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58-469: The 877-square-kilometre (339 sq mi) municipality is the 132nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Volda is the 105th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 10,960. The municipality's population density is 13.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (34/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8.9% over the previous 10-year period. The municipality of Volden

116-470: A Japanese man showcased a wooden reaping tool with a metal edge, which he used to show how rice was cut. He was impressed with the speed of the local reapers, but said such a large scythe would never work in Japan. The Norwegian municipality of Hornindal has three scythe blades in its coat-of-arms. In Poland, especially regions surrounding Kraków , the memory of Scythemen ( Polish : Kosynierzy ) of

174-573: A fast pace. Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Very densely populated cities are mostly in Asia (particularly Southeast Asia ); Africa's Lagos , Kinshasa , and Cairo ; South America's Bogotá , Lima , and São Paulo ; and Mexico City and Saint Petersburg also fall into this category. City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on

232-502: A hand reaper that would be considered a scythe. The Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet in Sheffield , England, is a museum of a scythe-making works that was in operation from the end of the 18th century until the 1930s. This was part of the former scythe-making district of north Derbyshire , which extended into Eckington . Other English scythe-making districts include that around Belbroughton . The German Renaissance scythe sword ,

290-544: A high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation . Deserts have very limited potential for growing crops as there is not enough rain to support them. Thus, their population density is generally low. However, some cities in the Middle East, such as Dubai , have been increasing in population and infrastructure growth at

348-452: A little less than the land area of Puerto Rico , 8,868 square kilometres (3,424 sq mi). Although the arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide alternative measures of population density over a specific area. Scythe A scythe ( / s aɪ ð / SYDHE ) is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or harvesting crops . It

406-409: A popular traditional sport, called segalaritza (from Spanish verb segar : to mow). Each contender competes to cut a defined section of grown grass before his rival does the same. There is an international scything competition held at Goričko where people from Austria, Hungary, Serbia, and Romania, or as far away as Asia enter to showcase their culturally unique method of reaping crops. In 2009,

464-419: A scythe blade is maintained by occasional peening followed by frequent honing . Peening reforms the malleable edge by hammering; creating the desired edge profile , locally work-hardening the metal, and removing minor nicks and dents. For mowing fine grass, the bevel angle may be peened extremely fine, while for coarser work a larger angle is created to give a more robust edge. Peening requires some skill and

522-424: A scythe on each side. The charge has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The arms from 1987 were modified by adding two scythes on either side of the tip of a fountain pen . The scythes were taken from the old arms of the former municipality of Hornindal. Hornindal historically had large numbers of smiths and their scythe production

580-487: A sickle made of the strongest metal to her youngest son Kronos , who is also the youngest of the Titans and god of the harvest, to seek vengeance against her husband Ouranos for torturing their eldest sons. The Grim Reaper is often depicted carrying or wielding a scythe. According to Jack Herer and Flesh of The Gods (Emboden, W. A. Jr., Praeger Press, New York, 1974), the ancient Scythians grew hemp and harvested it with

638-629: Is also mountainous, particularly southeast of the fjords, with the Sunnmørsalpene mountains surrounding the region. The 1,482-metre (4,862 ft) tall mountain Eidskyrkja is located in the southeastern part of the municipality. Volda is bordered by municipalities of: Vanylven Municipality to the south-west/west; Herøy and Ulstein (only by sea) to the west; Ørsta to the north and east; and Stryn and Stad , in Vestland county, to

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696-415: Is being used here, but blades can be free-peened using various designs of peening anvils. The peening jig shown has two interchangeable caps that set different angles: a coarse angle is set first about 3 mm back from the edge, and the fine angle is then set on the edge, leaving an edge that lends itself to being easily honed. The blade is then honed using progressively finer honing stones and then taken to

754-482: Is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes of reduced fertility in low population densities are: Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county , city , country , another territory or

812-409: Is damp, and so hay-making historically began at dawn and often stopped early, the heat of the day being spent raking and carting the hay cut on previous days or peening the blades. Scythes are designed for different tasks. A long, thin blade 90 to 100 centimetres (35 to 39 in) is most efficient for mowing grass or wheat, while a shorter, more robust scythe 60 to 70 centimetres (24 to 28 in)

870-408: Is done using a peening hammer and special anvils or by using a peening jig. Historically, when mowing in teams, a peening station was set up on the edge of the field during harvest, but now more likely back in the workshop. In the example below, a short scythe blade, being used to clear brambles , is being sharpened. Before being taken to the forest, the blade is peened in the workshop: this reforms

928-531: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Møre og Romsdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Volda is made up of 33 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

986-472: Is highlighted in the annual Animation Volda Festival, which started at HVO in 2007. HVO is host of the annual Norwegian Documentary Film Festival ( a.k.a. DOKFILM), which started in 1997. The national ski festival X2 is also held in Volda during April every year. The Volda TI sports club includes an association football team, whose home field is Volda Stadion. The football squad has consistently played in

1044-470: Is historically used to cut down or reap edible grains , before the process of threshing . The scythe has been largely replaced by horse -drawn and then tractor machinery, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia. Reapers are bladed machines that automate the cutting of the scythe, and sometimes subsequent steps in preparing the grain or the straw or hay . The word "scythe" derives from Old English siðe . In Middle English and later, it

