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67-493: Urðarbrunnr is attested in the following works: In the Poetic Edda , Urðarbrunnr is mentioned in stanzas 19 and 20 of the poem Völuspá , and stanza 111 of the poem Hávamál . In stanza 19 of Völuspá , Urðarbrunnr is described as being located beneath Yggdrasil, and that Yggdrasil, an ever-green ash-tree , is covered with white mud or loam . Stanza 20 describes that three norns (Urðr, Verðandi, and Skuld) "come from"

134-465: A biological control for the management of EAB populations in the United States. The public is being cautioned to avoid transporting unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest. Damage occurs when emerald ash borer larvae feed on the inner bark, phloem , inside branches and tree trunks. Feeding on the phloem prevents nutrients and water transportation. If

201-690: A considerable litter problem with their seeds. Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes, but belong to the unrelated genus Sorbus in the rose family . The tree's common English name, "ash", traces back to the Old English æsc , which relates to the Proto-Indo-European for the tree, while the generic name originated in Latin from a Proto-Indo-European word for birch. Both words are also used to mean " spear " in their respective languages, as

268-635: A few drops from the River Jordan. The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk , gospel , and spiritual music , and in poetic and literary works. The baptism of Jesus is referred to in a hymn by the reformer Martin Luther, " Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam " (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam , BWV 7 (1724). The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including

335-498: A few species. The seeds, popularly known as "keys" or "helicopter seeds", are a type of fruit known as a samara . Some Fraxinus species are dioecious , having male and female flowers on separate plants but sex in ash is expressed as a continuum between male and female individuals, dominated by unisexual trees. With age, ash may change their sexual function from predominantly male and hermaphrodite towards femaleness ; if grown as an ornamental and both sexes are present, ashes can cause

402-661: A flow of 118 million m annually. The Iyyon (Hebrew: עיון Iyyon , Arabic name: Ajoun stream, but دردره Dardara for the uppermost course and براغيث Bareighith or Beregeith for the rest of its course) is a stream which flows from Merj 'Ayun area in southern Lebanon into the Hasbani. The Dan (Arabic: اللدان Leddan or Liddan , Hebrew: דן Dan ) is the largest among the Jordan's upper course tributaries with c. 240-252 million cubic metres per year. The Banias (Arabic: بانياس Banias , Hebrew: either Banias or חרמון Hermon )

469-579: A fragment of a work by the 10th century skald Kormákr Ögmundarson is recited in explaining how "Odin's fire" is a kenning for a sword. The passage reads "A sword is Odin's fire, as Kormak said: Battle raged when the feeder of Grid's steed [wolf], he who waged war, advanced with ringing Gaut [Odin's] fire." and that Urðr "rose from the wellspring." Urðarbrunnr is mentioned a second time in section 52 of Skáldskaparmál , this time associated with Christ . The section states that early skalds once referred to Christ in relation to Urðarbrunnr and Rome , and quotes

536-517: A good food source for the frogs, but also reduces its resistance to the ash borer . Species with higher leaf tannin levels (including maples and non-native ash species) are taking the place of native ash, thanks to their greater resistance to the ash borer. They produce much less suitable food for the tadpoles, resulting in poor survival rates and small frog sizes. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures native to North America. This includes

603-481: A reduction in the supply of healthy trees, especially in Europe, is making ash an increasingly expensive option. Ash was commonly used for the structural members of the bodies of cars made by carriage builders. Early cars had frames which were intended to flex as part of the suspension system to simplify construction. The Morgan Motor Company of Great Britain still manufactures sports cars with frames made from ash. It

670-452: A wellspring at the base of a sacred tree at the Temple at Uppsala , Sweden, found in his 11th century work Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . Eilífr Goðrúnarson's Christianity -influenced account of Urðarbrunnr (section 52 of Skáldskaparmál ) associates the wellspring with the south and Rome. Theories have been proposed that this description may have some relation to notions of

737-416: Is a genus of plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae , and comprises 45–65 species of usually medium-to-large trees , most of which are deciduous trees, although some subtropical species are evergreen trees. The genus is widespread throughout much of Europe, Asia, and North America. The leaves are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately compound , though simple in

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804-469: Is a tonewood commonly used in the manufacture of electric guitars . It exhibits a pronounced bright tone with a scooped midrange. It is lightweight, easy to work and sand, accepts glue, stain , paint and finish very well and is inexpensive. All this has made it a favourite of large factories mass-producing instruments. The Fender musical instrument company has been continuously and uninterruptedly using Ash to make electric guitars since 1956. Swamp ash

