70-455: Üsküdar ( Turkish pronunciation: [ysˈcydaɾ] ) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province , Turkey . Its area is 35 km, and its population is 524,452 (2022). It is a large and densely populated district on the Anatolian (Asian) shore of the Bosphorus . It is bordered to the north by Beykoz , to the east by Ümraniye , to the southeast by Ataşehir and to the south by Kadıköy ; with Karaköy, Kabataş, Beşiktaş , and
140-418: A number of Jewish and Christian cemeteries. Karacaahmet Mezarlığı is one of Istanbul's largest cemeteries. The Bülbülderesi cemetery is next to Fevziye Hatun mosque. The neighborhood suffered during the ethnic-religious violence of the 6 September 1955, Istanbul pogrom . Turkish rioters looted Greek and Armenian Christian shops and many Greeks and Armenians subsequently fled the country. The district of Üsküdar
210-544: A number of important Ottoman mosques (see section below). The youth mainly congregate around cafes on Uncular Gastronomy Street that saw a rise in popularity following the Covid-19 pandemic. The private Üsküdar University , founded by the Human Values and Mental Health Foundation, has a campus here. Uskudar has two public libraries: Şemsi Pasha Mosque Public Library (built in 1953) and Selimiye Public Library. Üsküdar
280-435: A province is designated the central district ( merkez ilçe ) from which the district is administered. The central district is administered by an appointed provincial deputy governor and other non-central districts by an appointed sub-governor ( kaymakam ) from their district center ( ilçe merkezi ) municipality. In these central districts the district center municipality also serves as the provincial center municipality. Both
350-413: A short siege, before moving his forces to the first posting station. With a much smaller body of men, possibly around 30,000, Licinius arrived at Adrianople while Daza was still besieging Heraclea . Before the decisive engagement, Licinius allegedly had a vision in which an angel recited him a generic prayer that could be adopted by all cults which Licinius then repeated to his soldiers. On 30 April 313,
420-463: A small tower just off the coast that has existed since Byzantine times, when it was called Leander's Tower. From time to time it has been used as a toll booth; now it is used as an upscale restaurant and a venue for wedding parties. The name comes from a legend about a princess shut in the tower. On nice days people gather on the shore to fish, sit and drink tea or to enjoy being out on the water in little rowing boats. The Ayazma Mosque (1760) stands on
490-492: A theater (the Musahipzade Celal Sahnesi), the fire station, the former women's prison ( Paşakapısı Prison ), Burhan Felek High School and Doğancılar mosque (opposite the park). Formerly orchards and fruit-gardens ( bağ ), it became a residential neighborhood in the 19th century, home to the typical Istanbul urban mix of Greeks, Jews, Turks, and Armenians. The neighborhood still has an Armenian school and
560-460: A tree-lined garden. Just past Üsküdar the coastline is called Paşalimanı. Liman means "port" in Turkish (from Greek limàni , λιμάνι ) and boats would moor here. A large stone building on the shore, built as a tobacco warehouse by late-Ottoman architect Vedat Tek, has been completely renovated and now serves as headquarters of Ciner Grubu ( Ciner Group ), an industrial conglomerate. There
630-504: A waterfront village, known for the cucumbers grown in gardens on the green hillsides behind. There are a number of very grand seaside villas ( yalı ). The village has a number of shops, bakeries and waterfront cafes offering gorgeous views of the Bosphorus that tend to be busy, especially at weekends. Since the mid-1990s new housing estates have been built on the hillsides and now there are always queues of traffic through Çengelköy. But
700-442: Is a municipality within borders of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( büyükşehir ). The municipality is subdivided into 33 neighborhoods ( mahalleler ): The boundaries and names of the official neighborhoods change from time to time and sometimes do not correspond to historically recognized neighborhoods or to residents' own perceptions. The most prominent neighborhood is Üsküdar's historic center ( merkez ), centered on
770-596: Is a small area of parkland right on the shore and the entrance to the large Fetih Paşa Korusu park is here. A Bosphorus village of streets with little shops, seaside cafes, and many old-fashioned wooden houses, Kuzguncuk has a village atmosphere. There is a ferry dock and a little park on the waterfront. The village was called Kosinitsa in the Byzantine period. The area has become an attractive middle-class neighborhood, home to people like film director Uğur Yücel , sculptor Kuzgun Acar , painter Acar Başkut (whose studio