1102-456: Is located at Ekset in Volda. Volda and its environs are featured prominently in the film Troll Hunter (2010). The Ørsta–Volda Airport, Hovden , is located in neighbouring municipality of Ørsta , just north of the village of Volda. The European route E39 highway passes north through the municipality on its way to the city of Ålesund . As noted, the municipality is criss-crossed by fjords; therefore, both Lauvstad and Folkestad are linked to

1160-518: Is more appropriate for clearing weeds, cutting reed or sedge and can be used with the blade under water for clearing ditches and waterways. Skilled mowers using long-bladed scythes honed very sharp were used to maintain short lawn grass until the invention of the lawnmower . Many cultures have used a variety of 'cradles' to catch cut different kinds of grain stems, keeping the seed heads aligned and laying them down in an orderly fashion to make them easier to sheaf and winnow . The cutting edge of

1218-530: Is taken into account, then human population density is 53/km (140/sq mi). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica . However, if Antarctica is excluded, then population density rises to over 58 per square kilometre (150/sq mi). The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has developed a suite of (open and free) data and tools named the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) to improve

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1276-410: Is too long for the skill level, failing to start with a sharp edge and persevering with a dull one during use, chopping or hacking at the grass, trying to cut too wide a strip of grass at once and striking the ground with the blade. Historically, beginners relied on mentors to help them set up and maintain their scythe and to teach them to mow comfortably and efficiently. Mowing grass is easier when it

1334-523: The 2. divisjon to 4. divisjon leagues (tiers three to five of the Norwegian football league system ) for a number of decades. As a logical consequence of the huge influx of students, as well as a county hospital, public services are by far the most dominant sector, representing almost 50% of economic life in Volda. Industry and agriculture are also prevalent. Bjørkedalen is noted for its tradition in building wooden boats. The Sivert Aarflot Museum

1392-412: The developed world , the scythe has been largely replaced by the motorised lawn mower and combine harvester . However, the scythe remained in common use for many years after the introduction of machines because a side-mounted finger-bar mower – whether horse- or tractor-drawn – could not mow in front of itself, and scythes were still needed to open up a meadow by clearing

1450-502: The entire world . The world's population is around 8,000,000,000 and the Earth 's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 km (200,000,000 sq mi). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is approximately 8,000,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 16/km (41/sq mi). However, if only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km (58,000,000 sq mi)

1508-465: The parish ) is named after the Voldsfjorden ( Vǫld or Valdr ). The meaning of the name is uncertain, but it may come from vella which means "gush" or "roar" or from another word meaning " wave ". It could be compared with the welle which means "wave". Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Volden . On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed the spelling of

1566-404: The sickle for reaping crops by the 16th century, as the scythe was better ergonomically and consequently more efficient. In about 1800, the grain cradle was sometimes added to the standard scythe when mowing grain; the cradle was an addition of light wooden fingers above the scythe blade which kept the grain stems aligned and the heads together to make the collection and threshing easier. In

1624-494: The Ørsta municipality (population: 13) was transferred to Volden municipality. In 1918, the name was changed from Volden to Volda . On 1 July 1924, the sub-parish of Dalsfjord (population: 960) was separated from Volda to become a municipality of its own. This left Volda with 4,715 residents. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1964,

1682-572: The 1794 Kościuszko Uprising is still vivid and commemorated. In order to strengthen the Polish forces against the Russians Kościuszko issued an act of mobilisation, but the difficulties with providing enough armament for the mobilised troops made Kościuszko form large units composed of peasants armed with scythes. Their motto was They Feed and Defend ( Polish : Żywią i Bronią , archaic spelling: Żywią y Bronią ). The emblem of Bnei Akiva ,

1740-582: The Greek and Roman harpe and the Egyptian khopesh were scythes or sickles modified as weapons or symbols of authority. An improvised conversion of the agricultural scythe to a war scythe by re-attaching the blade parallel to the snaith, similar to a bill , has also been used throughout history as a weapon. See § In art below for an example. Although the scythe is still an indispensable tool for farmers in developing countries and in mountainous terrain,

1798-475: The belt. A burr is set up on the outside of the blade by stroking the blade on the inside; the burr is then taken off by gently stroking it on the outside. There are many opinions, regional traditions and variations on exactly how to do this; some eastern European countries even set up the burr on the inside. Unlike European blades, which are made from malleable steel, typical American blades are made of harder, more brittle, steel and risk cracking if peened. While

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1856-413: The blade projecting from the left side of the snaith when in use, with the edge towards the mower; left-handed scythes are made but cannot be used together with right-handed scythes as the left-handed mower would be mowing in the opposite direction and could not mow in a team. Although left-handed scythes exist, their primary purpose is not to suit left-handed mowers but to mow back out from an obstruction on

1914-452: The blade. The correct technique has a slicing action on the grass, leaving a swathe of uniformly cut stubble , and forming a regular windrow on the left. When mown in a team, the team starts at the edge of the meadow in a staggered line, then proceeds clockwise, finishing in the middle. Mowing with a scythe is a skilled task that takes time to learn fully. Long-bladed scythes, typically around 90 centimetres (35 in) (such as in

