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84-566: It is written in Java and the source code is available from GitHub under the LGPL open source license . Vassal began as VASL (Virtual Advanced Squad Leader), an application for playing Advanced Squad Leader . Vassal modules exist for over 1000 games. In September 2008, Games Workshop issued a cease-and-desist order regarding V40k to Tim Davis, the V40k module maintainer at that time. The module

168-482: A day. Following this waiting period, the mucilage is washed off and the coffee is partially dried for sale. At least one U.S. manufacturer, soft drink producer Bai , purchases the non-bean remnants of coffee cherries for use in their products. Otherwise, these remnants are discarded. Collectors and processors then hull the coffee in a semi-wet state, which gives the beans a distinctive bluish-green appearance. This process reduces acidity and increases body, resulting in

252-717: A lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see the Android section). On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle . In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin. Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers , game consoles to scientific supercomputers . Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to unresolved security issues in older versions. There were five primary goals in creating

336-482: A number of other standard servlet classes available, for example for WebSocket communication. The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services: Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and responses that delegate to

420-485: A portion of their coffee for up to five years, normally in large burlap sacks, which are regularly aired, dusted, and flipped. As they age, the beans turn from green to light brown, and their flavour gains strength while losing acidity. Aged coffees can display flavours ranging from cedar to spices such as cinnamon or clove, and often develop a thick, almost syrupy body. These aged coffees are called Old Government, Old Brown or Old Java. The popular Java programming language

504-440: A small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright. Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an evangelist . Following Oracle Corporation 's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency. This did not prevent Oracle from filing

588-564: A subject of controversy during the 2010s. The class library contains features such as: Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems . It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */ , whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are delimited by /* and */ , and single-line comments start with // . Java coffee Indonesia

672-452: A sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes. Unlike other parts of Indonesia, such as Sumatra, Bali coffee has a single harvest season each year—typically around July to September. Coffee production in Bali, much as Indonesia, is mainly performed by smallholders. Coffee production in Bali lacks significant backing from the government at either

756-538: A unique process called "giling basah" (wet hulling). West Java was the region where the earliest coffee plantations were established by the VOC . The Dutch began cultivation and exportation of coffee trees on Java (part of the Dutch East Indies ) in the 17th century. Agricultural systems in Java have changed considerably over time. A rust plague in the late 1880s killed off much of the plantation stocks in

840-679: A very popular programming language since then. Java was the third most popular programming language in 2022 according to GitHub . Although still widely popular, there has been a gradual decline in use of Java in recent years with other languages using JVM gaining popularity. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems . It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun's Java platform . The original and reference implementation Java compilers , virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses . As of May 2007, in compliance with

924-616: A wet hulled process. Chemical fertilizer pesticide and herbicide are unknown in this origin, which makes this coffee both rare and valuable. All arabica coffee in Indonesia is picked by hand, whether it is grown by smallholders or on medium-sized estates. After harvest, the coffee is processed in a variety of ways, each imparting its own flavours and aromas to the final product. A small number of Arabica farmers in Sulawesi, Flores and Bali, and almost all Robusta farmers across Indonesia, use

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1008-527: Is Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica or commonly known in Indonesia as Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica. These companies are assisting farmers to obtain organic and fair trade certification , which will significantly improve incomes. The area is extremely remote, with most coffee-growing areas inaccessible by road and nearly untouched by the modern world. All coffee is shade grown under Calliandra , Erythrina and Albizia trees. Farmers in Papua use

1092-576: Is actually two compilers in one; and with GraalVM (included in e.g. Java 11, but removed as of Java 16) allowing tiered compilation . Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine (JVM), which translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language. Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++ . However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with

1176-593: Is believed that some coffee in East Timor can be traced back to the 18th century. In the late 1800s, Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the Ijen Plateau in eastern Java. However, disaster struck in the 1876, when the coffee rust disease, Hemileia vastatrix , swept through Indonesia, wiping out most of the Arabica Typica cultivar. Robusta coffee ( C. canephor var. robusta )

1260-515: Is centred on the Ijen Plateau, at the eastern end of Java, at an altitude of more than 1,400 meters. The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century. The five largest estates are Blawan (also spelled Belawan or Blauan), Jampit (or Djampit), Pancoer (or Pancur), Kayumas and Tugosari, and they cover more than 4,000 hectares. These estates transport ripe cherries quickly to their mills after harvest. The pulp