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#1732780513942840-489: Is an old residential neighborhood, home to a Roma community and Roma culture. The top half of the attractive district Acıbadem also belongs to Üsküdar, including Acıbadem and Academic hospitals. This avenue with its patisseries , ice-cream parlors and cafés, is the center one of the most pleasant neighborhoods of Istanbul, consisting of tree-lined streets and well-planned housing areas, as well as Fine Arts Academy (Marmara University) , and Çamlıca Girls’ High School set in
910-493: Is bustling with people running from ferryboats and motorboats onto buses and minibuses. The Çamlıca Hill is a popular picnic spot for many Istanbul residents. The central square is the center of Üsküdar with departing ferries and a Marmaray station adding to the importance of the square. The area behind the ferry dock is a busy shopping district, with many restaurants (including the well-known Kanaat Lokantası serving Ottoman cuisine, olive oil -based dishes, and ice cream) and
980-625: Is in the village), architects Nevzat Sayin and Cengiz Bektaş , and the late poet Can Yücel . The neighborhood is also portrayed in the novel Mediterranean Waltz (Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna) by Buket Uzuner . Just beyond the Bosphorus Bridge is Beylerbeyi , an area known in Istanbul for its fish restaurants, and for the Beylerbeyi Palace on the shore. Sultan Abdülhamit II of Ottoman Empire died here in 1918. Formerly
1050-465: Is one of Istanbul's oldest-established residential areas. It is directly opposite the old city of Eminönü and transport across the Bosphorus is easy by boat or bridge. So there are well-established communities here, many retired people, and many residents commute to the European side for work or school (being cheap and central Üsküdar has a large student population). During the rush-hour, the waterfront
1120-581: Is possibile that he converted. However, Eusebius of Caesarea , writing under the rule of Constantine, charges him with expelling Christians from the Palace and ordering military sacrifices to pagan gods, as well as interfering with the Church's internal procedures and organization. It has been theorized that he originally supported Christians along with Constantine, but later in his life turned against them and to paganism. Finally, on Licinius's death, his memory
1190-809: Is the founder of the Jelveti Sufi order; the Nasuhi Efendi at Doğancılar, who is the founder of the Nasuhiyye Khalwati Sufi order and the grandfather of the Turkish-American music producer Ahmet Ertegun ; and the famous Özbekler Tekkesi at Sultantepe , where the Ertegun family members are buried. The Üsküdar Mevlevi dergah is the second of its kind following the one in Galata . Built in 1790 by Sheikh Numan Dede of
1260-933: Is the smaller Çinili (Tiled) Mosque . In Karacaahmet Cemetery is the large Şakirin Mosque , built in 2009. The Namazgâh Mosque (built in 1860) in the eastern part of Üsküdar, close to the border with Ümraniye , is one of the few historical wooden mosques in Istanbul. The new Çamlıca Mosque is a landmark with its grand size overlooking Istanbul on Chamlija Hill. Other important mosques of Üsküdar include Ahmediye, Ahmet Ağa, Ahmet Çelebi, Altunizade, Ayazma , Aziz Mahmud Hudayi , Baki Efendi, Beylerbeyi , Bodrumi Ömer Lütfi Efendi, Bostancı, Bulgurlu, Çakırcıbaşı, Fatih, Gülfem Hatun , Hacı Ömer, İmrahor, İranlılar, İstavroz, Kandilli, Kara Davut Pasha, Kaymak Mustafa Pasha, Kısıklı, Küleli Bahçe, Malatyalı İsmail Ağa, Mirzazade, Paşalimanı, Rum Mehmet Pasha , Selimiye , Solak Sinan, Tahır Efendi, Üryanizade, and Vanikoy. Churches of Üsküdar include
1330-602: The Battle of Adrianople (3 July 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium . The defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius in the Battle of the Hellespont by Crispus , Constantine's eldest son and Caesar , compelled his withdrawal to Bithynia , where a last stand was made; the Battle of Chrysopolis , near Chalcedon (18 September), resulted in Licinius' final submission. In this conflict Licinius
1400-682: The Battle of Cibalae in Pannonia (8 October 314). Although the situation was temporarily settled, with both men sharing the consulship in 315, it was but a lull in the storm. The next year a new war erupted, when Licinius named Valerius Valens co-emperor, only for Licinius to suffer a humiliating defeat on the plains in the Battle of Mardia (also known as the Battle of Campus Ardiensis) in Thrace . The emperors were reconciled after these two battles and Licinius had his co-emperor Valens killed. Over
