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49-642: The population consists principally of Baloch , followed by Sindhis and Pashtuns . The population is predominantly Muslim . The Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science is located in Uthal, BRC college and PTC college This Balochistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baloch people Second language: The Baloch ( / b ə ˈ l oʊ tʃ / bə- LOHCH ) or Baluch ( / b ə ˈ l uː tʃ / bə- LOOCH ; Balochi : بلۏچ , romanized:  Balòc , plural بلۏچانٚ ) are

98-803: A nomadic , pastoral , ethnic group which speaks the Western Iranic Balochi language and is native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia , encompassing the countries of Pakistan , Iran , and Afghanistan . There are also Baloch diaspora communities in neighbouring regions, including in Central Asia , and the Arabian Peninsula . The majority of the Baloch reside within Pakistan. About 50% of

147-445: A religious —and, as some scholars have claimed, proto-socialist or utopian socialist —state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam , and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi , a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars . They rejected the claim of Fatimid Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in

196-516: A Baloch mother singing lullabies to her children has played an important role in the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation since ancient times. Apart from the dressing style of the Baloch, indigenous and local traditions and customs are also of great importance to the Baloch. Baloch Culture Day is celebrated by the Balochi people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate their rich culture and history. Traditionally, Jalal Khan

245-590: A Balochi legend is backed up by the medieval Qarmatians . The fact that the Kalmatis were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century Muhammad Qasim Ferishta . According to another historian Ali Sher Kanei , the author of Tuhfatul Kiram, in his history written in 1774 A.D, he believes that only the Rind tribe from Jalal Khan , a descendant of Muhammad ibn Harun, nicknamed Makurani,

294-678: A Hindu Baloch community living in India who trace their origin to southern Balochistan but migrated to India during the Partition . Qarmatians States People Centers Other The Qarmatians ( Arabic : قرامطة , romanized :  Qarāmiṭa ; Persian : قرمطیان , romanized :  Qarmatiyān ) were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in Al-Ahsa in Eastern Arabia , where they established

343-770: A final blow in 1067 by the combined forces of Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni , who with the help of Seljuk army contingents from Iraq, laid siege to Hofuf for seven years and finally forced the Carmathians to surrender. In Bahrain and eastern Arabia, the Qarmatian state was replaced by the Uyunid dynasty , and it is believed that by the mid-11th century, Qarmatian communities in Iraq , Iran , and Transoxiana had either been integrated by Fatimid proselytism or disintegrated. By

392-473: A position of pre-eminence in the Qarmaṭī state. Henceforth, the grandsons of Abū Sa'īd were also admitted to the ruling council. After the death of Abū Ya'qūb in 366/977, the Qarmaṭī state came to be ruled jointly by six of Abū Sa'īd’s grandsons, known collectively as al-sāda al-ru'asā'. Meanwhile, al-Ḥasan al-A'ṣam, son of Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad and a nephew of Abū Ṭāhir, had become the commander of the Qarmaṭī forces. He

441-533: A result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries. By the 9th century, Arab writers refer to the Baloch as living in the area between Kerman , Khorasan , Sistan , and Makran in what is now eastern Iran. Although they kept flocks of sheep, the Baloches also engaged in plundering travelers on the desert routes. This brought them into conflict with

490-507: A sharia-compliant Pakistan state, liberating Muslims from oppression, etc. In 2020, 800,000 Pakistani Balochis were estimated to follow the Zikri sect. A small number of Balochs are non-Muslims, particularly in the Bugti clan which has Hindu and Sikh members. There are Hindu Balochs in the Bugti , Marri , Rind , Bezenjo, Zehri , Mengal and other Baloch tribes. The Bhagnaris are

539-654: A split in the movement. The minority Ismā‘īlīs, whose leader had taken control of the Salamiyah centre, began to proclaim their teachings that Imām Muḥammad had died and that the new leader in Salamiyah ( Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah ) was in fact his descendant come out of hiding and was the Mahdi (a Messianic figure who will appear on Earth before the Day of Judgment and rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny). Qarmaṭ and his brother-in-law opposed this and openly broke with

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588-693: A type of Arabic script . The Qarāmiṭah in Sawad (southern Iraq ) were also known as "the Greengrocers" ( al-Baqliyyah ) because they followed the teachings of Abū Hātim al-Zutti , who in 908 forbade animal slaughter . He also forbade radishes and alliums such as garlic, onions, and leeks. By 928, it is uncertain whether the people still held on to those teachings. Under the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), various Shiite groups organised in secret opposition to their rule. Among them were

