began later than 1438 CE and was well completed by 1500 CE. The often quoted Spanish conquistador and chronicler, Pedro Cieza de León travelled through the Altiplano in 1548. He gives the ruler, Viracocha Inca ( c.  1410 – 1438 CE) as the first to expand Inca territory south from the Kingdom of Cusco but that he

1520-468: The Chullo , a knitted wool cap with ear flaps and ties; a woven carrying cloth Aguayo carried across the shoulders; a poncho; and a full circle skirt gathered and decorated in horizontal layers (corte). Development of the Aymara textile industry has led to expositions of luxury alpaca wool garments, silks, lace and delicately embroidered blouses. Another innovation drawing on the Aymara colorful aesthetic

1596-648: The Miesbach and Salzburg regions, which appeared in the 19th century, includes a choker , dubbed Kropfband (struma band) which was used to hide either the goitre or the remnants of goitre surgery. In various regions around the world, particularly in mountainous areas, the prevalence of goiter was linked to iodine deficiency in the diet. For example, the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Andes had high rates of goiter due to

SECTION 20

#1732773233972

1672-519: The Tarapacá province of Peru. It resulted in Aymara people being politically separated between the three nations. The border between Peru and Bolivia transects Lake Titicaca. Chile denied Bolivia of its only seaport at Arica . The Aymara people left living in Chile, once again had most aspects of their lives torn asunder. In this case, it was Chilean military clergy who began the " chilenization" of

1748-470: The crown . New grants could not be given and importantly, an encomienda could not be an inheritable property. Among the approximate five hundred encomiendas in the viceroyalty of Peru, there were cases of corruption and circumvention of the new laws. There were skirmishes between Royalist soldiers and groups of encomenderos, culminating in the death of many encomenderos in an insurrection led by Gonzalo Pizarro in 1548. The new laws started to stream line

1824-546: The ibis , is domesticated for laying eggs. Ibis are also butchered for meat. To control rats on the reed islands, domestic cats are also kept by the Uru islanders. Some islands also feature ponds inside the island; yet again some of these are lined with a large fishing net and suggest localised aquaculture . The primary amount of fish is still caught in the wide open of Lake Titicaca. The Uru do not reject modern technology: most boats have motors, nearly all islands have shared solar panels to run appliances such as televisions, and

1900-423: The 1970s when the Aymara defeated the Uru, and took permanent control of the lands that belonged to them. The Uru use bundles of dried Totora reeds to make reed boats ( balsas ), and to make the islands themselves. The larger islands house about ten families, while smaller ones, only about thirty meters wide, house only two or three families. Each island lasts about 25 years. After 25 years, water seeps through

1976-710: The Aymara lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca Empire in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. With the Spanish American wars of independence (1810–1825), the Aymaras became subjects of the new nations of Bolivia and Peru. After the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), Chile annexed territory with the Aymara population. The name of

2052-576: The Aymara people is called Aymara . It is spoken from the north of Lake Titicaca to the south of Lake Poopó . Aymara is a third official language in Peru after Spanish and Quechua. It is spoken by 1.6% of the Peruvian population. Aymara has no distant language relative but there are some nearby similar languages. Quechua has some overlap with Aymara brought by contact. There are two closely related languages called Jaqaru and Kawki. A small isolated group of about 1000 people speak these languages in and around

2128-513: The Aymara people stems from the word Ayma-ra-mi meaning "a place with many communally owned farms". The word "Aymara" also refers to a group of language dialects of which the origin, spread and time-frame are debated. The early history of the Aymara people is uncertain. Various hypotheses have been voiced. Archeological data of the Titicaca basin in the Altiplano (high plain) comes from

2204-596: The Aymara people's spiritual life, for example, rituals or seasons of the year, with the liturgy and the liturgical calendar. On the other hand, such efforts were shunned by those who saw the Aymara spiritual life as one of idolatry and objected to the use of alcohol or coca in rituals. In the Spanish colonial era, the region of Aymara and Quechuan habitation was divided into eleven provinces. They were Canchi, Caranga, Chocarca, Colla, Collagua, Collahuaya, Omasuyo, Lupaca, Quillaca, Urbina, and Picasa. Insurrection in

2280-418: The Aymara were increasingly subjugated by the building of civil, military, agricultural and religious infrastructure through their lands, removal of their sons to Cusco for education, taxation in the form of relinquishing sacred objects to the Inca. The Aymara were also required to give labour and military service to the Inca. Moreover, groups of Aymara were removed from their village to work in other parts of

