The Uzbek Khanate , also known as the Abulkhair Khanate , was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara . During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state in Central Asia , ruling over most of modern-day Uzbekistan , much of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan , and parts of southern Russia . This is the first state of the Abulkhairids , a branch of the Shaybanids.
24-520: The dynasty of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and his descendants is named after him, and the states ruled by them are known as Abulkhairids, such as in the Khanate of Bukhara . They may also be referred to as Shaybanids, although this is more of an umbrella term as a rival dynasty called the Arabshahids of Khwarezm were also Shaybanids, but not Abulkhairids. Starting with Shiban , brother of Batu Khan who
48-543: A bej of the White Horde . He was a Persian speaker, likely not fluent in a Turkic language. At the time of his birth the ulus (tribe) of Shiban had divided into separate nomadic groups, one of which was led by Jumaduq Khan. Abu'l-Khayr served in Jumaduq's army, and was taken prisoner when Jumaduq was killed in battle in 1427. After being released in 1428, Abu'l-Khayr began consolidating various nomadic groups of
72-486: A footnote implies that there is some doubt about the details). In 1495 (most common), or 1494, or 1493 (Grosset, p. 489) Ibak was killed by Mamut, a grandson of Mar (Howarth, p. 981), who then became Khan of Sibir. His son Murtaza was a power on the Steppe after 1502. His grandson Kuchum was the last Khan of Sibir. His younger brother Mamuk was briefly (1495–96) Khan of Kazan. This Mongolian biographical article
96-606: A rival khan, Ibak . Muhammad Shaybani , Abu'l-Khayr's grandson, succeeded his father, Sheikh Haidar. Shaybani had been, along with his brother, Mahmud Sultan, given refuge by the Khan of Astrakhan , Qasim . After Shaybani was helped by the Moghul Khans to reclaim land in Transoxiana, he became a Moghul vassal from 1488 until around 1500. After this point, Shaybani led his own conquests which largely consisted of cities in
120-520: The Syr Darya region, eventually wresting some lands from Timurid control. The town of Sighnaq became Abu'l-Khayr's new capital, from where he later launched raids into Mawarannahr (Transoxiana). In 1451 Abu Sa'id requested Abu'l-Khayr Khan's assistance in battle against 'Abdullah . Abu'l-Khayr agreed to support Abu Sa'id, and the two armies marched on Samarkand . 'Abdullah was defeated and killed, after which Abu Sa'id quickly moved his forces into
144-484: The Uzbek Khanate from 1428 to 1468, which united the nomadic Central Asian tribes. He created one of the largest and most powerful Turkic states during the period of the 15th century. The Uzbek Khanate weakened in the decades following his death in 1468. He was succeeded by his son Sheikh Khaidar. Abu'l-Khayr was born in 1412. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan , through Jöchi 's fifth son Shiban , and
168-585: The Shaybanid Abu'l-Khayr Khan killed the Siberian Khan, Hajji Muhammad and established a brief empire that stretched from Sibir to the Syr Darya . As people and power drifted southeast, the remaining Shaybanids coalesced around Ibak (Allworth, p. 47). In 1464 (many sources), or after Abu’l Khayr’s death in 1468 (Forsyth.p25) or about 1480 (Grosset) Ibak, with the help of the Nogais , killed Mar,
192-812: The Taibugid Khan, and became the Khan of Sibir. At some date, the Nogai brothers Musa and Yamgurchi were at war and Yamgurchi invited Ibak from Tyumen. He appeared along the Volga claiming to have a better right to rule the Great Horde than Ahmed Khan (Howarth, p. 980). At the time of the Ugra standoff Ibak may have has some arrangement with Moscow to threaten Ahmed in the rear. In 1481 Ibak and Yamgurchi (and Musa?) killed Ahmed Khan on 6 January 1481. (Khodarkovsky in
216-659: The Uzbeks and pretender to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, Ulug Beg , the leader of the Timurid Empire , secretly orchestrated the title of khan to pass to Abu'l-Khayr. He began his rule by consolidating tribes in Siberia around his capital at Chimgi-Tura (Modern-day Tyumen ). He was able to depose the reigning Khan of Sibir , Hajji Muhammad , a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took
240-631: The Uzbeks. Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day Kazakhstan , led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the Kazakh Khanate . This war was made especially difficult for the Uzbeks because of a recent war with the Dorben Oirat Mongols on the Uzbeks' eastern borders. Janibeg and Kerei sought to capitalize on Uzbek weakness following
264-643: The White Horde, and especially by Vaqqāṣ Bej, Edigü 's grandson. In 1430–1431 Abu'l-Khayr, joined by Vaqqāṣ, launched on attack on Khwarezm , occupying the regional capital Urganj . The Uzbeks could not hold the city, however, and retreated in the summer of 1431. Abu'l-Khayr's army pulled back to the steppe, where they defeated two opposing khans near Astrakhan . In 1435–1436 the Uzbek armies attacked Khwarezm again, and several years later they raided Astrakhan. Starting in 1446 Abu'l-Khayr and his forces invaded