1344-466: Is closely related to the body of the coffee. The after-taste coats the palate on the finish and is smooth and soft. Most of Sulawesi's coffee is grown by smallholders, with about 5% coming from seven larger estates. The people of Tana Toraja build distinctively shaped houses and maintain ancient and complex rituals related to death and the afterlife. This respect for tradition is also found in way that small-holders process their coffee. Sulawesi farmers use

1428-475: Is commonly traded through the town of Kalosi , which is a well-known brand of specialty coffee. The regions of Mamasa (to the west of Toraja) and Gowa (further to the south near Makassar), also produce Arabica, although they are less well known. Sulawesi coffees are clean and sound in the cup. They generally display nutty or warm spice notes, like cinnamon or cardamom. Hints of black pepper are sometimes found. Their sweetness, as with most Indonesian coffees,

1512-450: Is grown at 1,200 to 1,800 meters on hillsides and plateaus. Most of the production is grown under shade trees and wet processed at farm level. Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. A traditional style of processing, known as pulped natural, where parchment coffee is dried in its mucilage without fermentation, produces a floral coffee that has been found to be highly sought after by some buyers. New Guinea

1596-478: Is grown in the District of Lintong Nihuta, to the south-west of Lake Toba . This large lake is one of the deepest in the world, at 505 meters. The coffee production area is a high plateau, known for its diversity of tree fern species. This area produces 15,000 to 18,000 tons of arabica per year. A neighbouring region, called Sidikalang , also produces arabica coffee. Gayo is a region on the hillsides surrounding

1680-409: Is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap . In the latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program

1764-626: Is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java. Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic , where object addresses can be arithmetically manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security. As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on

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1848-399: Is likely to become unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers , but these add overhead and complexity. Garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks, i.e. those where the memory is still referenced but never used. Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there

1932-758: Is located in Jember , East Java. Current activities of ICCRI in the coffee sector include: The Agribusiness Market and Support Activity (AMARTA) conducted research on the effectiveness of the Brocap Trap technology in Toraja, Sidikilang and Gayo. This trap is designed to catch the coffee berry borer (CBB) insect, a major pest in coffee. It was developed by CIRAD , a French agricultural research institute. Brocap traps have been extensively adopted by coffee farmers in Central America. Indonesia's coffee industry

2016-420: Is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a non-existent object are called, a null pointer exception is thrown. One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects

2100-449: Is organic and many farmers’ cooperatives and exporters are internationally certified to market organic coffee. There are more than 20 varieties of Coffea arabica being grown commercially in Indonesia. They fall into six main categories: Coffee from this westernmost island in Indonesia is intriguing and complex, due to the large number of small-holder producers and the unique " giling basah " (wet hulling) processing technique they use. At

2184-602: Is represented by three associations. The Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters (AICE), also known by its Indonesian acronym "AEKI", is composed of Arabica and Robusta coffee exporters. AICE was founded in 1979 and was responsible for managing export quotas under the International Coffee Agreements up until 1989. A second association, Gabungan Eksportir Kopi Indonesia (GAEKI) was established in 2011. The Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia (SCAI) formed in 2008. SCAI members focus exclusively on

2268-578: Is still played. Games Workshop has also issued a cease-and-desist order regarding Space Hulk . Similar engines for making board games include ZunTzu and Boardgame.io. Java (programming language) Java is a high-level , class-based , object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere ( WORA ), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without

2352-538: Is supported for interfaces . Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes ( // ), a multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */ , and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */ . The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for

2436-451: Is the latest version (Java 22, and 20 are no longer maintained). Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are previous LTS versions still officially supported. James Gosling , Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language

2520-529: Is the main coffee-growing area in Sumbawa island. Coffee production in the region goes back to at least the early 19th century, before the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 . Flores (or Flower) Island is 360 miles long, and is located 200 miles to the east of Bali . The terrain of Flores is rugged, with numerous active and inactive volcanoes. Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols, ideal for organic coffee production. Arabica coffee

2604-483: Is the second largest island in the world. The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia. The Indonesian half of the island was formerly called "Irian Jaya". Today, it is known as Papua, and it is divided into six provinces – Papua , West Papua , Central Papua , Highland Papua , South Papua , and Southwest Papua . There are two main coffee-growing areas in Papua. The first is the Baliem Valley , in

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2688-508: Is then fermented and washed off, using the wet process, with rigorous quality control. This results in coffee with good, heavy body and a sweet overall impression. They are sometimes rustic in their flavour profiles, but display a lasting finish. At their best, they are smooth and supple and sometimes have a subtle herbaceous note in the after-taste. This coffee is prized as one component in the traditional "Mocha Java" blend, which pairs Mocha beans with beans grown in Java. Certain estates age

