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50-535: VWF or vWF may refer to: Vibration white finger , a form of Raynaud's disease Virtual Wafer Fab , a CAD program (see Silvaco ) Virtual Wrestling Foundation - see Pro Wrestling (NES video game) von Willebrand factor , a blood glycoprotein Variable-width font, synonym for proportional font Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

100-463: A hand held angle grinder. This is re-active monitoring and it was introduced by Carl West at a fabrication workshop in Rotherham, England in 2009. A simpler system, known as re-active monitoring, may be used by, for example, monitoring rates of usage of consumable items. Such a system was introduced by Carl West at a fabrication workshop in Rotherham, England. In this system, the vibration levels of

150-407: A list of typically observed vibration levels for various tools, and graphs of how long each day a worker can be exposed to particular vibration levels. This makes managing the risk relatively straightforward. Tools are given an Exposure Action Value (EAV, the time which a tool can be used before action needs to be taken to reduce vibration exposure) and an Exposure Limit Value (ELV, the time after which

200-593: A patient is experiencing. A popular measure of MSDs is the Nordic Questionnaire that has a picture of the body with various areas labeled and asks the individual to indicate in which areas they have experienced pain, and in which areas has the pain interfered with normal activity. Recent machine learning algorithms can diagnose musculoskeletal disorder from gait patterns captured from 3D motion capture systems. Prevention of MSDs relies upon identification of risk factors, either by self-report, observation on

250-651: A reducing effect and or increase damage to the hands and arms. Gloves do help to keep hands warm but to get the desired effect, the frequency output from the tool must match the properties of the vibration glove that is selected. Anti-vibration gloves in many cases amplify the vibrations at frequencies lower than those mentioned in the text above. The effect of legislation in various countries on worker vibration limits has been to oblige equipment providers to develop better-designed, better-maintained tools, and for employers to train workers appropriately. It also drives tool designers to innovate to reduce vibration. Some examples are

300-457: A softer material.  Hand arm vibrations can also affect people daily with the pain of using these tools such as disturbing sleep, inability to work in certain conditions, and having a hard time doing daily tasks.   Hand arm vibrations can affect the daily lives of workers that use these tools. While there are different tools used to monitor HAV, a simple system can be used in organizations highlighting excess use of grinding disks when using

350-399: A static position. Even activities that do not require a lot of force can result in muscle damage if the activity is repeated often enough at short intervals. MSD risk factors involve doing tasks with heavy force, repetition, or maintaining a nonneutral posture. Of particular concern is the combination of heavy load with repetition. Although poor posture is often blamed for lower back pain,

400-430: A substantial portion of the elderly population. Most workplace MSD episodes involve multiple parts of the body. MSDs are the most frequent health complaint by European, United States and Asian Pacific workers. and the third leading reason for disability and early retirement in the U.S. The incidence rate for MSDs among the working population in 2014 was 31.9 newly diagnosed MSDs per 10,000 full-time workers. In 2014,

450-672: A sudden exertion (e.g., lifting a heavy object), or they can arise from making the same motions repeatedly (repetitive strain), or from repeated exposure to force, vibration, or awkward posture. Injuries and pain in the musculoskeletal system caused by acute traumatic events like a car accident or fall are not considered musculoskeletal disorders. MSDs can affect many different parts of the body including upper and lower back, neck, shoulders and extremities (arms, legs, feet, and hands). Examples of MSDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, epicondylitis , tendinitis , back pain , tension neck syndrome, and hand-arm vibration syndrome. MSDs can arise from

500-691: A systematic review of the literature failed to find a consistent connection. People vary in their tendency to get MSDs. Gender is a factor, with women having a higher incidence of MSDs than men. Obesity is also a factor, with overweight individuals having a higher risk of some MSDs, specifically of the lower back. There is a growing consensus that psychosocial factors are another cause of some MSDs. Some theories for this causal relationship found by many researchers include increased muscle tension, increased blood and fluid pressure, reduction of growth functions, pain sensitivity reduction, pupil dilation, body remaining at heightened state of sensitivity. Although there

550-559: A tool may not be used). There are only a few ways to lower the severity and risk of damage from HAVS without complete engineering redesign on the operation of the tools. A few examples could be increasing the dampening through thicker gloves and increasing the trigger size of the tool to decrease the stress concentration of the vibrations on the contact area, but the best course of action would be to buy safer tools that vibrate less. These Exposure Action Values and Exposure Limit Values seem rather low, when compared to lab tested data, shown by

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600-458: A worker's ability to judge force and strength, which can lead to development of MSDs. Vibration exposure is also associated with hand-arm vibration syndrome, which has symptoms of lack of blood circulation to the fingers, nerve compression, tingling, and/or numbness. Recent epidemiological studies identify gender as a significant risk factor in occurrence of MSDs among workers in gender-related occupations, e.g. hairdressers . Assessment of MSDs