2356-462: The Aymara. The emphasis of this program was indoctrination of the ideology of Chilean nationalism . The total number of Aymara people is quoted at 1,847,000. Approximately 30% live in Peru and approximately 60% in Bolivia. The rest are divided between Chile (6%) and Argentina (0.2%). Most self-identify as Christian. Aymara language is a third official language in Peru after Spanish and Quechua. It

Uru people - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-906: The Empire, the number of Aymara living in Cusco itself was limited and colonists from elsewhere in the Empire were settled in the region. Christopher Colombus (1451 - 1506 CE) set sail from Castile , Spain, in August 1492 CE to find a western sea passage to the spice rich East Indies . In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475 - 1519 CE) crossed the Isthmus of Panama into the Pacific Ocean . Twenty-nine years later, on 16 November 1532, explorer and conquistador , Francisco Pizarro (1478 - 1541 CE), travelled south from La Isla Gorgona lured by stories of silver, gold and precious gems. On reaching Cajamarca ,

2508-610: The Inca origin stories tells of Manco Capac and Mama Occlo being brought up from the waters of Lake Titicaca by the Sun God to create an Inca dynasty. The rulers of the Kingdom of Cusco were obligated to travel regularly to the Isla del Sol (Sun Island), a rocky island in the southern part of Lake Titicaca, for ritual worship of the Sun God. Charles Stanish writes, Throughout their short reigns, Inca emperors were obligated to make

2584-590: The Incas by the finding of certain ceramics in archeological strata is, in this area, unreliable. Rather than one ethnically homogenous group, the Aymara consisted of sometimes waring clans of differing dialects, traditions and geographic distribution. Among them were the Huamallas, Hatuncollas, Chuquitos and Azángaros, and, the Lupaqa and Colla. Their loyalty remained to their village and their local chiefs. Unlike

2660-513: The Spanish conquest; it is all but impossible to convey in words a true picture of the barbarous treatment which they, as well as the neighbouring Indian tribes, experienced at the hands of the Spaniards. Treated infinitely worse than slaves, they were torn from their homes and families to be driven like cattle either to the Coca plantations and Gold washings in the Yungas , or hot unhealthy valleys to

2736-405: The Uru islands were located near the middle of the lake, about 9 miles from the shore; however, in 1986, after a major storm devastated the islands, many Uru rebuilt closer to shore. As of 2011, about 1,200 Uru lived on an archipelago of 60 artificial islands, clustering in the western corner of the lake near the port town of Puno. The islands have become one of Peru's tourist attractions, allowing

2812-470: The Uru to supplement their hunting and fishing by conveying visitors to the islands by motorboat and selling handicrafts. Aymara people The Aymara or Aimara ( Aymara : aymara listen ), people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America . Approximately 2.3 million Aymara live in northwest Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . The ancestors of

2888-509: The WHO classification of goitre by palpation, the severity of goitre is currently graded as grade 0, grade 1, grade 2. Worldwide, the most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency , commonly seen in countries that scarcely use iodized salt . Selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor. In countries that use iodized salt, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause. Goitre can also result from cyanide poisoning , which

2964-580: The abuse of the Aymara by the Spanish in his book, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indians . On 20 November 1542, in response to criticism, King Charles I of Spain issued the New Laws ( Ordenanzas de Barcelona or Leyes Nuevas ). Indigenous people could no longer be slaves. They could not be sent to the mines without cause. Clergy and Civil servants had to give up their encomiendas to

3040-423: The administrative capital of the viceroyalty. He was tasked with creating a successful system of governance throughout the viceroyalty. To this end, Toledo created provinces and aligned the population with them into new, concentrated settlements called " reductions " ( reducciones de indios ). This involved forced resettlement which caused disruption to aspects of life of the indigenous people such as importance of

3116-551: The arrival of Spanish reinforcements, Manco Inca Yupanqui withdrew. Having secured Cusco, Pizarro continued south with the resources, wealth and infrastructure of the Inca and native labour. He benefited from the lack of cohesion between the Altiplano ethnic groups. He had unstoppable soldiers and weapons. In 1542, Spain created the Viceroyalty of Peru . In the new viceroyalty, explorers, conquistadors, governors and generals were given encomiendas . These grants from Spain gave