1470-482: The Byzantine Empire . This may commemorate the leather scutum shields used by guards since the word scutari means 'raw tanned leather'. Invading Persians , Slavic tribes , Arabs , and Crusaders called the city Esküdar or Escutaire . Üsküdar was founded in the 7th century BC by ancient Greek colonists from Megara a few decades before Byzantium was founded on the opposite shore. It
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#17327805139421540-496: The Goths who were pillaging Thrace under their leader Rausimod , Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Constantine wasted no time going on the offensive. Licinius's fleet of 350 ships was defeated by Constantine's fleet in 323. Then in 324, Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him and having defeated his army of 165,000 men at
1610-697: The Karacaahmet Cemetery ), Halil Pasha (1617, attached to Halil Pasha 's tomb), Hudayi (first built in the 1590s but later much remodeled, near Aziz Mahmud Hudayi 's tomb), Sadettin Efendi (1741, near the tomb of Karacaahmet Cemetery), Şeyhülislam Arif Hikmet Bey (1858, near the Kartal Baba Mosque), Valide Çinili (1640, next to the Çinili Mosque), Valide-i Cedid (1709, next to the Yeni Valide Mosque), and Ziya Bey (1866, near
1680-649: The Marmaray rail service at the point where it starts its journey under the Bosphorus, re-emerging on the European side at Sirkeci . Via Marmaray, Üsküdar is linked to Gebze on the Asian side of the city and Halkali on the European side. Üsküdar is also a stop on the M5 Metro line to Çekmeköy. Buses run along the Bosphorus shore all the way up north to Anadolu Kavağı in Beykoz district. A bus service also operates to
1750-736: The Ottoman Empire and in the early Turkish Republic, the corresponding unit was the kaza . Most provinces bear the same name as their respective provincial capital districts. However, many urban provinces, designated as greater municipalities, have a center consisting of multiple districts, such as the provincial capital of Ankara province , The City of Ankara , comprising nine separate districts. Additionally three provinces, Kocaeli, Sakarya, and Hatay have their capital district named differently from their province, as İzmit, Adapazarı, and Antakya respectively. A district may cover both rural and urban areas. In many provinces, one district of
1820-482: The Selimiye Barracks , where Florence Nightingale once tended wounded British soldiers. Behind the coast, towards the east, Üsküdar climbs steeply into the residential areas uphill, Bağlarbaşı and Doğancılar. A neighborhood on the hill above Salacak, with plenty of trees between the buildings and a small park. There is a wide avenue winding uphill from Üsküdar, which has plenty of shops and cafes, and also
1890-439: The glassworks of Ottoman Turkey, and had a home in the area. The parkland is in fact privately owned and let to the state on condition that it is preserved as a park. The owners are the estate of Turkish industrialist Nuri Demirağ . There is a café in the park, a stone waterfall which children climb on and a small stage area where on Friday evenings in summer a band of amateur musicians give open-air concerts at sunset. At weekends
1960-494: The Armenian church of Surp Garabed, built in 1844. Until the 1990s the area remained a middle-class residential neighborhood, and today is still an attractive district with a mixture of housing and office/commercial property. A number of properties have been converted to office and business use. Altunizade is still an attractive residential neighborhood, home to the large and busy Capitol shopping and entertainment center. Altunizade
2030-620: The East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, became Augustus of the West. After making the pact, Licinius rushed immediately to the East to deal with another threat, an invasion by the Persian Sassanid Empire . In 314, a civil war erupted between Licinius and Constantine, in which Constantine used the pretext that Licinius was harbouring Senecio, whom Constantine accused of plotting to overthrow him. Constantine prevailed at
2100-514: The Empire, with additional dispositions that restored confiscated properties to Christian congregations and exempted Christian clergy from municipal civic duties. The redaction of the edict as reproduced by Lactantius – who follows the text affixed by Licinius in Nicomedia on 14 June 313, after Maximinus' defeat – uses neutral language, expressing a will to propitiate "any Divinity whatsoever in
