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56-611: The Utcubamba River originates in the highlands of the central mountain range, then it flows north through the Amazonas Region before joining the Marañón River . The semitropical valley of the river is the former site of the pre-Columbian Chachapoyas culture and a popular tourist destination. Its many tributaries support the towns and farms of La Peca , Copallín , Cajaruro , Shipasbamba , La Florida , and Yambrasbamba . Numerous hydroelectric dams have been built on

112-509: A Quechua word that means doors. The Utkupampa valley which is the real axis of the department of Amazonas is located between 5° and 6° of south latitude and 78° and 79° of west longitude. It is longitudinally developed up to the Marañón River, in which it flowed at 400 m. This zone is the principal center of production and human groups location. It is developed in four very pronounced sectors: The principal tributaries of

168-791: A Quechua language. Although Quechua began expanding many centuries before the Incas , that previous expansion also meant that it was the primary language family within the Inca Empire. The Spanish also tolerated its use until the Peruvian struggle for independence in the 1780s. As a result, various Quechua languages are still widely spoken today, being co-official in many regions and the most spoken language lineage in Peru , after Spanish. The Quechua linguistic homeland may have been Central Peru. It has been speculated that it may have been used in

224-1048: A fourth, a northern or Peruvian branch. The latter causes complications in the classification, however, as various dialects (e.g. Cajamarca–Cañaris , Pacaraos , and Yauyos ) have features of both Quechua I and Quechua II, and so are difficult to assign to either. Torero classifies them as the following: Willem Adelaar adheres to the Quechua I / Quechua II (central/peripheral) bifurcation. But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I: Ancash (Huaylas–Conchucos) Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Yaru Wanka (Jauja–Huanca) Yauyos–Chincha (Huangáscar–Topará) Pacaraos Lambayeque (Cañaris) Cajamarca Lincha Laraos Kichwa ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Lamas (San Martín) Ayacucho Cusco Puno (Collao) Northern Bolivian (Apolo) Southern Bolivia Santiago del Estero Landerman (1991) does not believe

280-456: A loose economic position, keeping, nevertheless, the austerity of the customs that was one of the highlight points of Chachapoyas' social life. With time the settlers were spreading to other zones of the region, such as Luya , city that was established in 1569 by the governor Lope García de Castro , ratified later in its administrative organization by the viceroy Francisco de Toledo . There it bloomed an agriculture of varied production and

336-547: A reference point, the overall degree of diversity across the family is a little less than that of the Romance or Germanic families, and more of the order of Slavic or Arabic . The greatest diversity is within Central Quechua, or Quechua I, which is believed to lie close to the homeland of the ancestral Proto-Quechua language. Alfredo Torero devised the traditional classification, the three divisions above, plus

392-591: A significant influence on other native languages of the Americas, such as Mapuche . It is difficult to measure the number of Quechua speakers. The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The total in Ethnologue 16 is 10 million, primarily based on figures published 1987–2002, but with a few dating from the 1960s. The figure for Imbabura Highland Quechua in Ethnologue , for example,

448-548: A true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern. He includes Chachapoyas and Lamas in North Peruvian Quechua so Ecuadorian is synonymous with Northern Quechua. Quechua I (Central Quechua, Waywash ) is spoken in Peru's central highlands, from the Ancash Region to Huancayo . It

504-459: Is 300,000, an estimate from 1977. The missionary organization FEDEPI, on the other hand, estimated one million Imbabura dialect speakers (published 2006). Census figures are also problematic, due to under-reporting. The 2001 Ecuador census reports only 500,000 Quechua speakers, compared to the estimate in most linguistic sources of more than 2 million. The censuses of Peru (2007) and Bolivia (2001) are thought to be more reliable. Additionally, there

560-436: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Peru is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Amazonas (Peruvian department) Amazonas ( Spanish pronunciation: [amaˈsonas] ) is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on