Uru people - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-410: The bottom of the lake. Once the khili pallets are tied together and anchored, multiple layers of cut reeds are added. The bottom layer of covering reeds rot away fairly quickly, so new reeds are added to the top constantly, about every two weeks to three months depending on weather. This is especially important in the rainy season when the reeds rot much faster. Tourism via boats from Puno has become

3268-426: The builders of the ancient city. Pedro Cieza de León (1518-1554), the Spanish chronicler of Peru, wrote that the Aymara people he met did not know who had built the ancient city. When Inca migrants first arrived at the traditional lands of the Aymara people, some Aymara people and other ethnic groups were living side by side in the village of Acamaca. Acamaca, located to the north of Lake Titicaca, would grow to be

3344-469: The chronology of the spread of the Inca empire from Cusco, south to the Altiplano, may be more complex. For example, the names of Incan leaders are variable and may have been used across generations; there were revolts amongst the elite of the Inca Kingdom of Cusco itself; and the history given by the Inca to the Spanish chroniclers was given as part mythology. Furthermore, the dating of the conquest of

3420-493: The coca plant contain less potent or non-toxic alkaloids and give only a mild stimulant effect. See Evangelisation Aymara religion is a syncretic system of faith, bringing indigenous spirituality and Catholicism into close proximity. The syncretism is evident in the liturgy of the Aymara lands. Christian feast days which coincide temporally with Aymara spiritual events have associated, or even combined, meaning and ritual. Aymara indigenous spirituality ( pachakuti )

3496-439: The construction workers. Plants available to the traditional Aymara for through subsistence agriculture or trade were wild tomato ( Solanum huaylasense ); lucuma ( Pouteria lucuma ), a sweet fruit; a small orange fruit of the nightshade family which grows within a green calyx; qamasa and quinoa (Amaranthaceae ) of the amaranth family for their seeds and leaves; purple corn (of the flint maize family); maca ( Lepidium meyenii )

3572-583: The culture. For instance, in certain Alpine regions, large goiters were sometimes considered a sign of beauty. Conversely, in other areas, individuals with goiters faced social stigma, which could lead to marginalization and discrimination. Goiter, resulting primarily from iodine deficiency, has historically been a widespread condition with significant health and social implications. Advances in nutrition and public health have greatly reduced its prevalence, but understanding its historical context helps in appreciating

3648-547: The day. It provides food security in time of famine. However, it is not of high nutritional value. It is used in a variety of dishes. One traditional dish, common in La Paz , is Chairo. It is a type of stew made with Chuño, meat, carrots, onions and corn. The Aymara word for tree is khoka from which the word coca is derived. Aymara people have had, throughout their history, traditional, recreational, ritual and medicinal uses for coca. The whole leaves can be chewed, brewed as

3724-545: The east of the high Andes (where they rapidly fell victims to a climate altogether unsuited to their constitution), or to the Silver mines of Potosí , Chayanta , Oruro , &c. (where from forced labour, ill-treatment, and insufficient food, they succumbed equally fast, only to be replaced by fresh supplies similarly obtained). In 1542, the Dominican friar, Bartolomé de las Casas (1474 - 1566) published his testimony of

3800-419: The encomenderos the right to demand taxes and labour from the indigenous people in return for military protection and religious instruction. They were a sign of an elite status in society. Indigenous males between the ages of 18 and 50 were taxed in money and labour. Tax was collected by the village chiefs. One sixth of taxable males were already assigned to encomenderos who collected the taxes. Twenty percent of

3876-554: The encomienda system but Aymara numbers continued to fall. Furthermore, the indigenous labour force was redistributed causing forced and permanent displacement to cities, factories or mines. By example, in 1573, the indigenous population of labourers at the Potosí silver mines was 11,000. By 1673, the same population numbered 1,600. In 1569, Francisco de Toledo (1515 - 1582 CE) was appointed fifth viceroy of Peru by Philip II of Spain . Toledo served in this role until 1581. He made Lima

SECTION 50

#1732773233972

3952-404: The extended family clan ( allyu ), authority of the clan and regional chiefs ( curacas ), land ownership, farming, language, rituals and sacred life (for example, sacred places known as huacas ). Toledo was also asked to consider the legitimacy of the Spanish conquest. Toledo concluded that the conquistadors were no more legitimate in their rule than the Inca. However, the viceroyalty of Peru