2170-660: The European provinces and Maximinus taking the Asian. An alliance between Maximinus and Maxentius forced the two remaining emperors to enter into a formal agreement with each other. So, in March of 313, Licinius married Flavia Julia Constantia , half-sister of Constantine I , at Mediolanum (now Milan); they had a son, Licinius the Younger , in 315. Their marriage was the occasion for the jointly-issued " Edict of Milan " that reissued Galerius' previous edict allowing Christianity (and any religion one might choose) to be professed in
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2240-546: The Galata lodge, it underwent many restorations and functions as the Classic Turkish Arts Foundation today. Important tombs of saints ( awliya ) in Üsküdar include those of Aziz Mahmud Hudayi, Shaykh Mustafa Devati , and Shaykh Mehmet Nasuhi . Tombs of historical figures include Hacı Ahmet Pasha , Halil Pasha , İbrahim Edhem Pasha , Karaca Ahmet , and Rum Mehmet Pasha . Karacaahmet Cemetery ,
2310-759: The Illuminator) Armenian Church in Kuzguncuk (first built 1835, rebuilt 1861), and the Surp Yergodasan Arakelots (Twelve Apostoles) Armenian Church in Kandilli (built 1846). Synagogues of Üsküdar include Bet Yaakov (built 1878) and Bet Nissim (built in the 1840s). Important tekke s ( dervish lodges) include the Aziz Mahmud Hudayi (1541–1628), who is buried in the neighbourhood named after him and
2380-512: The Ottoman leader Orhan Gazi took Skoutarion, giving the Ottomans a base within sight of Constantinople for the first time. In the Ottoman period Üsküdar was one of the three communities outside the city walls of Constantinople (along with Eyüp and Galata ). The area was a major burial ground, and today many large cemeteries remain, including Karacaahmet Mezarlığı, Bülbülderesi Mezarlığı, and
2450-687: The Roman Empire. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Chrysopolis (AD 324), and was later executed on the orders of Constantine I. Born to a Dacian peasant family in Moesia Superior, Licinius accompanied his close childhood friend and future emperor Galerius , on the Persian expedition in 298. He was trusted enough by Galerius that in 307 he was sent as an envoy to Maxentius in Italy to attempt to reach some sort of agreement about
2520-626: The Tetrarchs - Daza’s wife and two children, Severus’ son Flavius Severianus , Galerius’ son Candidianus , Diocletian’s wife Prisca and daughter Valeria , who was also Galerius’ wife. Given that Constantine had already crushed his rival Maxentius in 312, the two men decided to divide the Roman world between them. As a result of this settlement, the Tetrarchy was replaced by a system of two emperors, called Augusti : Licinius became Augustus of
2590-416: The brief usurpation of the Armenian general Artabasdos , his eldest son, Niketas , was defeated with his forces at Chrysopolis by the army of Constantine V , before Artabasdos was finally deposed by the legitimate emperor Constantine and blinded. For this reason, and because of its location across from Constantinople , it was a natural target for anyone aiming at the capital. Also, in the 8th century AD it
2660-470: The coast from the center down in southern direction towards the bus station at Harem is popular in summer as it commands views of the European shore of Topkapı Palace , Hagia Sophia , Sultan Ahmed Mosque (The Blue Mosque ), Taksim and Beşiktaş . This promenade is lined with cafes and restaurants, the most prominent of which is not on the coast but out in the water: the Maiden's Tower ( Kız Kulesi ),
2730-581: The currents of the Bosporus, however, it never surpassed Byzantium. In AD 324, the final battle between Constantine I , Emperor of the West, and Licinius , Emperor of the East, in which Constantine defeated Licinius, took place at Chrysopolis. When Constantine made Byzantium his capital, Chrysopolis, together with Chalcedon, became suburbs. Chrysopolis remained important throughout the Byzantine period because all trade routes to Asia started there, and all Byzantine army units headed to Asia mustered there. During
2800-460: The deputy governor and sub-governors are responsible to the province governor ( vali ). Greater Municipalities, however, are administered differently where a separate seat of municipality exists for the entire province, having administrative power over all districts of the province. Municipalities ( belediye ) can be created in, and are subordinate to, the districts in which they are located. Each district has at least one municipality ( belde ) in