616-653: Is a secondary division in Quechua II between the grammatically simplified northern varieties of Ecuador, Quechua II-B, known there as Kichwa , and the generally more conservative varieties of the southern highlands, Quechua II-C, which include the old Inca capital of Cusco . The closeness is at least in part because of the influence of Cusco Quechua on the Ecuadorean varieties in the Inca Empire. Because Northern nobles were required to educate their children in Cusco, this

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672-534: Is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes . Derived from a common ancestral " Proto-Quechua " language, it is today the most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, with the number of speakers estimated at 8–10 million speakers in 2004, and just under 7 million from the most recent census data available up to 2011. Approximately 13.9% (3.7 million) of Peruvians speak

728-455: Is an unknown number of speakers in emigrant communities. There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador, as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia. They can be labeled Quechua I (or Quechua B, central) and Quechua II (or Quechua A, peripheral). Within the two groups, there are few sharp boundaries, making them dialect continua . However, there

784-563: Is located 3,000 meters above sea level, higher than the site of Machu Picchu. It is located above the Amazon River , where it bends before entering the broad lowland basin. A huge construction of military architecture, Kuélap's Fortress includes the ruins of some 450 houses. The Chachapoyas culture developed during the Inca age; these people strongly opposed the Incan conquest and repelled

840-768: The Chavín and Wari civilizations. Quechua had already expanded across wide ranges of the central Andes long before the expansion of the Inca Empire . The Inca were one among many peoples in present-day Peru who already spoke a form of Quechua, which in the Cuzco region particularly has been heavily influenced by Aymara , hence some of the characteristics that still distinguish the Cuzco form of Quechua today. Diverse Quechua regional dialects and languages had already developed in different areas, influenced by local languages, before

896-595: The University of San Marcos , completed and defended the first thesis in the language group in 2019; it concerned the works of poet Andrés Alencastre Gutiérrez and it was also the first non-Spanish native language thesis done at that university. Currently, there are different initiatives that promote Quechua in the Andes and across the world: many universities offer Quechua classes, a community-based organization such as Elva Ambía 's Quechua Collective of New York promote

952-548: The bishop of Maynas Hipólito Sánchez , who were fighting openly against independence . Noted patriots born in Amazonas include: The military chief of Moyobamba , colonel José Matos , organized an army of 600 men, who confronted the patriots on June 6, 1821, in Higos Urco pampa . Although the latter lacked training, military knowledge or discipline, they faced the realistas determined to give their lives in defense of

1008-487: The chronicler Blas Valera ), Pedro Romero , Bernardino de Anaya and Francisco de Fuentes . According to the Spanish custom, the layout of the city was made by means of rectilinear design streets. A few years after its foundation, the prosperity of the region began to demonstrate itself in magnificent constructions in the city of Chachapoyas, with big courts , wide lounges and architectural characteristics adapted to

1064-738: The 16th century, the Chachapoya were among the many nations incorporated into the Inca Empire . Their incorporation to the Inca Empire had not been easy, due to the sprouts of resistance that the chachapoyas offered repeatedly to the Inca's troops. The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León offers some notes about the Chachapoyas: "They are the whitest and most handsome of all the people that I have seen in Indies , and their wives were so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserved to be

1120-589: The Americas. As a result of Inca expansion into Central Chile , there were bilingual Quechua- Mapudungu Mapuche in Central Chile at the time of the Spanish arrival . It has been argued that Mapuche, Quechua, and Spanish coexisted in Central Chile , with significant bilingualism, during the 17th century. Alongside Mapudungun, Quechua is the indigenous language that has influenced Chilean Spanish

1176-649: The Country Society), founder and collaborator of the newspaper Mercurio Peruano , deputy of the Spanish Parliament and congressman of the first Constituent Congress , in which the majority of its members were his disciples. The department of Amazonas was created by a law issued by the government of the marshal Agustín Gamarra , promulgated on November 21, 1832. The initiative belonged to two illustrious children of Chachapoyas: Modesto de la Vega and José Braulio de Camporredondo . Camporredondo