2772-431: Is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values , and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf method). Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for classes, though multiple inheritance

2856-593: The ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6. Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM -based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM. Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in

2940-711: The Sukabumi area before spreading to Central Java and parts of East Java . The Dutch responded by replacing the Arabica firstly with Liberica (a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee) and later with Robusta . As of 2015 Java's old colonial-era plantations provide just a fraction of the coffee grown on the island; they produce primarily the higher-valued Arabica variety. The Paniis coffee planters cooperation in Sumedang can produce 15 tonnes, 2.5 tonnes of them are produced as kopi luwak . Java's arabica coffee production

3024-418: The object lifecycle . The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that

3108-516: The stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis ). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons. Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the Garbage First Garbage Collector (G1GC) as the default. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage

3192-422: The 18th century were between 200 and 400 Guilders, this was equivalent to several hundred dollars per kilogram today. By the end of the 18th century, the price had dropped to 0.6 Guilders per kilogram and coffee drinking spread from the elite to the general population. The East Indies were the most important coffee supplier in the world during this period and it was only in the 1840s that their stranglehold on supply

3276-446: The 1950s, soon after independence. and are now managed as state-owned plantations under PTPN, Perusahaan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara, and revitalized with new varieties of Coffea arabica in the 1950s. These varieties were also adopted by smallholders through the government and various development programs. Today, more than 90% of Indonesia's coffee is grown by smallholders on farms averaging around one hectare. Some of this production

3360-736: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. This book helped to change Dutch public opinion about the "Cultivation System" and colonialism in general. More recently, the name Max Havelaar was adopted by one of the first fair trade organizations. By the mid-1870s the Dutch East Indies expanded arabica coffee-growing areas in Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi and Timor. In Sulawesi the coffee was thought to have been planted around 1850. In North Sumatra highlands coffee

3444-696: The Dutch governor of Batavia (now Jakarta ) in 1696. The first seedlings failed due to flooding in Batavia. The second shipment of seedlings was sent in 1699 with Hendrik Zwaardecroon. The plants grew, and in 1711 the first exports were sent from Java to Europe by the Dutch East India Company —formally Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie and abbreviated VOC—reaching 2,000 pounds shipped in 1717. Coffee arriving in Amsterdam sold for high prices, 1 kg (2 lb) costing nearly one per cent of

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3528-834: The Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object , or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors ( ClassCastException s) from occurring, it would be type safe . In 2016,

3612-950: The Java language: As of November 2024 , Java 8, 11, 17, and 21 are supported as long-term support (LTS) versions, with Java 25, releasing in September 2025, as the next scheduled LTS version. Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Other vendors such as Adoptium continue to offer free builds of OpenJDK's long-term support (LTS) versions. These builds may include additional security patches and bug fixes. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of

3696-440: The Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode , instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code . Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for

3780-531: The Subak Abian, have created Indonesia's first Geographic Indication (G.I.). Issued in 2008, the G.I. establishes legal protection for coffee produced in the Kintamani region under the name Kopi Arabica Kintamani Bali . It also serves as a marketing tool to differentiate Kintamani coffee from coffees produced in other regions. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in

3864-635: The ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version

3948-450: The average annual income. Indonesia was the first place, outside of Arabia and Ethiopia, where coffee was widely cultivated. The coffee was shipped to Europe from the port of Batavia (now Jakarta ). There has been a port at the mouth of Ciliwung River since 397 AD, when King Purnawarman established the city he called Sunda Kelapa . Today, in the Kota area of Jakarta, one can find echoes of

4032-611: The central Jayawijaya Highlands region, surrounding the town of Wamena . The second is the Kamu Valley in the Nabire Region , at the eastern edge of the central highlands, surrounding the town of Moanemani . Both areas lie at altitudes between 1,400 and 2000 meters, creating ideal conditions for Arabica production. Together, these areas produce about 230 tons of coffee per year. This is set to rise, as new companies are setting up buying and processing operations. One of them

4116-452: The classic Indonesian cup profile. Larger processing mills, estates and some farmers' cooperatives on Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Bali produce "fully washed" coffee. The most unusual form of coffee processing in Indonesia is " kopi luwak ". This coffee is processed by the Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ). The animals eat ripe coffee cherries and their digestive process removes

4200-576: The cup. Occasionally, Sumatran coffees can show greater acidity, which balances the body. This acidity takes on tropical fruit notes and sometimes an impression of grapefruit or lime. Mandheling is a trade name, used for arabica coffee from northern Sumatra . It was derived from the name of the Mandailing people, who produce coffee in the Tapanuli region of Sumatra . Mandheling coffee comes from Northern Sumatra, as well as Aceh . Lintong coffee