2870-454: The district center from which both the municipal government for that municipality and the district government is administered. A municipality is headed by an elected mayor ( belediye başkanı ) who administers the local government for defined municipal matters. More and more settlements which are outside district centers have municipalities as well, usually because their population requires one. A municipality's borders usually correspond to that of
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2940-449: The ferry docks and roughly corresponding to the current Mimar Sinan neighborhood (former Selmanağa, Tembel Hacı Mehmet, and İnkılap neighborhoods). This area includes large historic mosques, many businesses and markets, and is a transportation hub. Other prominent neighborhoods include the former villages on the Bosphorus to the north of the historic center, Kuzguncuk, Beylerbeyi, Çengelköy, Kuleli, Vaniköy (now part of Kandilli), and Kandilli;
3010-694: The highest point in Istanbul and commands a panoramic view of the entire city. One of the most prestiged schools of Turkey, Bilfen College is located on the Çamlıca hill. Üsküdar experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa/Cf ) according to both Köppen and Trewartha climate classifications, with cool winters and warm to hot summers. Unlike most of southern Istanbul, Üsküdar is cooler than its surroundings, with an average temperature slightly below 14 °C (57 °F), and an AHS heat zone rating of 3. However, its coastal location still does allow it to be classified as USDA hardiness zone 9a. Though densely populated, Üsküdar has many areas of greenery, including
3080-465: The historic Sarayburnu quarter of Fatih facing it on the opposite shore to the west. Üsküdar has been a conservative cultural center of the Anatolian side of Istanbul since Ottoman times with its landmark as well as numerous tiny mosques and dergahs . Üsküdar is a major transport hub, with ferries to Eminönü , Karaköy, Kabataş, Beşiktaş and some of the Bosphorus suburbs. Üsküdar is a stop on
3150-680: The largest and most visible çeşme s is the fountain of Ahmet III (1728–29), an impressive marble structure in the center of Üsküdar near the ferry docks. Other important çeşme s of Üsküdar include Gülnuş Emetullah Valide Sultan (1709, next to the Yeni Valide Mosque), Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874, Paşalimanı), Mustafa III (1760, next to the Ayazma Mosque), and Selim III (1802, in Çiçekçi, Harem İskelesi Street). Important sebil s of Üsküdar include those of Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1865, near
3220-557: The largest cemetery in Istanbul and one of the oldest, has many notable burials. Some of these include Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (1888-1959), an Islamic scholar; Shaykh Jamaluddin Kumuki (1788-1869), the father-in-law of Imam Shamil ; Sheikh Hamdullah (d. 1526), a master calligrapher. The cemetery runs between Üsküdar and Kadıköy . Other notable Ottoman features to be seen in Üsküdar are the many çeşme s (drinking water sources) and sebil s (kiosks for distribution of drinks). One of
3290-479: The latter's illegitimate political position. Galerius then trusted the eastern provinces to Licinius when he went to deal with Maxentius personally after the death of Severus II . Upon his return to the east Galerius elevated Licinius to the rank of Augustus in the West on 11 November 308, and under his immediate command were the Balkan provinces of Illyricum , Thrace and Pannonia . In 310 he took command of
3360-546: The neighborhoods along the Bosphorus shore south of the historic center, Salacak , Harem (now part of Aziz Mahmud Hudayı), and Selimiye; and the mostly residential neighborhoods on the hilltops and hillsides, Doğancılar (now mostly part of Aziz Mahmud Hudayı), İmrahor (now part of Salacak), Selamsız (now part of Selamiali), Bağlarbaşı (now part of Altunizade), Altunizade, Acıbadem, Küçük Çamlıca, and Büyük Çamlıca (mostly in Kısıklı, Burhaniye, and Ferah). Üsküdar's long promenade along
3430-516: The next ten years, the two imperial colleagues maintained an uneasy truce. Licinius kept himself busy with a campaign against the Sarmatians in 318, but temperatures rose again in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube into what was technically Licinius's territory. When he repeated this with another invasion, this time by
3500-509: The province. The districts and their populations (as of December 31, 2019) are listed below, by region and by province (with capital district in bold text). Licinius Valerius Licinianus Licinius ( Greek : Λικίνιος; c. 265 – 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign, he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I , with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan that granted official toleration to Christians in