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1232-556: The Inca Empire expanded and further promoted Quechua as the official language of the Empire. After the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Quechua continued to be used widely by the indigenous peoples as the "common language." It was officially recognized by the Spanish administration, and many Spaniards learned it in order to communicate with local peoples. The clergy of the Catholic Church adopted Quechua to use as

1288-511: The Incas' wives and to also be taken to the Sun Temple (...) The women and their husbands always dressed in woolen clothes and in their heads they wear their llautos , which are a sign they wear to be known everywhere." Cieza adds that, after the annexation to the Inca Empire, the Chachapoya apparently adopted the customs imposed by the people from the department of Cuzco . The meaning of

1344-474: The Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply. Gradually its use declined so that it was spoken mostly by indigenous people in the more isolated and conservative rural areas. Nevertheless, in the 21st century, Quechua language speakers number roughly 7 million people across South America, more than any other indigenous language family in

1400-650: The Utcubamba River from which a large portion of the Amazon Region derives its electricity. The Utcubamba River also passes through the Utcubamba Valley and is the source of irrigation for most of the cultivation done here. The tropical climate of the valley combined with the availability of water for the farms has helped to make this area one of the biggest producers of crops like maize, rice and banana. This Amazonas geography article

1456-1039: The Utkupampa are the Chiriaco , the Nieva , the Santiago (that is born in Ecuador ) and the Cenepa , that is born in the north zone of the Cordillera del Cóndor . The Cenepa River receives in its trip numerous tributaries like the Comaina . It flowed in the Marañon river , located near Orellana ( Condorcanqui Province ). The Utkupampa valley which is born in the high jalcas of the Chachapoyas Province and which runs from southeast to northwest to mix with

1512-496: The churches of Santa Ana , San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos were built. Three religious convents were also established: San Francisco, La Merced and that of the betlehemitas. The majority of the persons who settled in Chachapoyas from the time of its foundation were people with nobility , but poor. They were living in a modest and worthily way and they devoted themselves to agriculture and mining . Many settlers achieved

1568-590: The closest to the Pacific Ocean , but also its connections with the routes of the coast are the lowest. This is because they use the Paso de Porculla (the mountain pass of Porculla) that is located at 2,144 m. This is the lowest pass of the whole Peruvian Andes to arrive to the Pan-American road system. The vast and deep Marañón valley which constitutes one of the most important morphologic features of

1624-406: The coast, or by the rivers from the region of the east. Such situation continue until 1960, date in which the highway arrived to Chachapoyas, although it had been already preceded by air transport. Later, during the last government of the doctor Manuel Prado , there was constructed and inaugurated the highway that joins Chachapoyas with the big route of penetration Olmos-Marañon. With this, Amazonas

1680-561: The country. The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines. The Bible has been translated into Quechua and is distributed by certain missionary groups. Quechua, along with Aymara and minor indigenous languages, remains essentially a spoken language . In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Even in these areas,

1736-517: The demanded conditions. This was the reason why the location of the flaming city was changed several times. According to the papers of the epoch, the last time that a change was made was in 1544, but it is unknown when the city was established in its current place. The same day of Chachapoyas' foundation, the members of the first cabildo were elected, turning out to be designated the councillors Gómez de Alvarado , Alonso de Chávez , Gonzalo de Trujillo , Gonzalo de Guzmán , Luis Valera (father of

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1792-460: The dialects is the basic criterion that defines Quechua not as a single language, but as a language family. The complex and progressive nature of how speech varies across the dialect continua makes it nearly impossible to differentiate discrete varieties; Ethnologue lists 45 varieties which are then divided into two groups; Central and Peripheral. Due to the non-intelligibility between the two groups, they are all classified as separate languages. As

1848-531: The east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas . With a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains, Amazonas is the location of Kuelap , a huge stone fortress enclosing more than 400 stone structures; it was built on a mountain about 3,000 meters high, starting about 500 AD and was occupied to the mid-16th century. It is one of Peru's major archeological sites. The department of Amazonas consists of regions covered by rainforests and mountain ranges . The rainforest zone predominates (72.93%) and it extends to