650-495: Is a widespread recognized industrial disease affecting tens of thousands of workers. It is a disorder that affects the blood vessels , nerves , muscles , and joints of the hand , wrist , and arm . Its best known effect is vibration-induced white finger (VWF), a term introduced by the Industrial Injury Advisory Council in 1970. Injury can occur at frequencies between 5 and 2000  Hz but

700-414: Is another risk factor for MSDs of occupational origin because workers can perform the same movements repeatedly over long periods of time (e.g. typing leading to carpal tunnel syndrome . Lifting heavy objects is another source of back injury which is common in nurses due to patient lifting. This can lead to both short-term pain and long-term injury leading to herniated discs/slipped discs), which can wear on

750-402: Is assessed in terms of acceleration, amplitude , and duration. Using a tool that vibrates slightly for a long time can be as damaging as using a heavily vibrating tool for a short time. The duration of use of the tool is measured as trigger time , the period when the worker actually has their finger on the trigger to make the tool run, and is typically quoted in hours per day. Vibration amplitude

800-471: Is based on self-reports of symptoms and pain as well as physical examination by a doctor. Doctors rely on medical history, recreational and occupational hazards, intensity of pain, a physical exam to locate the source of the pain, and sometimes lab tests, X-rays , or an MRI Doctors look for specific criteria to diagnose each different musculoskeletal disorder, based on location, type, and intensity of pain, as well as what kind of restricted or painful movement

850-401: Is important for employees and general tasks outside the workplace. The choice of tools should match that of the proper grip and be conducive to neutral postures, which is important for employers to consider when purchasing equipment. In order to reduce injuries to the low back and spine, it is recommended to reduce weight and frequency of lifting cycles as well as decreasing the distance between

900-558: Is maintaining neutral postures, which are postures in which muscles are at their normal length and able to generate the most force, while reducing stress and possible injury to muscles, tendons, nerves, and bones- therefore, in the workplace or in everyday life, it is ideal for muscles and joints to maintain neutral positions. Additionally, to prevent hand, wrist, and finger injuries, understanding when to use pinch grips (best for fine motor control and precise movements with low force) and power grips (best for high-force movements done repeatedly)

950-499: Is no consensus at this time, some of the workplace stressors found to be associated with MSDs in the workplace include high job demands, low social support , and overall job strain. Researchers have consistently identified causal relationships between job dissatisfaction and MSDs. For example, improving job satisfaction can reduce 17-69 per cent of work-related back disorders and improving job control can reduce 37-84 per cent of work-related wrist disorders. Because workers maintain

1000-600: Is quoted in metres per second squared, and is measured by an accelerometer on the tool or given by the manufacturer. Amplitudes can vary significantly with tool design, condition and style of use, even for the same type of tool. Anti vibration gloves are traditionally made with a thick and soft palm material to insulate from the vibrations. The protection is highly dependent on frequency range; most gloves provide no protection in palm and wrist below ~50 Hz and in fingers below ~400 Hz. Factors such as high grip force, cold hands or vibration forces in shear direction can have

1050-532: Is the process of designing or redesigning the workplace to account for strengths, weaknesses, and needs of the working population- examples would be workstation layout changes to be more efficient or reducing bending over, or moving necessary tools within shorter reach of the worker's station. Employers may also utilize administrative controls like reducing number of hours in a certain position, limiting overtime, or including more breaks during shifts in order to reduce amount of time at risk for each worker. Encouraging

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1100-573: The easily manipulated mechanical arm (EMMA) and the suspension mechanism designed into chainsaws . The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005, created under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 , is the legislation in the UK that governs exposure to vibration and assists with preventing HAVS occurring. In the UK, Health and Safety Executive gives the example of a hammer drill which can vary from 6 m/s² to 25 m/s². HSE publishes

1150-529: The British Government suggests to use an Exposure Action Value of 2.5 m/s and an Exposure Limit Value of 5.0 m/s . which is based on the EU directive from 2002. However, it has been shown that those exposure levels still are not safe as 10% of a population would get sensorineural injuries after 5 years at action level exposure. The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety promotes

1200-654: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Power Tools Database . Just an example out of the database, the reciprocating saws look to have extremely violent vibrations with one of the saws vibrations reaching 50 m/s in one hand and over 35 m/s in the other. There are various occupational standards of vibration measurement for HAV in use in the United States. They are ANSI S3.34, ACGIH-HAV standard, and NIOSH #89-106. Internationally, European Union Directive 2002/44/EC and ISO5349 are

