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23-699: On the southeastern side the ridge rises sharply from the valley of the Nederrijn (Lower Rhine). Here the famous Grebbeberg (Grebbe Mountain) forms a landmark (52 m. high) where the Battle of the Grebbeberg took place in 1940 as an important part of Battle of the Netherlands. The highest peak of the ridge is the Amerongse Berg (Amerongen Mountain) of 68 m. On the northern side the ridge continues to

46-581: A " bail ", in order to protect himself in case he would not be repaid, Charles chose the title of the Duchy of Guelders . Arnold did not pay the sum back, and thus, when he died in 1473, Charles the Bold assumed the title to the duchy. Arnold's son Adolf and subsequently grandson Charles , decided to take back the duchy by military means. Between 1502 and 1515, the Habsburgs tried without success to reconquer

69-505: A reaction, Holland gathered a fleet to lift the siege of Copenhagen, and Habsburg sent Schenck van Toutenburg to chase the enemy troops from Groningen. Schenck van Toutenburg was allowed to occupy the City of Groningen and defeated Meindert van Ham in the Battle of Heiligerlee (1536) . Before the Dutch fleet was ready to sail, Copenhagen fell in the hands of Christian III of Denmark , and peace

92-654: A series of conflicts in the Low Countries between the Duke of Burgundy , who controlled Holland , Flanders , Brabant , and Hainaut on the one side, and Charles, Duke of Guelders , who controlled Guelders , Groningen , and Frisia on the other side. The wars lasted from 1502 till 1543 and ended with a Burgundian victory. With this outcome, all of the Low Countries were now under the control of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor . The conflicts were characterised by

115-640: The Duchy of Guelders , which had belonged to the House of Burgundy between 1473 and 1492. On the other hand, Charles, Duke of Guelders , tried to conquer Overijssel which belonged to the Bishopric of Utrecht , also without success. In this period, the Saxon feud was fought, in which George, Duke of Saxony , allied with the Habsburgs, tried to subdue Frisia, the Ommelanden , and Groningen. The Frisians under

138-800: The IJssel branches off. The Nederrijn flows on to the city of Wijk bij Duurstede , from where it continues as the Lek . The once-important but now small Kromme Rijn branch (in Roman times part of the Limes Germanicus and border river of the Roman Empire ) carries the name "Rhine" towards the city of Utrecht . From the city of Utrecht, the Kromme Rijn forks into the Vecht to the north, and into

161-734: The Lower Rhine or Niederrhein further upstream) is the Dutch part of the Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of Oude Rijn (Gelderland) and the Pannerdens Kanaal (which was dug to form the new connection between the Waal and Nederrijn branches). The city of Arnhem lies on the right (north) bank of the Nederrijn, just past the point where

184-681: The Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland) to the west. The first part is channelised and known as the Leidse Rijn (Leiden Rhine). After the railway bridge near Harmelen (municipality Woerden ) it is known as the Oude Rijn, flowing westward to the North Sea . In order to regulate the distribution of drainage between the different branches of the Rhine, several dams have been constructed. If

207-547: The Treaty of Gorinchem on 3 October 1528. In 1534, the Danish Count's Feud spilled over into the Low Countries when Habsburg supported Enno II, Count of East Frisia , ally of Christopher of Oldenburg and Charles, Duke of Guelders , supported Balthasar Oomkens von Esens , ally of Christian III of Denmark . In May 1536, Meindert van Ham , supported by Denmark and Guelders, invaded Groningen and threatened Holland. As

230-577: The King of France and married Jeanne d'Albret . When the Low Countries were at war with France, he sent in 1542 Maarten van Rossum on a raid through Brabant, plundering the countryside and besieging Antwerp and Leuven. These attacks were countered by Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands) and Louis of Praet . As a reaction, Mary of Hungary sent an army toward Guelders and Jülich, which were conquered in 1543, after two failed earlier attempts. In

253-454: The Rhine near Arnhem was moved, a project that was completed in 1536. The city, which originated along the St. Jansbeek ("St. John's Brook'), could develop better now that it was closer to the river, and was also more easily defended against Habsburg expansionism into Guelders . Guelders Wars The Guelders Wars ( Dutch : Gelderse oorlogen , German : Geldrische Erbfolgekriege ) were

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276-509: The absence of large battles between the armies of both parties. Instead small hit and run actions, raids , and ambushes were common practices. Regardless, the impact on civilians was large with hostilities and incidents occurring throughout the Low Countries. The wars included the sack of The Hague in 1528 and the failed siege of Antwerp in 1542 under the command of the Guelderian field marshal Maarten van Rossum . The war ended with