4028-545: The first to successfully treat patients with goitre by using the iodine-rich thyroid gland of animals such as sheep and pigs—in raw, pill, or powdered form. This was outlined in Zhen Quan's (d. 643 AD) book, as well as several others. One Chinese book, The Pharmacopoeia of the Heavenly Husbandman , asserted that iodine-rich sargassum was used to treat goitre patients by the 1st century BC, but this book

4104-483: The floating islands are mostly made of reeds too; some have corrugated metal roofs. Few are insulated. All houses are built on top of an extra 1 m (3.3 ft) layer of dry reeds to prevent rheumatism . Much of the Urus' diet and medicine also revolve around the same totora reeds used to construct the islands. When a reed is pulled, the white bottom is often eaten for iodine to prevent goitres . This white part of

4180-475: The history of this era is more complex then the romantic version involving Amaru with intricate and various associations between ethnic groups. The War of the Pacific (1 March 1879 - 20 October 1883) or the nitrate war, was a conflict between Chile and an alliance of Bolivia and Peru. It was precipitated by a northward incursion by Chile to control sources of guano in the Litoral province of Bolivia and

4256-535: The iodine-poor soil. In these regions, iodine deficiency led to widespread hormonal imbalances, particularly affecting thyroid function. In the 1920s wearing bottles of iodine around the neck was believed to prevent goitre. The coat of arms and crest of Die Kröpfner, of Tyrol , showed a man "afflicted with a large goitre", an apparent pun on the German for the word ("Kropf"). In some historical contexts, goiters were so prevalent that they became normalized within

4332-546: The islets. They also run crafts stalls aimed at the numerous tourists who visit ten of the islands each year. They barter totora reeds on the mainland in Puno to get products they need, such as quinoa and other foods. The Uru people have domesticated local animals to assist with producing food and other purposes. For example, cormorants , waterbirds who catch fish, are kept tethered with wool tied to their feet, so that they can catch fish for human consumption. Another local bird,

4408-436: The lake and water. According to the legend, Uru used to say that they had black blood, because they did not feel the cold. They historically called themselves Lupihaques , "sons of the Sun". Although the Uru language is nearly extinct, the Uru continue to maintain their identity and some old customs. The purpose of the island settlements was originally defensive: they could be moved if a threat arose. The largest island retains

4484-399: The main flotation and stability devices of the islands. Each floating block of khili measures approximately 4 m × 10 m (13 ft × 33 ft). The blocks used to be harvested with eucalyptus wedges, but are now sourced using 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long metal saws custom made for this purpose. They are anchored with ropes attached to large eucalyptus poles driven into

4560-448: The main island is home to an Uru-run FM radio station , which plays music for several hours a day. High ultraviolet radiation levels occur throughout the Altiplano region of Peru and Bolivia. Kindergarten and elementary schooling is done on several islands, including a traditional school and a school run by a Christian church. Older children and university students attend school on the mainland, often in nearby Puno. Historically, most of

4636-446: The many groups of indigenous peoples who lost every vestige of their civilization under Inca rule, the Aymara civilisation survived, at least partially. The Aymara insurrections were violent but also organised and persistent (one of twelve years duration). In the end, though, the Aymara were unsuccessful in throwing off the Inca. The outcome was harsh retribution in the form of executions or exile. In addition to this direct punishment,

SECTION 60

#1732773233972

4712-477: The monies went to the crown. In practice, the responsibilities of the encomiendas were applied partially or not at all, while the taxes were. In 1870, David Forbes (1828 - 1876), Mineralogist and voyager, wrote to the Ethnological Society of London , of his observations in Bolivia and Peru, Whatever may have been the condition of the Aymaras under the Incas, it became infinitely worse after

4788-467: The most part, dialects of Aymaran or Quechuan . Some efforts were made to provide simple lexicons for religious teaching. However, this was difficult because the Aymara language had no orthography and Aymara phonetics did not compare well with those of the Spanish language . Ludovico Bertonio (1552 - 1625 CE) was an Italian Jesuit missionary who, in 1603 CE, wrote about the Aymara language. On one hand, some clergy tried to adapt notable aspects of

4864-490: The primary financial income for people living on the islands. The Uru's islands are located at 3,810 m (12,500 ft) above sea level, and just five kilometers east from the Puno port. Around 2,000 descendants of the Uru were counted in the 1997 census, although only a few hundred still live on and maintain the islands; most have moved to the mainland. The Uru also bury their dead on the mainland in special cemeteries. Food