637-473: Is a direct descendant of Hamza . Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the Western Iranian languages , the original homeland of the Balochi tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central Caspian region. The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late Sasanian period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as

686-572: Is now Syria . They claim to be descendants of Ameer Hamza , uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who settled in Halab, present-day Aleppo . After the fight against second Umayyad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala in 680, in which Ameer Hamza's descendants supported and fought alongside Husayn ibn Ali , descendants of Ameer Hamza migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region , specially toward Sistan , Iran. Dayaram Gidumal writes that

735-632: Is the most common paternal clade . Haplogroup L-M20 is the most common paternal clade in Makran . The majority of the Baloch people in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims: 64.78% belong to the Deobandi movement, 33.38% to the Barelvi movement, and 1.25% to the Ahl-i Hadith movement. Shia Muslims comprise 0.59% of Balochs. Although Baloch leaders, backed by traditional scholarship, have held that

784-854: The Buyids , and later the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs . Adud al-Dawla of the Buyid dynasty launched a punitive campaign against them and defeated them in 971–972. After this, the Baloch continued their eastward migration towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian Sistan-Baluchestan and Kerman provinces. Upon arrival, various people's of non-Baloch origins were absorbed into

833-604: The Jamhoori Watan Party from 2006 until his death in 2015. There are 98,000 Marri based in Kohlo district in 2008, who further divide themselves into Gazni Marri, Bejarani Marri, and Zarkon Marri. Violent intertribal competition has prevented any credible attempt at creating a nation-state . A myriad of militant secessionist movements, each loyal to their own tribal leader, threatens regional security and political stability. For most Balochs, haplogroup R1a

882-558: The Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab . The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, or alternatively, from about 1300 to about 1850. Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch,

931-610: The Baloch might be the Gwalior inscription of the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Mihira Bhoja (r. 836–885), which says that the dynasty's founder Nagabhata I repelled a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas , translated as "Baluch foreigners" by D. R. Bhandarkar . The army in question is that of the Umayyad Caliphate after the conquest of Sindh . According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from Aleppo in what

980-433: The Baloch people are secular, Christine Fair and Ali Hamza found during their 2017 study that, when it comes to Islamism , "contrary to the conventional wisdom, Baloch are generally indistinguishable from other Pakistanis in Balochistan or the rest of Pakistan". There are virtually no statistically significant or substantive differences between Balochi Muslims and other Muslims in Pakistan in terms of religiosity, support for

1029-515: The Baloch tribal system, which has been a major phenomenon throughout the history of Baloch people, and today a significant Baloch population in Pakistan has diverse origins. By the 13th–14th centuries, waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh, and by the 15th century into the Punjab. According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, professor at University of Karachi , the Balochis migrated from Balochistan during

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1078-572: The Carmathian state shrank to local dimensions. Bahrain broke away in CE 1058 under the leadership of Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam who re-established orthodox Islam on the islands. Similar revolts removed from Carmathian control at about the same time. Deprived of all outside income and control of the coasts, the Carmathians retreated to their stronghold at the Hofuf Oasis. Their dynasty was finally dealt

1127-953: The Ismā‘īlī leader al-Husayn al-Ahwāzī converted the Kūfan man Ḥamdān in 874 CE, who took the name Qarmaṭ after his new faith. Qarmaṭ and his theologian brother-in-law ‘Abdān prepared southern Iraq for the coming of the Mahdi by creating a military and religious stronghold. Other such locations grew up in Yemen, in Eastern Arabia (Arabic Bahrayn ) in 899, and in North Africa . They attracted many new Shi'i followers because of their activist and messianic teachings. The new proto-Qarmaṭī movement continued to spread into Greater Iran and then into Transoxiana . A change in leadership in Salamiyah in 899 led to

1176-850: The Mubārakiyyah group, most of whom resided in Kufa . The split among the Mubārakiyyah came with the death of Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl (ca. 813 CE). The majority of the group denied his death; they recognized him as the Mahdi . The minority believed in his death and would eventually emerge in later times as the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate , the precursors to all modern groups. The majority Ismā‘īlī missionary movement settled in Salamiyah (now in Syria ) and had great success in Khuzestan (southwestern Iran ), where