1904-416: The express order to found a Christian city at Chachapoyas. The chroniclers say that, when the Spanish arrived to the region, the Chachapoyas people gave big parties in their honor and gave them many rich gifts willingly, also numerous examples of appreciation, including showing some interest to become Christians. Pizarro decided to send a second expedition, this time with instructions to take possession of

1960-517: The first Inca attempts to incorporate the region to their empire in the 15th century. The Spanish colonial region's capital, Chachapoyas, was founded in 1538 by Alonso de Alvarado . During the same year, its first church was built. Later the Santa Ana, San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos churches were built. In April 1821, the city's inhabitants expelled the Spaniards and ignored their rule, following

2016-506: The following dates: The colonial splendour of Chachapoyas , almost a complete city, was disappearing during the Republic because it had been imposed in the country new means of transport that were turning it in a cloistered and outlying city from the rest of the country. Chachapoyas remained this way during more than one century in the Republic. Without highways of access, the route had to be done on horse, in long and painful caravans from

2072-869: The governments are reaching only a part of the Quechua-speaking populations. Some indigenous people in each of the countries are having their children study in Spanish for social advancement. Radio Nacional del Perú broadcasts news and agrarian programs in Quechua for periods in the mornings. Quechua and Spanish are now heavily intermixed in much of the Andean region, with many hundreds of Spanish loanwords in Quechua. Similarly, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), misi (cat), waska (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas. Quechua has also had

2128-572: The lake Pumaqucha . Some excavation of archaeological sites covered over by the rain forest have attested to the presence of humans in the area since ancient times. Most of the Pre- Hispanic cultures that became prosperous in the area are still a mystery due to the lack of research. Deep in the interior, Kuélap's Fortress is an ancient walled city and archeological site in the mountains. The largest stone complex in South America, it

2184-648: The language of evangelization . The oldest written records of the language are by missionary Domingo de Santo Tomás , who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540. He published his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú (Grammar or Art of the General Language of the Indians of the Kingdoms of Peru) in 1560. Given its use by the Catholic missionaries,

2240-439: The language, and governments are training interpreters in Quechua to serve in healthcare, justice, and bureaucratic facilities. In 1975, Peru became the first country to recognize Quechua as one of its official languages. Ecuador conferred official status on the language in its 2006 constitution, and in 2009, Bolivia adopted a new constitution that recognized Quechua and several other indigenous languages as official languages of

2296-556: The most. Quechua-Aymara and mixed Quechua-Aymara- Mapudungu toponymy can be found as far south as Osorno Province in Chile (latitude 41° S). In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez at Pablo de Olavide University ( Sevilla ). The same year Pablo Landeo wrote the first novel in Quechua without a Spanish translation. A Peruvian student, Roxana Quispe Collantes of

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2352-472: The north over its oriental slope, up to the border with Ecuador in the summits of the Cordillera del Cóndor . The mountain range zone is located in the southern provinces of the Amazonas Region and it only includes 27.07% of its whole territorial surface. One of the factors that help to give big importance to its geography is not only that the big valleys and plains of its rainforest zone are

2408-596: The proclaimed freedom. Matea Rimachi was an Amazonas woman renowned as a heroine of Higos Urco . Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza , a professor , politician , philosopher and jurist , was one of the most important patriot leaders of the Amazonas. He signed the record of national independence in Lima . He was the rector of the Convictorio de San Carlos , member of the Sociedad Amantes del País (Lovers of

2464-492: The range of Quechua continued to expand in some areas. In the late 18th century, colonial officials ended the administrative and religious use of Quechua. They banned it from public use in Peru after the Túpac Amaru II rebellion of indigenous peoples. The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales . Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after

2520-542: The region. The Marañón valley crosses a big part of its territory and expands itself from south to north. It reaches its greatest width in the province of Bagua . It narrows when it crosses the Cordillera Oriental ( Spanish for "eastern mountain range") in its most violent route towards the east, towards the lowest part of the Amazon . It crosses those wonderful canyons and natural porches called punkus ,