299-648: The city of Leeuwarden and publicly beheaded. Jancko Douwama was also taken prisoner and died in captivity in Vilvoorde . By December 1524, Frisia was firmly in the hands of the Habsburg. It was renamed into the Lordship of Frisia and ruled by a Stadtholder . Henry of the Palatinate , the new Prince-Bishop of Utrecht , was in conflict with his own Utrecht citizens, who invited troops from Guelders to occupy

322-463: The city. Henry had no choice but to ask Charles of Habsburg for help. The States of Overijssel also asked Charles to liberate their lands from Guelders. Charles of Habsburg demanded a price, namely that they recognized him as Lord, to which they agreed. Schenck van Toutenburg moved his army into Overijssel and Utrecht and easily chased the Guelders troops, who had already become very unpopular amongst

345-734: The dams were to be closed, there would be little flow in the Nederrijn and most of the water would be drained by the IJssel. As for the Old Rhine, there is a pumping station near the North Sea that protects the river from sea tides and silting. Bridges over the Nederrijn are in Arnhem (railway and three road bridges), in Heteren ( A50 ) and Rhenen . Ferries are found near Doorwerth , Wageningen , Opheusden , Elst and Amerongen . In 1530,

368-658: The head of the Arumer Zwarte Hoop . Because Charles of Habsburg needed to consolidate the Spanish throne and manoeuver to become Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, he concluded peace with Edzard I, recognizing him as Count of East-Frisia and with Charles, Duke of Guelders , leaving him in control of most of Frisia, the Ommelanden, and Groningen. Charles of Guelders consequently conquered Overijssel in 1521–1522, with

391-608: The leadership of Jancko Douwama resisted and were supported by Edzard I, Count of East Frisia , and the inimitable Charles, Duke of Guelders . George of Saxony failed to conquer Groningen and was pushed back. When he held only a handful of cities (Leeuwarden, Harlingen en Franeker), he sold his rights to Charles of Habsburg in May 1515. In the meantime, the Frisian rebels, led by the legendary Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama , won many battles at sea and raided through Holland at

414-519: The population increased and woodlands were cleared for cattle and sheep. The Utrecht Hill Ridge was then largely covered with heather and sand drifts. In the 19th and 20th centuries large parts of the ridge were replanted with trees. The Utrecht Hill Ridge has given name to: 52°3′20.42″N 5°21′7.08″E  /  52.0556722°N 5.3519667°E  / 52.0556722; 5.3519667 Nederrijn The Nederrijn ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdəˌrɛin] ; "Lower Rhine"; distinct from

437-491: The population. On 21 October 1528 Bishop Henry handed over power to Charles of Habsburg. The Bishopric of Utrecht came to an end and was divided into the Lordship of Utrecht and the Lordship of Overijssel , both ruled by a Habsburg Stadtholder. A daring raid through Holland, culminating in the sack of The Hague by Maarten van Rossum , Field Marshal of Guelders, didn't prevent Schenk van Toutenburg to attack some cities in Guelders, after which Charles of Guelders agreed to sign

460-556: The shores of the Gooimeer (Lake Gooi). The Utrecht Hill Ridge was created 150.000 years ago as a push moraine in the Wolstonian Stage , a middle Pleistocene glacial period. Before that time the rivers Rhine and Meuse flowed more northerly, and created deposits of sand. The glaciers pushed these deposits in a southern and western direction. After the last Ice Age the area got overgrown with woods. In historical times

483-521: The support of Zwolle . In 1522, the Habsburg force under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg resumed the offensive and pushed the Guelders forces the following year out of Frisia. Furthermore, the Frisians rebels, whose charismatic leader Pier Gerlofs Donia had died from illness in 1520, were also defeated. Their leader Wijerd Jelckama and what was left of the Frisian army were captured in 1523, taken to

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506-571: The total destruction and death of nearly all inhabitants of the town of Düren after which the other Gueldrian towns surrendered to Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Venlo . The latter portion of the wars intersected with the larger conflict between France and Spain known as the Italian Wars . The origins of the Guelders Wars is traced back to 1471, when Charles the Bold lent 300,000 gold guilders to Arnold, Duke of Guelders . As

529-538: Was concluded. Habsburg became master of Groningen and Drenthe, which was renamed Lordship of Groningen and County of Drenthe . Charles of Guelders was forced to sign the Treaty of Grave . When Charles of Guelders died without an heir on 30 June 1538, he had done everything he could to find another successor than Emperor Charles V. He had appointed William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , related through his great-grandfather Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich (1365–1423), as his successor. William allied himself with

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