4284-539: The environment. This philosophy, specifically 'happiness with the environment' favors the production of organic coffee, or at least the use of organic fertilizers and the lack of use of agrochemicals. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade coffee production because the Subak organizes smallholders, which is often a requirement of fair trade certification. Stakeholders in Bali , including

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4368-586: The generated servlet creates the response. Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows , GTK+ , and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS . Where prior implementations of these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of

4452-574: The giling basah processing, Gayo Mountain coffee is described as higher toned and lighter bodied than Lintong and Mandheling coffees from further east in Sumatra . The Indonesian island of Sulawesi , formerly called the Celebes, lies to the east of Borneo island. The primary region for high altitude Arabica production covers the Toraja highlands, and the district of Enrekang to its south, where coffee

4536-416: The green bean stage, coffee from this area has a distinctive bluish colour, which is attributed to processing method and lack of iron in the soil. Coffees from Sumatra are known for smooth, sweet body that is balanced and intense. Depending on the region, or blend of regions, the flavours of the land and processing can be very pronounced. Notes of cocoa, tobacco, smoke, earth and cedar wood can show well in

4620-642: The growth and production of coffee. Indonesia produced an estimated 660,000 metric tons of coffee in 2017. Of this total, it is estimated that 154,800 tons were slated for domestic consumption in the 2013–2014 financial year. Of the exports, 25% are arabica beans; the balance is robusta . In general, Indonesia's arabica coffee varieties have low acidity and strong bodies, which make them ideal for blending with higher-acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. The Dutch governor in Malabar (India) sent arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) seedlings from Yemen to

4704-596: The heap, such as the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) introduced in Java 11, and Shenandoah GC, introduced in Java 12 but unavailable in Oracle-produced OpenJDK builds. Shenandoah is instead available in third-party builds of OpenJDK, such as Eclipse Temurin . For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. In prior versions of Java, such as Java 8, the Parallel Garbage Collector was used as the default garbage collector. Having solved

4788-658: The host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their device for standalone Java applications or a web browser for Java applets . Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading , and networking . The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables . Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java's Hotspot compiler

4872-556: The implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot . Developers have criticized the complexity and verbosity of the Java Persistence API (JPA), a standard part of Java EE. This has led to increased adoption of higher-level abstractions like Spring Data JPA, which aims to simplify database operations and reduce boilerplate code. The growing popularity of such frameworks suggests limitations in

4956-537: The introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1 , the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming Sun's default JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock-free implementations of

5040-455: The memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions. The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C . Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code

5124-416: The most traditional method of all, dry processing. The coffee cherries are dried in the sun, and then de-hulled in a dry state. Most farmers on Sulawesi, Sumatra, Flores, and Papua use the "giling basah" (or wet hulling) process. In this technique, farmers remove the outer skin from the cherries mechanically, using rustic pulping machines. The coffee beans, still coated with mucilage, are then stored for up to

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5208-522: The need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture . The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++ , but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages. Java gained popularity shortly after its release, and has been

5292-470: The outer layers of the fruit. The remaining coffee beans are collected and washed. Coffee experts believe that the unique flavour of kopi luwak comes, at least in part, from the extraction of naturally occurring potassium salts from the beans during the digestive process. This results in a smooth, mild cup, with a sweet after-taste. Kopi luwak is very rare, and can retail for more than $ 600 per kilogram. The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI)

5376-496: The platforms. The platforms are: The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages . Each package contains a set of related interfaces , classes, subpackages and exceptions . Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings. One design goal of Java is portability , which means that programs written for

5460-811: The production, export and marketing of Indonesia's arabica coffees. This includes farmers' cooperatives with 8,050 members, exporters, roasters, importers and coffee retailers in the Arabic coffee industry. The Indonesian coffee sector is large, internally diverse and scattered. Production is dominated by an estimated 2 million smallholders living in often remote villages located right across the archipelago—with different coffee regions showing variations in terms of production systems, environmental conditions, product quality, post-harvest processing, and value chain structures. This distinctive geography poses challenges for logistics, for supporting improved technologies, and for developing cohesive industry organizations. Common to most of

5544-451: The program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to access documentation within the IDE. The following is a simple example of a "Hello, World!" program that writes a message to the standard output : Java applets are programs embedded in other applications, mainly in web pages displayed in web browsers. The Java applet API