1250-775: The ACGIH Threshold Limit Values shown by the adjacent table. When the time-weighted acceleration data exceeds these numbers for the duration, damage from HAVS begins. There have been additional recommendations based from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to minimize exposure of vibrating tools. Workplaces and Physicians' offices should not only view HAVs as a serious condition but should also look into implementing change. These implementations include engineering control, medical surveillance, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to mitigate vibration exposure. Another implication refers to administrative controls, an example being limiting

1300-537: The Labour Force Survey 2019/20 carried out by the UK's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) , 8.9 million working days were lost due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders and 480,000 workers have these disorders. According to recent studies, a significant proportion of older adults experience musculoskeletal pain. This pain can be localized (e.g., back pain, knee pain) or widespread (e.g., fibromyalgia). The prevalence tends to increase with age, affecting

1350-556: The UK High Court awarded £127,000 in compensation to seven coal miners for vibration white finger. A UK government fund set up to cover subsequent claims by ex-coalminers had exceeded £100 million in payments by 2005. Musculoskeletal disorder Musculoskeletal disorders ( MSDs ) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system , including the joints , ligaments , muscles , nerves , tendons , and structures that support limbs, neck and back. MSDs can arise from

1400-434: The United States, has yet to offer either official values in the U.S. Occupations at risk of Hand and Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVs) includes Mining, Foundry , and highest exposure being within construction. One unexpected occupation that is associated with HAVs is dentistry. Dentistry is mainly associated with Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD). Consequently, HAVs is also linked to this field's ergonomic health issues due to

1450-399: The amount of hours/days a worker is using the vibrating tools. Furthermore, companies could provide adequate training to workers on the hazards and protocols of handling vibrating tools, along with supplying tools that generate the least amount of vibration while still completing the assignment. Good practice in industrial health and safety management requires that worker vibration exposure

1500-487: The angle grinding tools in use was measured, as was the average life of a grinding disk. Thus by recording numbers of grinding disks used, vibration exposure may be calculated. The symptoms were first described by Professor Giovanni Loriga in Italy in 1911, although the link was not made between the symptoms and vibrating hand tools until a study undertaken by Alice Hamilton MD in 1918. She formed her theory through following

1550-691: The body and the load to reduce the torque force on the back for workers and individuals doing repeated lifting to avoid fatigue failure of the spine. The shape of objects being lifted should also be considered, especially by employers, because objects which are easier to grip, lift, and access present less stress on the spine and back muscles than objects which are awkwardly shaped and difficult to access. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published ergonomic recommendations for several industries, including construction, mining, agriculture, healthcare, and retail, among others. MSDs are an increasing healthcare issue globally, being

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1600-497: The first usage of the power tool, concern over damage due to HAVS has lagged behind its fellow hazards such as Noise and chemical hazards . While safety engineers worldwide are collaboratively working on instilling both an Exposure Action Value and an Exposure Limit Value similar to the occupational noise standards, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration , the only regulatory public safety administration in

1650-532: The frequent use of dentistry hand-piece tools. As reported by the Vibration Directive of European Legislation , real-time or one-time use of the dental tools does not surpass the exposure limit. However, a long history of frequent handling of these tools has later been associated with Dental workers experiencing HAVs with inclusion of outside factors, such as high Body Mass Index ( BMI ). While these workplace industries more prominently affect men in

1700-657: The greatest risk for fingers is between 50 and 300 Hz. The total risk exposure for hand and arm is calculated by the use of ISO 5349-1, which stipulates maximum damage between 8 and 16 Hz and a rapidly declining risk at higher frequencies. The ISO 5349-1 frequency risk assessment has been criticized as corresponding poorly to observational data; more recent research suggests that medium and high frequency vibrations also increase HAVS risk. Excessive exposure to hand arm vibrations can result in various patterns of diseases casually known as HAVS or VWF. This can affect nerves, joints, muscles, blood vessels or connective tissues of

1750-436: The hand and forearm: In extreme cases, the affected person may lose fingers. The effects are cumulative. When symptoms first appear, they may disappear after a short time. If exposure to vibration continues over months or years, the symptoms can worsen and become permanent. Exposure to hand arm vibrations is a respectively newer occupational hazard in the work place. While hand arm vibrations have been occurring ever since

1800-436: The head and jaw, chest and abdomen pains, and changing speech. Depending on the way the hand arm vibration instruments are held, it can influence the vibration effects.  This includes the grip force that the worker uses on the tool, the density of the material the tool is being used on, and the texture of the material the tool is used on.   If the material is harder, the vibrations would shake more vigorously compared to