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#1732766286245288-651: The city and locked the gates, leaving Abu'l-Khayr and the Uzbeks outside. To avoid reprisal, Abu Sa'id presented the Uzbeks with many presents and riches. In 1451 Abulkhair helped the Timurid Abu Said to come to power. In Samarkand, he married the daughter of the Sultan of Maverannahr, the astronomer and astrologer Ulugbek . Ulugbek's daughter Rabiya Sultan-Begim became the mother of his sons Kuchkunji Khan and Suyunchkhodja Khan [ ru ] , who later ruled Maverannahr. Rabiya Sultan-Begim died in 1485 and
312-522: The conflict. Regarding these events, 16th century Khaidar Duglati in his Tarikh-i Rashidi reports: At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on
336-546: The death of Shah Rukh in 1448 Sighnaq and other cities in Turan such as Uzkend and Sozak were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks. Sighnaq became one of the principal cities of Central Asia during this time. In 1451, Abu'l-Khayr allied with the Timurid Abu Sa'id against his rival 'Abdullah and the two both marched on Samarkand . The Uzbek-Abu Sa'id alliance was successful and in return Abu Sa'id paid tribute to
360-533: The entirety of the area under Shaybanid control. In 1430 or 1431, Abu'l-Khayr and his army marched south into Timurid -held Khwarezm and occupied Urganj . Between 1430 and 1446 the Uzbek Khanate took land in Transoxiana from the Timurids. Abu'l-Khayr invaded the Golden Horde sometime after this and defeated Mustafa Khan near Astrakhan . The Uzbeks lost around 4,500 men during this campaign. Prior to
384-595: The fractured Timurid successor states (Such as Samarkand and Bukhara ). Shaybani's main rivals were the Timurid Babur and the Persian Shah Ismail . In 1500, Shaybani officially conceded all the Kazakh held lands in Dasht-i Qipchaq to the Kazakh Khanate . Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became the Khanate of Bukhara . Muhammad Shaybani
408-460: The greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.]. Somewhere around 1468–1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons. Sheikh Haidar, also known as Baruj Oghlan (Some sources have them as the same person or different persons), the eldest of Abu'l-Khayr's sons, succeeded him. Sheikh Haidar's reign was short and was ended after conflicts with
432-591: The old Shaybani ulus in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River . He deposed and killed Kazhy Mohammed, the Khan of the Khanate of Sibir , after a battle on the Tobol River , after which he was proclaimed Khan of Western Siberia . The next four years were spent strengthening his control throughout the region. Abu'l-Khayr Khan was assisted in his consolidation by the Manghits , another tribe in
456-401: The time of Abu'l-Khayr's birth in 1412, the ulus of Shiban was fractured. At this time the eastern part of the Golden Horde ( White Horde ) had become outside of complete control of the Golden Horde khans and pretenders, especially after the assassination of Barak Khan in 1427. Abu'l-Khayr was taken prisoner after a battle in 1427 and was released in 1428. After the passing of the then Khan of
480-556: The western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in
504-648: Was a Shaybanid khan of Sibir about whom the sources are contradictory. He is also called Abak, Ivak, Ibaq, Khan of Tyumen, and Said Ibrakhim Khan(?). With the breakup of the Golden Horde the regional powers were the Nogais south of the Urals, the Shaybanids southeast of the Urals and the Taibugas in the forested lands to the east. The last two alternated control over the Khanate of Sibir . From about 1428,
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#1732766286245528-623: Was buried in the city of Turkistan . Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1468 (though some sources say 1469 or 1470). After Abu'l-Khayr Khan's death two separate lines of descent controlled the twin Uzbek states of Mawara al-Nahr and Khwarezm. In the first decade of the 16th century his grandson Muhammad Shaybani finally succeeded in the unification of the Uzbeks and established the short-lived Shaybanid Empire , centered in Samarkand . Ibak Khan Ibak Khan , born Sayyid Ibrahim Khan ( Turki / Kypchak and Persian : سید ابراهیم خان ; died 1495)
552-569: Was killed in the Battle of Marv by the Safavids ruled by Shah Ismail in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet. These are the khans ruling over the domains of the Uzbeks prior to the Abulkhairids. Abu%27l-Khayr Khan Abu'l-Khayr Khan ( Turki / Kypchak and Persian : ابو الخیر خان; c. 1412 –1468), also known as Bulgar Khan , was Khan of
576-523: Was the ruler of the Golden Horde , the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu. These lands included the Golden Horde domains east of the Urals , and lands north of the Syr Darya river. Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the Nogai Horde and the Khanate of Sibir appeared in the region. By
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