5628-475: The provincial or national level and is therefore in need of support and professionalization. Kopi tubruk is a traditional way to prepare coffee in Bali. It consists of finely ground coffee powder steeped in water and left to settle. Once the powder has settled the coffee is drunk while trying to avoid drinking the 'mud' from the bottom of the glass. The western slopes of Mount Tambora in Sanggar peninsula

5712-597: The seagoing legacy that built the city. Sail driven ships still load cargo in the old port. The Bahari Museum occupies a former warehouse of the VOC, which was used to store spices and coffee. Menara Syahbandar (or Lookout Tower) was built in 1839 to replace the flag pole that stood at the head of wharves, where the VOC ships docked to load their cargos. In the 18th century, coffee shipped from Batavia sold for 3 Guilders per kilogram in Amsterdam. Since annual incomes in Holland in

5796-527: The selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license. On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software /open-source distribution terms, aside from

5880-555: The specifications of the Java Community Process , Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions. As of September 2024 , Java 23

5964-468: The standard JPA implementation's ease-of-use for modern Java development. The Java Class Library is the standard library , developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been

6048-547: The town of Takengon and Lake Laut Tawar , at the northern tip of Sumatra, in the region of Aceh. The altitude in the production area averages between 1,110 and 1,600 meters. The coffee is grown by smallholders under shade trees . Gayo coffee is registered as a Geographical Indication as Kopi Arabika Gayo in Indonesia, the EU and the UK. Coffee from this region is generally processed at farm-level, using traditional wet methods. Due to

6132-409: The type system of Java was proven unsound in that it is possible to use generics to construct classes and methods that allow assignment of an instance one class to a variable of another unrelated class. Such code is accepted by the compiler, but fails at run time with a class cast exception. Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers,

6216-571: The underlying platforms. JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications , as well as rich web applications that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java SE , but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a separate module. JavaFX has support for desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS . JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels. In 2004, generics were added to

6300-417: The web service methods for the actual business logic. JavaServer Pages ( JSP ) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients . JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %> . A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet , a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that,

6384-440: Was deprecated with the release of Java 9 in 2017. Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to requests from clients . Most of the time, this means generating HTML pages in response to HTTP requests, although there are

6468-558: Was eclipsed by Brazil. The coffee trade was very profitable for the VOC, and for the Dutch East Indies government that replaced it in 1800, but was less so for the Indonesian farmers who were forced to grow it by the colonial government from 1830 to around 1870 under the Cultuurstelsel (Cultivation system). Production of export crops were delivered to government warehouses instead of taxes. Coffee, along with sugar and indigo,

6552-615: Was first grown near Lake Toba in 1888, followed in Gayo highland (Aceh) near Lake Laut Tawar in 1924. Coffee at the time was also grown in East Indonesia: East Timor and Flores . Both of these islands were originally under Portuguese control and the coffee was also C. arabica , but from different root stocks. The coffee in Eastern Indonesia was not affected to the same degree by rust, and even today, it

6636-665: Was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java , from Java coffee , a type of coffee from Indonesia . Gosling designed Java with a C / C++ -style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised write once, run anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms . Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated

6720-436: Was introduced to East Java in 1900 as a substitute, especially at lower altitudes, where the rust was particularly devastating. Robusta coffee was introduced to smallholders around Kerinci around 1915, and then spread quickly across southern Sumatra during the 1920s, where production soon eclipsed Java. The region remains the most important producing region by volume today. Dutch-owned plantations on Java were nationalized in

6804-471: Was named after the Java coffee. The highland region of Kintamani , between the volcanoes of Batukaru and Agung, is the main coffee-growing area on Bali. Many coffee farmers on Bali are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of " Tri Hita Karana ". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and

6888-649: Was one of the main crops produced under this highly exploitative colonial system. Cultuurstelsel was applied to coffee in the Preanger region of West Java , as well as in West Sumatra, South Sulawesi and the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi. This corrupt system, which diverted labor from rice production and caused great hardship for farmers, was immortalized through an influential novel by Eduard Douwes Dekker (pen name: Multatuli ) in 1860 titled Max Havelaar : Or

6972-689: Was renamed J2SE. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE , Java ME , and Java SE , respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard , controlled through the Java Community Process . At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through

7056-449: Was the fourth-largest producer of coffee in the world in 2014. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia began in the late 1600s and early 1700s, in the early Dutch colonial period, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is geographically and climatologically well-suited for coffee plantations, near the equator and with numerous interior mountainous regions on its main islands, creating well-suited microclimates for

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