3570-476: The seat of the heavens". Daza in the meantime decided to attack Licinius. Leaving Syria with 70,000 men, he reached Bithynia , although the harsh weather he encountered along the way had gravely weakened his army. In April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium , which was held by Licinius' troops. Undeterred, he took the town after an eleven-day siege. He moved to Heraclea, which he captured after
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#17327805139423640-458: The shore opposite the tower. The streets of Salacak behind the coast, in the area called Imrahor , are attractive and still hold a number of classic Ottoman wooden houses. The legendary 17th-century Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi is said to have landed here on his hang-glider flight across the Bosphorus. Further down along the coast is the Harem neighborhood, which contains a major intercity bus terminal and
3710-675: The summer town of Şile on the Black Sea . Üsküdar started as Chrysopolis (Greek: Χρυσόπολις , 'Golden City') and later became known as Scutari ( Skoutàrion , Σκουτάριον in Greek ), a name it retained until the founding of the Turkish Republic . Scutari was also used for the Albanian city Shkodër , which has a different etymology. Üsküdar was originally called Skoutarion ( Byzantine Greek : Σκουτάριον ) during
3780-451: The tasks, which are largely similar but are adapted to their locality. Greater municipalities ( büyükşehir belediyesi ) exist for large cities like Istanbul and İzmir that consist of an extra administrative layer run by an elected head mayor, who oversee the municipalities and mayors within the province. Currently, 30 provinces are administered by greater municipalities in addition to having separate municipalities for every district within
3850-759: The tomb of Karacaahmet). The Florence Nightingale Museum inside the Selimiye Barracks in Selimiye displays items associated with Nightingale and her medical work in Istanbul during the Crimean War . Beylerbeyi Palace in Beylerbeyi was built for Sultan Abdulaziz in the 1860s, and used as the last place Sultan Abdul Hamid II was held under house arrest by the Revolutionaries . Districts of Turkey The 81 provinces of Turkey are divided into 973 districts ( ilçeler ; sing. ilçe ). In
3920-763: The two armies clashed at the Battle of Tzirallum , and in the ensuing battle Daza's forces were crushed. Ridding himself of the imperial purple and dressing like a slave, Daza fled to Nicomedia . Believing he still had a chance to come out victorious, Daza attempted to stop the advance of Licinius at the Cilician Gates by establishing fortifications there. Unfortunately for Daza, Licinius' army succeeded in breaking through, forcing Daza to retreat to Tarsus , where Licinius continued to press him on land and sea. The war between them ended only with Daza's death in August 313. Licinius sought out and killed multiple relatives of
3990-558: The urban settlement it covers, but may also include some undeveloped land. Villages ( köy ) outside municipalities and quarters or neighborhoods ( mahalle ) within municipalities are the lowest level of local government, and are also the most numerous unit of local government in Turkey. They elect muhtars to care for specific administrative matters such as residence registration. The designation slightly differs ( köy muhtarı for village muhtar, mahalle muhtarı for quarter muhtar) and
4060-460: The village retains some of its romantic charm. The word çengel means "hook" or "anchor" in Turkish, and köy means "village"; apparently there were blacksmiths or metalworkers in the village in Ottoman times. The highly prestigious Kuleli Military High School is on the Bosphorus just beyond Çengelköy. Most graduates from here go on to military academy and careers as army officers. This hill, known as Tchamlidja in 19th-century spelling, has
4130-595: The war against the Sarmatians , inflicting a severe defeat on them. On the death of Galerius in May 311, Licinius entered into an agreement with Maximinus Daza to share the eastern provinces between them. By this point, not only was Licinius the official Augustus of the west but he also possessed part of the eastern provinces as well, as the Hellespont and the Bosporus became the dividing line, with Licinius taking
4200-510: The young lovers of Üsküdar gather here to stroll and cuddle in the shade. Üsküdar is home to over 180 mosques, many of them historic Ottoman buildings, many built for women of the imperial harem, and many built by the architect Mimar Sinan . Among the first things one sees on arriving by ferry are two mosques near the ferry terminal, both of them designed by Sinan. The larger one is the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque , sometimes called