2576-408: The regions of Pataz , Chachapoyas and Maynas will stay inside the limits of the Amazonas Region. Salaverry tried futilely to annul the creation of this department that, later, according to diverse demarcating dispositions was diminishing in its area. Most of its territory was dismembered in 1866, when the department of Loreto was created. The creation of its current provinces was realized in

2632-519: The steps taken by the San Martín liberating army as Peru gained independence from Spain. The area of the Amazonas Region was strongly linked to the movement for independence. The cleric Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza was its most outstanding representative, encouraging the patriots of this era and signing the National Act of Independence. The Cordillera del Condor , located in this region,

2688-425: The upbringing of dairy , sheep and equine cattle. In one of his pastoral visits, Saint Toribio de Mogrovejo visited the principal populations of this department in this epoch. The inhabitants of Chachapoyas became involved in the movement for independence. In April 1821, helping the action of San Martin's liberating army, they ignored the Spanish authorities, exiling the subdelegate Francisco Baquedano and

2744-412: The waters of the Marañón River, forms the immense plain of Bagua . This plain has a warm climate, which temperature can reach a maximum of 40 °C, being the minimum one 21 °C. Like in the whole high jungle region of Peru –head of mountain-, its water regimen is irregular and sometimes without rains. Some of the important places inside this route are the touristic corridor of the Utkupampa and

2800-582: The word chachapoya is unknown. If it is in the Quechua language , it may have been derived from sacha-p-collas , meaning the "colla people who live in the woods" ( sacha = wild p = of the colla = nation in which Aimara is spoken). Quechua language Quechua ( / ˈ k ɛ tʃ u ə / , Spanish: [ˈketʃwa] ), also called Runa simi ( Quechua: [ˈɾʊna ˈsɪmɪ] , 'people's language') in Southern Quechua ,

2856-420: The zone, delivering Alvarado a provision so he would be able to found the city of San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas . But this time Pizarro's envoy met the bellicose resistance of a curaca called Huamán , whom they had to defeat before coming to their destination, where they founded the mentioned city on September 5, 1538. Alvarado had chosen a place called Jalca , which apparently did not have

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2912-425: The zone. The colonial aspect of Chachapoyas stays almost intact until now, and it is one of the most attractive characteristics of this old city. A refined religious feeling was one of the characteristics that distinguished the settlers of this region during the colonial period. In the same year of the foundation of Chachapoyas, the first church was built. Its first priest was Hernando Gutiérrez Palacios . Later

2968-472: Was in charge of the presidency of the republic, in absence of the marshall Gamarra . Four years later, a department of the same name was established alongside the Peru–Bolivian Confederation . The same law contained a series of norms to promote the economic development of the new Hindu network including exonerations of rights in its commerce with Ecuador or Brazil. In accordance with this law,

3024-585: Was maintained as the prestige dialect in the north. Speakers from different points within any of the three regions can generally understand one another reasonably well. There are nonetheless significant local-level differences across each. ( Wanka Quechua , in particular, has several very distinctive characteristics that make the variety more challenging to understand, even for other Central Quechua speakers.) Speakers from different major regions, particularly Central or Southern Quechua, are not able to communicate effectively. The lack of mutual intelligibility among

3080-541: Was put in direct communication with Lima and the rest of the Republic. The department of Amazonas possesses a great past that is still precariously evaluated and spread. On its borders, there are fabulous archaeological testimonies like Cuélap , the most extensive monument of the Peruvian ancestral past. Cuélap was the main city of the Chachapoyas culture in their peak years. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in

3136-600: Was the scene of the border war between Peru and Ecuador in 1981. The natives of the region received in a jubilant and cordial way the first Spanish who came into Amazonas. They knew about their arrival in Peru by the news that they had received from Cajamarca . Those people had told Francisco Pizarro that Chachapoyas was an excellent agricultural region where the people possessed a lot of gold and silver. The conquistador did not lose time and formed an expedition of 20 men, putting captain Alonso de Alvarado in charge of it, with

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