1225-915: The Qarmaṭians came close to capturing Baghdad in 927, and sacked Mecca in 930, The Qarmatians also sacked Medina. In their attack on Islam's holiest sites, the Qarmatians desecrated the Zamzam Well with corpses of Hajj pilgrims and took the Black Stone from Mecca to Ain Al Kuayba in Qatif. Holding the Black Stone to ransom, they forced the Abbasids to pay a huge sum for its return in 952, They also besieged Damascus and devastated many of

1274-664: The Salamiyids; when ‘Abdān was assassinated, he went into hiding and subsequently repented. Qarmaṭ became a missionary of the new Imām, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (873–934), who founded the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa in 909. Nonetheless, the dissident group retained the name Qarmaṭī. Its greatest stronghold remained in Bahrain , which then included much of eastern Arabia as well as the islands that comprise

1323-505: The beginning of the end of their revolutionary movements. After their defeat by the Abbasids in 976, the Qarmatians began to look inwards and their status was reduced to that of a local power. This had severe consequences for the Qarmatians' ability to extract tribute from the region; according to Arabist historian Curtis Larsen: As tribute payments were progressively cut off, either by the subsequent government in Iraq or by rival Arab tribes,

1372-672: The caliph in Baghdad as well as from a rival Isma'ili imam in Cairo , the head of the Fatimid Caliphate , whose power they did not recognize. The land over which they ruled was extremely wealthy with a huge slave-based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash: The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasir Khusraw , who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that

1421-606: The cities to the north. They took opportunity to sack Salamiyya, as well as Tiberias, before the Abbasid authorities were able to regain control. The revolution and desecration shocked the Muslim world and humiliated the Abbasids, but little could be done. For much of the tenth century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East and controlled the coast of Oman and collecting tribute from

1470-631: The climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab . The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the Persian Safavids and the Mughal emperors . Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area, by the 17th century, a tribal Brahui leader named Mir Hasan established himself as

1519-626: The coming of the Mahdi , and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates . Mecca was sacked by a Qarmatian leader, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi , outraging the Muslim world , particularly with their theft of the Black Stone and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE. The origin of the name "Qarmatian" is uncertain. According to some sources,

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1568-542: The condition that he adhere to Sunnism . According to the maritime historian Dionisius A. Agius , the Qarmatians finally disappeared in 1067, after they lost their fleet at Bahrain Island and were expelled from Hasa near the Arabian coast by the chief of Banu, Murra ibn Amir. According to Qarmatians, the number of imams was fixed, with Seven Imāms preordained by God. These groups considers Muhammad ibn Isma'il to be

1617-645: The fate of the successors of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi : It may be noted that at the time the Qarmaṭī state was still being ruled jointly by Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers. Abū Ṭāhir’s eldest son Sābūr (Shāpūr), who aspired to a ruling position and the command of the army, rebelled against his uncles in 358/969, but he was captured and executed in the same year. But the ruling sons of Abū Sa'īd al-Jannābī themselves did not survive much longer. Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad died in 359/970, probably of poisoning, and his eldest brother Abu’l-Qāsim Sa'īd died two years later. By 361/972, there remained of Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers only Abū Ya'qūb Yūsuf, who retained

1666-494: The figure at over 150 tribes, though estimates vary depending on how subtribes are counted. The tribes, known as taman , are led by a tribal chief, the tumandar . Subtribes, known as paras, are led by a muqaddam. Five Baloch tribes derive their names from Khan's children. Many, if not all, Baloch tribes can be categorized as either Rind or Lashari based on their actual descent or historical tribal allegiances that developed into cross-generational relationships. This basic division

1715-841: The first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani who established the Khanate of Kalat under the Ahmadzai dynasty. Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the British colonial government and the region effectively became part of the British Raj . Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an important aspect of Baloch women's traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are dorr , heavy earrings that are fastened to

1764-432: The head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm to the ears. They usually wear a gold brooch ( tasni ) that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest. In ancient times, especially during the pre-Islamic era, it was common for Baloch women to perform dances and sing folk songs at different events. The tradition of

1813-424: The messenger – prophet ( Rasūl ), Imām al-Qā'im and Mahdi to be preserved in hiding, which is referred to as Occultation . In addition, the following Ismaili imams after Muhammad ibn Isma'il had been considered heretics of dubious origins by certain Qarmatian groups, who refused to acknowledge the imamate of the Fatimids and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi . Farhad Daftary writes about