4270-417: The Çamlıca hills, the Bosphorus coastline, and various parks. In addition, the area has a high concentration of historic buildings and religious sites. Fethi Paşa Korusu is a large park on the hillside that extends down to the Bosphorus shore, slightly beyond Üsküdar in the area called Paşalimanı. It is named after Fetih Ahmet Paşa an Ottoman prince who among other things was responsible for industrializing
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#17327805139424340-960: The İlya Profiti (Prophet Elijah) Greek Orthodox Church in Muratreis (present building built in 1831), the Kandilli Khristos Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi (built in 1810), the Surp Garabet (Saint John the Baptist) Armenian Church in Murat Reis (first church on the site, 1590; present building built 1888), the Surp Haç (Holy Cross) Armenian Church in Selami Ali (built 1676, rebuilt 1880), the Surp Krikor Lusavoriç (Saint Gregory
4410-752: The İskele (Dock) Mosque, built by a daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent ; the smaller one is the Şemsi Pasha Mosque , built by a vizier of Suleiman's. Şemsi Pasha has a small library building in the courtyard. Opposite the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque is the large Yeni Valide Mosque , commissioned by Ahmet III's mother. Uphill from the dock in the Valideiatik neighborhood is the Atik Valide Mosque , built by Murat III's mother and also designed by Sinan. Further uphill from there
4480-405: Was at least a committed supporter of Christians at one point. He co-authored the Edict of Milan which ended the Great Persecution , and re-affirmed the rights of Christians in his half of the empire. He also added the Christian symbol to his armies, and attempted to regulate the affairs of the Church hierarchy just as Constantine and his successors were to do. His wife was a devout Christian. It
4550-445: Was established in the early 19th century by Altunizade İsmail Zühtü Pasha . He also commissioned Altunizade Mosque , which was built in 1866. There are a number of well-known schools within the district including Üsküdar American Academy , one of the oldest established schools in the city, Üsküdar High School, a state school, Haydarpasha High School, Marmara University 's faculty of theology; and Burhan Felek sports complex. Selamsız
4620-431: Was originally called Chrysopolis ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Χρυσόπολις , 'Golden City'). According to an ancient Greek geographer, the city received the name Chrysopolis because the Persian empire had a gold depository there or because it was associated with Agamemnon and Chryseis ' son, Chryses. On the other hand, according to an 18th-century writer, it received the name because of the excellence of its harbor. The city
4690-415: Was sentenced to death. While attempting to flee to the Goths, Licinius was apprehended at Thessalonica . Constantine had him hanged, accusing him of conspiring to raise troops among the barbarians. As part of Constantine's attempts to decrease Licinius's popularity, he actively portrayed his brother-in-law as a pagan supporter. This may not have been the case; contemporary evidence tends to suggest that he
4760-448: Was supported by the Gothic prince Alica . Due to the intervention of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and his co-emperor Martinian were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in Thessalonica , Martinian in Cappadocia ; however, both former emperors were subsequently executed. After his defeat, Licinius attempted to regain power with Gothic support, but his plans were exposed, and he
4830-421: Was taken by a small band of Arabs, who caused considerable destruction and panic in Constantinople, before withdrawing. In 988, a rebellion that nearly toppled Basil II began in Chrysopolis, before he was able to crush with the aid of Russian mercenaries . In the 12th century, the city changed its name to Skoutarion ( Greek : Σκουτάριον ), the name deriving from the Emperor's Skoutarion Palace nearby. In 1338
4900-510: Was used as a harbor and shipyard and was an important staging post in the wars between the Greeks and Persians. In 410 BC Chrysopolis was taken by the Athenian general Alcibiades , and the Athenians used it thenceforth to charge a toll on ships coming from and going to the Black Sea. Long overshadowed by its neighbor Chalcedon during the Hellenistic and Roman period, it maintained its identity and increased its prosperity until it surpassed Chalcedon. Due to its less favorable location with respect to
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