871-792: Is a 251-kilometre-long (156 mi) river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and drains to the Dead Sea . The river passes by or through Jordan , Syria , Israel , and the Palestinian territories . Jordan and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights border the river to the east, while Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank lie to its west. Both Jordan and

938-653: Is a stream arising from a spring at Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon, with a flow of 106 million m annually. It flows into the Dan along with the Nahal Sion or Nahal Assal (Hebrew) / Wadi el-'Asl or Assal (Arabic). The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee (via the Bethsaida Valley ) and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the Dead Sea . In traditional terminology,

1005-573: Is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in the late 1980s to early 1990s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 22 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario and Quebec in Canada. It threatens some seven billion ash trees in North America. Research is being conducted to determine whether three native Asian wasps that are natural predators of EAB could be used as

1072-408: Is also used for making drum shells . Woodworkers generally consider ash a "poor cousin" to the other major open pore wood, oak, but it is useful in any furniture application. Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. Ash is not used much outdoors due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact, meaning it will typically perish within five years. The F. japonica species

1139-752: Is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the Son of God and Lamb of God ( John 1:29–36 ). The prophecy of Isaiah regarding the Messiah which names the Jordan ( Isaiah 9:1–2 ) is reported in Matthew 4:15 . The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry ( Matthew 19:1 ; Mark 10:1 ) and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him preach and to be healed of their diseases ( Matthew 4:25 ; Mark 3:7–8 ). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at

1206-557: Is another 210 metres) so that the river meanders before entering the Dead Sea, a terminal lake about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. The river is fed by two major tributaries , the Yarmouk and Zarqa . The Yarmouk, the largest tributary of the lower course, forms the border between Syria and Jordan and then Jordan and Israel. Smaller tributaries or "side wadis" / "side streams" in this segment are, north to south In

1273-463: Is described in some modern sources as the name for the part of the river before it flows into the Sea of Galilee. The Dan and Hasbani rivers merge near the kibbutz Sde Nehemia in northern Israel and become the Jordan river. The Hasbani (Arabic: الحاصباني Hasbani , Hebrew: either שניר Snir or Hatzbani ) is a stream which flows from the north-western foot of Mount Hermon in Lebanon , with

1340-444: Is favored as a material for making baseball bats by Japanese sporting-goods manufacturers. Its robust structure, good looks, and flexibility combine to make ash ideal for staircases. Ash stairs are extremely hard-wearing, which is particularly important for treads. Due to its elasticity, ash can also be steamed and bent to produce curved stair parts such as volutes (curled sections of handrail) and intricately shaped balusters. However,

1407-517: Is the "very holy" Urðarbrunnr. Just-As-High details that, every day, the gods ride over the bridge Bifröst to hold court at the well. High provides more information regarding the wellspring in chapter 16. High says that there are many beautiful places in heaven, and "everywhere there is divine protection around it." There, a beautiful hall stands under the ash (Yggdrasil) near the wellspring (Urðarbrunnr), and from this hall come "three maidens" whose names are Urðr, Verðandi, and Skuld. The maidens shape

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1474-448: Is used a lot in guitar building because of its figure. It is a choice of material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting edge and sustaining quality. Some Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, (such as Bruce Springsteen 's Telecaster on the Born to Run album cover), as an alternative to alder. Ash

1541-638: Is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the blue ash ( F. quadrangulata ) has been used as a source for blue dye . In Sicily, Italy, sugars are obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark. The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue-green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative, demulcent, and weak expectorant. The young seedpods of Ash trees, also known as "keys", are edible for human consumption. In Britain, they are traditionally pickled with vinegar, sugar and spices. In Greek mythology ,

1608-616: The Crusades , the Arabic name Nahr Al Sharieat ( Arabic : نهر الشريعة ), literally "the watering place" began to be used, and was recorded by medieval geographers such as Abu'l-Fida and Al-Dimashqi . The name was shown in various forms on most notable 19th century maps of the region and is described by Edward Robinson in his Biblical Researches in Palestine . Although historical sources do not appear to make this distinction, it