1850-435: The highest incidence rate of musculoskeletal disorders, with an incidence rate of 89.9 cases per 10,000 full-time workers. Healthcare , manufacturing , agriculture , wholesale trade, retail , and recreation industries all have incidence rates above 35 per 10,000 full-time workers. For example, a national survey of U.S. nurses found that 38% reported an MSD in the prior year, mainly lower back injury. The neck and back are

1900-434: The interaction of physical factors with ergonomic, psychological, social, and occupational factors. MSDs are caused by biomechanical load which is the force that must be applied to do tasks, the duration of the force applied, and the frequency with which tasks are performed. Activities involving heavy loads can result in acute injury, but most occupation-related MSDs are from motions that are repetitive, or from maintaining

1950-429: The job, or measurement of posture which could lead to MSDs. Once risk factors have been determined, there are several intervention methods which could be used to prevent the development of MSDs. The target of MSD prevention efforts is often the workplace in order to identify incidence rates of both disorders and exposure to unsafe conditions. Groups who are at particular risk can be identified, and modifications to

2000-666: The joints and muscles involved in the motion in question. Workers doing repetitive motions at a high pace of work with little recovery time and workers with little to no control over the timing of motions (e.g. workers on assembly lines ) are also prone to MSDs due to the motion of their work. Force needed to perform actions on the job can also be associated with higher MSD risk in workers, because movements which require more force can fatigue muscles quicker which can lead to injury and/or pain. Additionally, exposure to vibration (experienced by truck drivers or construction workers , for example) and extreme hot or cold temperatures can affect

2050-402: The median days away from work due to MSDs was 13, and there were 10.4 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in which an MSD caused a worker to be away from work for 31 or more days. MSDs are widespread in many occupations, including those with heavy biomechanical load like construction and factory work, and those with lighter loads like office work. The transportation and warehousing industries have

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2100-515: The most common sites of MSDs in workers, followed by the upper limbs and lower limbs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that 31.8 new cases of MSDs per 10,000 full-time workers per year are due to overexertion, bodily reaction, or repetitive motions. In 2013, members of the United States Army Medical Command Band (now the 323rd Army Band ) were the center of a study which concluded that musicians have

2150-421: The physical and psychosocial environment can be made. Approaches to prevention in workplace settings include matching the person's physical abilities to the tasks, increasing the person's capabilities, changing how tasks are performed, or changing the tasks. Employers can also utilize engineering controls and administrative controls to prevent injury happening on the job. Implementation of engineering controls

2200-435: The same posture over long work days and often several years, even natural postures like standing can lead to MSDs like low back pain . Postures which are less natural, such as twisting of or tension in the upper body, are typically contributors to the development of MSDs due to the unnatural biomechanical load of these postures. There is evidence that posture contributes to MSDs of the neck, shoulder, and back. Repeated motion

2250-526: The second leading cause of disability. For example, in the U.S. there were more than 16 million strains and sprains treated in 2004, and the total cost for treating MSDs is estimated to be more than $ 125 billion per year. In 2006 approximately 14.3% of the Canadian population was living with a disability, with nearly half due to MSDs. Neck pain is one of the most common complaints, with about one fifth of adults worldwide reporting pain annually. According to

2300-718: The symptoms reported by quarry cutters and carvers in Bedford, Indiana. She also discovered the link between an increase in HAV symptoms and cold weather as 1918 was a particularly harsh winter. The first scale for assessing the condition, the Taylor-Pelmear scale, was published in 1975, but it was not listed as a prescribed disease in the United Kingdom until 1985, and the Stockholm scale was introduced in 1987. In 1997,

2350-452: The title VWF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VWF&oldid=1251642624 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Vibration white finger HAVS

2400-557: The use of proper ergonomics not only includes matching the physical ability of the worker with the correct job, but it deals with designing equipment that is correct for the task. Limiting heavy lifting, training, and reporting early signs of injury are examples that can prevent MSD. Employers can provide support for employees in order to prevent MSD in the workplace by involving the employees in planning, assessing, and developing standards of procedures that will support proper ergonomics and prevent injury. One focus of ergonomic principles

2450-435: The vibration measurement standards for HAV. Hand arm vibrations can affect anyone that uses them for a prolonged period of time.  There are many types of tools that use hand arm vibrations including chainsaws, engineering controls, and power tools.   Many industrial workers use these power tools, for example, when working with construction.  Some of the side effects of using hand arm vibrations are discomfort in

2500-473: The working population, there are still a significant number of women who also experience HAVs. According to a study conducted in Sweden, about 2% of all women and 14% of all men utilize vibrating tools for work. Women are more likely to experience the symptoms for HAVs at a higher prevalence than men. While OSHA has yet to supply these values, other countries agencies have. The Health and Safety Executive of

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