1862-403: The mid-10th century, persecution forced the Qarmatians to leave what is now Egypt and Iraq and move to the city of Multan , now in Pakistan . However, prejudice against the Qarmatians did not dwindle, as Mahmud of Ghazni led an expedition against Multan 's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud in 1005. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with

1911-402: The name derives from the surname of the sect's founder, Hamdan Qarmat . The name qarmat probably comes from the Aramaic for "short-legged", "red-eyed" or "secret teacher". Other sources, however, say that the name comes from the Arabic verb قرمط ( qarmaṭ ), which means "to make the lines close together in writing" or "to walk with short steps". The word "Qarmatian" can also refer to

1960-525: The name of the ethnic group derives from 'Balaschik' living in Balasagan , between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in present-day Turkey and Azerbaijan, who are believed to have migrated to Balochistan during the Sasanian times. The remnants of the original name such as "Balochuk" and "Balochiki" are said to be still used as ethnic names in Balochistan. Some other writers suggest a derivation from Sanskrit words bal , meaning strength, and och meaning high or magnificent. An earliest Sanskrit reference to

2009-430: The people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian state had a powerful and long-lasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in

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2058-434: The present state. It was under Abbasid control at the end of the ninth century, but the Zanj Rebellion in Basra disrupted the power of Baghdad. The Qarmaṭians seized their opportunity under their leader, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi , a Persian who hailed from Jannaba in coastal Fars . Eventually, from Qatar, he captured Bahrain's capital Hajr and al-Hasa in 899, which he made the capital of his state and once in control of

2107-443: The state he sought to set up a utopian society. The Qarmaṭians instigated what one scholar termed a "century of terror" in Kufa. They considered the pilgrimage to Mecca a superstition, and once in control of the Bahrayni state, they launched raids along the pilgrim routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula . In 906, they ambushed the pilgrim caravan returning from Mecca and massacred 20,000 pilgrims. Under al-Jannabi (ruled 923–944),

2156-538: The supporters of the proto-Ismā‘īlī community, of whom the most prominent group were called the Mubārakiyyah . According to the Ismaili school of thought, Imām Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765) designated his second son, Isma'il ibn Ja'far (ca. 721–755), as heir to the Imamate . However, Ismā‘īl predeceased his father. Some claimed he had gone into hiding, but the proto-Ismā‘īlī group accepted his death and therefore accordingly recognized Ismā‘īl's eldest son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il (746–809), as Imām. He remained in contact with

2205-406: The total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan , while 40% are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number reside in the Pakistani Punjab . They make up 3.6% of Pakistan's total population, and around 2% of the populations of both Iran and Afghanistan. The exact origin of the word "Baloch" is unclear. According to the Baloch historian Naseer Dashti (2012),

2254-418: The twentieth century. According to Farhad Daftary , the catalyst of the collapse of Qarmatian movement as a whole happened in the year 931, when Abu Tahir al-Janabi , the Qarmatian leader in Bahrain, handed over the reins of the state in Bahrain to Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani , a young Persian man who had been believed by the Qarmatians to be the Mahdi . However, Abu Tahir soon realized al-Isfahani's appointment

2303-401: Was a disastrous mistake, after the "Mahdi" executed some nobles and insulted Muhammad and the other prophets . The incident shocked the Qarmatians and the Islamic community as a whole, and Abu Tahir ordered the youth's execution. Al-Isfahani lasted as leader only 80 days before his execution but greatly weakened the credibility of Qarmatians within the Muslim community in general and heralded

2352-414: Was accentuated by a war lasting 30 years between the Rind and Lashari tribes in the 15th century. In 2008, there were 180,000 Bugti based in Dera Bugti District . They are divided between the Rahija Bugti, Masori Bugti, Kalpar Bugti, Marehta Bugti and other sub-tribes. Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti led the Bugti as Tumandar until his death in 2006. Talal Akbar Bugti was the tribal leader and President of

2401-504: Was the ruler and founder of the first Balochi confederacy in 12th century. (He may be the same as Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire . ) Jalal Khan left four sons – Rind Khan , Lashar Khan, Hoth Khan , Korai Khan and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who married his nephew Murad. As of 2008 it was estimated that there were between eight and nine million Baloch people living in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. They were subdivided between over 130 tribes. Some estimates put

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