1675-523: The Jordan River due to phonetic and typological similarities perceived by Eilífr, though there may be no other causative connection. Eilífr is otherwise known as a pagan skald , and this selection has been theorized as describing that, due to directly associating Christ with the wellspring, Christ had taken over responsibility of providence or fate. Ash-tree Fraxinus ( / ˈ f r æ k s ɪ n ə s / ), commonly called ash ,

1742-561: The Meliae are nymphs associated with the ash, perhaps specifically of the manna ash ( Fraxinus ornus ), as dryads were nymphs associated with the oak . They appear in Hesiod 's Theogony, which states that they were born when drops of Ouranos's blood fell on the earth (Gaia). In Norse mythology , a vast, evergreen ash tree Yggdrasil ("the steed ( gallows ) of Odin "), watered by three magical springs, serves as axis mundi , sustaining

1809-524: The Midianites ( Judges 7:24 ). In the plain of the Jordan, between Succoth and Zarthan , is the clay ground where Solomon had his bronze foundries ( 1 Kings 7:46 ). In 2 Kings 6:1–4 the Jordan valley is portrayed as a woodland region. Biblical commentator Albert Barnes suggests that "trees were rare in most parts of Palestine, but plentiful in the Jordan Valley". In biblical history,

1876-530: The Palestine loach ( Oxynoemacheilus insignis ), catfish such as the African sharptooth catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ), cichlids such as the blue tilapia ( Oreochromis aureus ), redbelly tilapia ( Coptodon zillii ), & mango tilapia ( Sarotherodon galilaeus ), and blennies such as the freshwater blenny ( Salariopsis fluviatilis ). The Jordan bream and Jordan barbel are thought to be endemic to

1943-639: The fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus , causing ash dieback in a large number of trees since the mid-1990s, particularly in eastern and northern Europe. The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. At the end of October 2012 in the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) reported that ash dieback had been discovered in mature woodland in Suffolk ; previous occurrences had been on young trees imported from Europe. In 2016,

2010-438: The "nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh " that settled to the west ( Joshua 13:7 , passim). Opposite Jericho , it is called "the Jordan of Jericho" ( Numbers 34:15 ; 35:1 ). The Jordan has a number of fords , and one of them is famous as the place where many Ephraimites were slain by Jephthah ( Judges 12:5–6 ). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where Gideon lay in wait for

2077-436: The 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869. The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1849 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online. In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from

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2144-533: The Dead Sea. A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca. 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into

2211-660: The Israeli-occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side. There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges. The northern one, Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is near Beit She'an ; the southern one, Allenby Bridge (also King Hussein Bridge), is near Jericho . North to south: Until the first decade of the 21st century,

2278-813: The Jordan River basin. The Jordan basin may have also served as the center of diversification for several now-widespread Palearctic fish groups. A native freshwater reptile is the Balkan terrapin ( Mauremys rivulata ), which is thought to have also been a food source for the earliest Neanderthal residents of the region. Several introduced species of fish are known from the region, including common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ), black carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), and sea mullet ( Mugil cephalus ). Many of these introduced fish either prey on or outcompete native fish and threaten their populations, especially

2345-540: The Jordan appears as the scene of several miracles , the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua ( Joshua 3:15-17 ). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes ( Joshua 22:10 , 22:26 , et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by Elijah and Elisha on dry ground ( 2 Kings 2:8 , 2:14 ). Elisha performed two miracles at

2412-637: The Jordan: he healed Naaman 's leprosy by having him bathe in its waters ( 2 Kings 5:14 ), and he made an axe head lost by one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water ( 2 Kings 6:6 ). The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptised unto repentance in the Jordan ( Matthew 3:5 – 6 ; Mark 1:5 ; Luke 3:3 ; John 1:28 ). These acts of baptism are also reported as having taken place at Bethabara ( John 1:28 ). Jesus came to be baptised by him there ( Matthew 3:13 ; Mark 1:9 ; Luke 3:21 , 4:1 ). The Jordan

2479-568: The LORD" ( Genesis 13:10 ). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Zarqa River), on his way back from Haran ( Genesis 32:11 , 32:23–24 ). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the east ( Numbers 34:15 ) and

2546-542: The Promised Land , the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. Among many other references, the Jordan River is given this meaning in the text of Old Man River : "Let me go 'way from the Mississippi / Let me go 'way from the white man boss / Show me that stream called the River Jordan / That's the old stream that I long to cross". Because of