4940-496: The reed is called the chullo ( Aymara [tʃʼuʎo] ). The Uru rely on totora reeds in the same way that the Andean people of Peru rely on the coca leaf for relief from hunger and the harsh climate. When in pain, they may wrap the reed around the body part that is in pain. If it is hot outside, they sometimes roll the white part of the reed in their hands and split it open, placing the reed on their forehead. In this form, it

5016-521: The reeds and the inhabitants build a new island and let the old one sink to the bottom of the lake. The islets are made of multiple natural layers harvested in Lake Titicaca. The base is made of large pallets of floating totora roots, which are tied together with ropes and covered in multiple layers of totora reeds. These dense roots that the plants develop and interweave form a natural layer called khili (about one to two meters thick), which are

5092-464: The region occurred in an intermittent, semi-organised manner from as early as 1629 CE through to the Peruvian war of Independence (1809 - 1826 CE) when Spanish colonial rule ended. A larger and more persistent insurrection occurred between 1779 and 1781 CE. The Inca descendant, Túpac Amaru , is described as its grand leader. However, historians Julian Steward in 1946 and Steve Stern in 1987 warn that

5168-457: The site of the ancient city of Tiwanaku . A radiocarbon dating study suggests the ancient city was founded in about 110 CE. Origin legends of the Aymara people in terms of time frame seem inconsistent to archeologists. Archeologist Carlos Mamani Condori suggests this is because the Aymara tradition may see the passage of time as a continuum rather than in terms of prehistory and history. The Aymara may have been settlers from elsewhere rather than

5244-512: The site of the later Kingdom of Cusco , the capital of the Inca Empire and the current day city of Cusco . The Inca arrived not as an army but as migrants searching for agricultural land. The Aymara people of the Altiplano, the Titicaca basin, and the ancient city of Tiwanaku to the south of Lake Titicaca, also encountered the Inca civilisation prior to the rise of the Inca Empire . One of

5320-450: The thyroid gland. Goitre is treated according to the cause. If the thyroid gland is producing an excess of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), radioactive iodine is given to the patient to shrink the gland. If goitre is caused by iodine deficiency , small doses of iodide in the form of Lugol's iodine or KI solution are given. If the goitre is associated with an underactive thyroid , thyroid supplements are used as treatment. Sometimes

5396-660: The village of Tupe , in Yauyos Province , in the remote highlands southwest of Lima . Other related languages are presumable extinct. Aymara people spin alpaca and llama wool and then colour it with vegetable and mineral dyes . Urine may be used as a mordant (colour fixative). Wools and cotton are woven on a horizontal peg loom by both men and women. There is no broad loom weaving and so, traditional garments such as carrying cloths and ponchos are made by joining two pieces. The colours are vibrant. Patterns are striped or geometrical. Traditional clothing items include

5472-565: Was found in the Appalachian , Great Lakes , Midwest , and Intermountain regions. The condition is now practically absent in affluent nations, where table salt is supplemented with iodine . However, it is still prevalent in India , China, Central Asia , and Central Africa . Goitre had been prevalent in the alpine countries for a long time. Switzerland reduced the condition by introducing iodized salt in 1922. The Bavarian tracht in

5548-431: Was legitimate on the basis of the Spanish bringing Catholic Christianity to the indigenous people. Toledo instructed the secular clergy and the leaders of the monastic orders to begin the evangelisation of the viceroyalty. This was not an easy task due to a lack of clergy, lack of experience of the monastic orders in evangelizing and the language barrier between the Spanish and the indigenous groups who spoke, for

5624-528: Was the first person to propose a relationship between goitre and minerals (particularly lead) in drinking water. Iodine was later discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811 from seaweed ash. Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the soil . For example, in the English Midlands , the condition was known as Derbyshire Neck . In the United States , goitre

5700-443: Was unsuccessful in securing the area. Again, de León records Viracocha's successor, Pachacuti ( c.  1418 – 1471 CE) as the leader who succeeded in bringing the area under Inca control, effected by his son, Yupanqui ( c.  1471 – 1493 CE). This chronology has been used widely by historians and archeologists in this field following the seminal work of John Howland Rowe . However, more recent historians warn that

5776-464: Was written much later. In the 12th century, Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani , a Persian physician , provided the first description of Graves' disease after noting the association of goitre and a displacement of the eye known as exophthalmos in his Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm , the major medical dictionary of its time. The disease was later named after Irish doctor Robert James Graves , who described

#971028