2613-591: The Sea of Galilee as part of the 1994 peace treaty was meant to compensate for this loss. A 2010 study found that the Lower Jordan River has been reduced to 2% of its historic flow. Water quality has also deteriorated sharply, with high levels of salinity and pollution from agricultural fertilizer and untreated wastewater upstream in Israel and the West Bank. Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River

2680-566: The Sea of Galilee is within the boundaries of Israel and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights . South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west). South of the Sea of Galilee, the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last 120-kilometre-long (75 mi) section follows what is commonly termed the "Jordan Valley", which has less gradient (the total drop

2747-606: The Sea of Galilee to the National Water Carrier . Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a channel that diverted water from the Yarmouk to the East Ghor Canal . Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame Israel, Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem. The Jordan River basin has a unique ichthyofauna as it serves as the meeting point for several different biogeographic regions, including

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2814-632: The West Bank derive their names in relation to the river. The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity . According to the Bible , the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it. Several hypotheses for the origin of most of the river's names in modern languages (e.g., Jordan, Yarden, Urdunn), one is that it comes from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting

2881-487: The ash is attacked, the branches can die and eventually the whole tree can as well. Ways to detect emerald ash borer infestation include seeing bark peeling off, vertical cracks in the bark, seeing galleries within the tree that contain powdery substance, and D-shaped exit holes on the branches or trunk. Not all of these may be present, but any of these warning signs could be an indication of possible infestation. The European ash, Fraxinus excelsior , has been affected by

2948-401: The ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe. Ash is a hardwood and is dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m for Fraxinus americana , and higher at 710 kg/m for Fraxinus excelsior ), tough and very strong but elastic , extensively used for making bows , tool handles, baseball bats , hurleys , and other uses demanding high strength and resilience . Ash

3015-611: The baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of Prince George of Wales , Simeon of Bulgaria and James Ogilvy . Earlier, On 15 May 1717, the Empress Maria Theresa was baptised in Vienna by the Papal Nuntius Giorgio Spinola, representing Pope Clement XI , with baptismal water containing

3082-542: The beginning of chapter 17), and twice in Skáldskaparmál . In chapter 15 of Gylfaginning , a book of the Prose Edda , the throned figure of Just-As-High tells Gangleri (described as King Gylfi in disguise) about Yggdrasil and its roots. Just-As-High describes three roots that support Yggdrasil that stretch a great distance. The third root is located "among the Æsir ", "extends to heaven" and, beneath it,

3149-417: The larvae of multiple long-horn beetles , as well as other insects including those in the genus Tropidosteptes , lace bugs , aphids , larvae of gall flies , and caterpillars. Birds are also interested in black, green, and white ash trees. The black ash alone supports wood ducks , wild turkey , cardinals , pine grosbeaks , cedar waxwings , and yellow-bellied sapsuckers , with habitat and food (such as

3216-431: The late 10th century skald Eilífr Goðrúnarson , who states that "thus has the powerful king of Rome increased his realm with lands of heath-land divinities [giants; i.e. heathen lands]" and that Christ is said to have his throne south of Urðarbrunnr. Parallels have been pointed out between the description of Urðarbrunnr at the base of the world tree Yggdrasil and Christian medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen 's account of

3283-480: The lives of men, and "we call them norns". High goes on to describe that there are other norns, and their nature. Further into chapter 16, High states that norns that dwell by Urðarbrunnr take water from the wellspring and mud that lies around it, and pour it over the Yggdrasil so that its branches do not decay or rot. The water is described as so holy that anything that enters the wellspring will become "as white as

3350-415: The membrane called the skin that lies round the inside of the eggshell." High then quotes stanza 19 of Völuspá , and states that two swans feed from the wellspring, from which all other swans descend. Chapter 17 starts off with Gangleri asking what other "chief centres" exist outside of Urðarbrunnr. Two sections of the book Skáldskaparmál reference Urðarbrunnr. The first reference is in section 49, where

3417-468: The more endangered species. In modern times, up to 95% of the water is diverted for human purposes, and the flow is less than 10% of the past average. Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea is rapidly shrinking. The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into

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3484-486: The name appears as Yārdon in Anastasi I , an ancient Egyptian papyrus that probably dates to the time of Rameses II . Early Arab chronicles referred to the river as Al-Urdunn . In Mandaic , the etymologically related term Yardena ( Classical Mandaic : ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡍࡀ ) can refer not only to the Jordan River, but also any other body of flowing water that can be used for Mandaean baptismal rituals ( masbuta ). After

3551-473: The nine worlds of the cosmos in its roots and branches. Askr , the first man in Norse myth, literally means 'ash'. In Italian folklore , an ash stake could be used to kill a vampire . Jordan River The Jordan River or River Jordan ( Arabic : نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ , Nahr al-ʾUrdunn ; Hebrew : נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן , Nəhar hayYardēn ), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat ( Arabic : نهر الشريعة ),

3618-620: The northern Palearctic , the Afrotropics , East & South Asia , and the Mediterranean . Native fish include cyprinids such as the Jordan bream ( Achanthobrama lissneri ), Jordan himri ( Carasobarbus canis ), Jordan barbel ( Luciobarbus longiceps ), Levantine scraper ( Capoeta damascina ; the most common native fish in the basin), red garra ( Garra rufa ), & Damascus garra ( Garra nana ), hillstream loaches such as

3685-404: The once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level . Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 kilometres (16 mi) down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip at Degania Dam . Its section north of

3752-401: The river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists. In 2007, FoEME named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states. Route 90 , part of which is named after Rehavam Zeevi , connects the northern and southern tips of

3819-614: The river in the place John had first baptised ( John 10:39–40 ). Scholars have concluded that the site called Al-Maghtas on the east side has long been considered the location for the Baptism of Jesus and a place of pilgrimage. This has led to choosing Al-Maghtas as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2015. Because, according to Jewish tradition, the Israelites made a difficult and hazardous journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in

3886-640: The river's declivity, possibly appearing also in other river names in the region such as Yarkon and Yarmouk , or it may be related to the Egyptian loanword 'yǝʾor' ('big river', the Nile ). According to this hypothesis, "Den" might be linked to the Akkadian word dannum for "powerful". Cognates of the word are found in Aramaic , Hebrew , Mandaic , and other Semitic languages . The first recorded use of

3953-534: The river, a quantity which is regulated by the 1994 peace treaty with Israel. In the past, one of the main water resources in Jordan was the Jordan River, with a flow of 1.3 billion m per year (BCM/yr). However, after Israel built the National Water Carrier in 1953 and diverted water from the Sea of Galilee to Israel's coastal plains and southern desert, the flow of the Lower Jordan River dropped significantly. The 50 MCM/yr that Israel provides from

4020-401: The sap being of interest to the sapsucker) among others. Many mammalian species from meadow voles eating the seeds to white-tailed deer eating the foliage to silver-haired bats nesting will also make use of ash trees. Ash is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species ( butterflies and moths ). The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ), also called EAB,

4087-496: The traditional African-American spiritual/folk songs " Michael Row the Boat Ashore ", " Deep River ", and " Roll, Jordan, Roll ". It is mentioned in the songs " Eve of Destruction ", " Will You Be There ", and " The Wayfaring Stranger " and in " Ol' Man River " from the musical Show Boat . "The Far Side Banks of Jordan" by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash on June's Grammy Award -winning studio album, Press On , mentions

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4154-553: The upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the " Hula Valley ", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity, and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course. Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a 75-kilometre (47 mi) run to

4221-531: The waters of the Jordan River had been the largest water resource for Israel; lately, desalinated sea water from the Mediterranean has taken over this role. Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, has delivered water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain for over four decades, until prolonged drought led to abandoning this solution in favour of desalination. Jordan receives 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8 × 10  cu ft) of water from

4288-545: The well, here described as a "lake", and that this trio of norns then "set down laws, they chose lives, for the sons of men the fates of men." Stanza 111 of Hávamál has been the matter of much debate and is considered unclear, having been referred to as "mysterious", "obscure and much-debated". Benjamin Thorpe translates the stanza as: In the Prose Edda , Urðarbrunnr is attested in Gylfaginning (chapters 15, 16, and

4355-465: The wood is good for shafts. Species are arranged into sections supported by phylogenetic analysis: North American native ash tree species are a critical food source for North American frogs, as their fallen leaves are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water bodies. Lack of tannins in the American ash makes their leaves

4422-582: Was a contributing factor to the Six-Day War when, starting in 1965, Syria attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan. The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%. In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of

4489-402: Was also widely used by early aviation pioneers for aircraft construction. It lights and burns easily, so is used for starting fires and barbecues , and is usable for maintaining a fire, though it produces only a moderate heat. The two most economically important species for wood production are white ash, in eastern North America, and European ash in Europe. The green ash ( F. pennsylvanica )

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