1972-412: The coat of arms. The current coat of arms was approved in 2019 for use starting on 1 January 2020 when Hornindal Municipality and part of Ørsta Municipality were added to Volda. The official blazon is " Azure , a downwards pointing fountain pen nib flanked by two scythes endorsed argent " . This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the tip of a fountain pen with

2030-578: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Nynorsk : ordførar ) of Volda: Volda is primarily known for strong cultural heritage and academic traditions. A private library at Egset, the first rural of its kind in Norway, is said to have inspired the young Ivar Aasen in the 19th century. Martin Ulvestad , Norwegian–American author who published an English-Danish-Norwegian dictionary in 1895, ( Engelsk-Dansk-Norsk Ordbog med fuldstændig Udtalebetegnelse )

2088-547: The definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the center only than when suburban settlements and intervening rural areas are included, as in the agglomeration or metropolitan area (the latter sometimes including neighboring cities). In comparison, based on a world population of 8 billion, the world's inhabitants, if conceptualized as a loose crowd occupying just under 1 m (10 sq ft) per person (cf. Jacobs Method ), would occupy an area of 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi)

2146-425: The edge steel is typically clad on either side with the tough iron, while some Nordic laminated blades have a layer of iron on the top only, with the edge steel comprising the bottom layer. Scythes may date back as far as c.  5000 BC ; they seem to have been used since Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements, becoming widespread with agricultural developments. Initially used mostly for mowing hay, it had replaced

2204-405: The example below) and suitable for mowing grass or wheat, are harder to use at first; consequently, beginners usually start on shorter blades, generally 70 centimetres (28 in) or less. Common beginner errors include setting up the snaith with the handles in the wrong locations to suit the body, setting the blade at the wrong turn-in and turn-up angles to suit the conditions, choosing a blade that

2262-658: The farmers often celebrate by having a small feast where they dance, drink and eat, while being careful to keep in shape for the next day's hard work. In other parts of the Balkans, such as in Serbian towns, scything competitions are held where the winner takes away a small silver scythe. In small Serbian towns, scything is treasured as part of the local folklore, and the winners of friendly competitions are rewarded richly with food and drink, which they share with their competitors. Among Basques scythe-mowing competitions are still

2320-412: The field. In the field, the blade is honed using a fine, ovoid whetstone (or rubber ), fine-grained for grass, coarser for cereal crops. Honing is performed the moment the mower senses that the edge has gone off; this may be every half hour or more depending on the conditions. The laminated honing stone shown here has two grades of stone and is carried into the field soaking in a water-filled holster on

2378-513: The first swathe to give the mechanical mower room to start. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities of Sir William Smith argues that the scythe, known in Latin as the falx foenaria as opposed to the sickle, the falx messoria , was used by the ancient Romans. According to ancient Greek mythology , Gaia  – the Greek goddess and mother of the Titans  – gave

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2436-408: The ground. The mower cuts along the mowing edge of the meadow, keeping the uncut grass to the right. The blade hooks the grass on the right and is swung to the left in a long arc ending to the left of the mower to form a windrow of cut grass on the previously mown ground. The mower takes a small step forward and repeats the motion, proceeding with a steady rhythm, stopping at frequent intervals to hone

2494-429: The handles in an ergonomic configuration but close to the shaft. The snaith has either one or two short handles at right angles to it, usually one near the upper end and always another roughly in the middle. The handles are usually adjustable to suit the user. A curved, steel blade between 60 and 90 centimetres (24 and 35 in) long is mounted at the lower end at 90°, or less, to the snaith. Scythes almost always have

2552-428: The harder blade holds an edge longer and requires less frequent honing in the field, the edge can only be reshaped by grinding after heavy use or damage. This usually only needs to be done only 1–3 times a season because of the greater wear resistance of the harder steel. Some examples have a laminated construction with a hard, wear-resistant core providing the edge, and softer sides providing strength. In American blades,

2610-405: The left, such as when mowing back from the end of a ditch; ditch mowers may have both left and right-handed ditch scythes with them to do this. The use of a scythe was historically called mowing , now often scything to distinguish it from machine mowing. The mower holds the top handle in the left hand and the central one in the right, with the arms straight, the blade parallel and very close to

2668-448: The malleable steel to create an edge profile that can then be honed. Peening is done only occasionally; how often depends on the hardness of the steel and the nature of the work. The Austrian blade shown is being used to cut tough-stemmed brambles and it is being peened about every thirty hours of work. Nicks and cuts to the blade edge can usually be worked out of the blade by peening and a new edge profile formed for honing. A peening jig

2726-638: The municipalities of Dalsfjord (population: 1,151) and Volda (population: 6,056) were merged back together. The new Volda municipality had 7,207 residents. On 1 January 2020, another large municipal border adjustment took place. The neighboring municipality of Hornindal (previously in Sogn og Fjordane county) and the Bjørke and Leira areas of Ørsta were merged with Volda to make a much larger Volda Municipality (in Møre og Romsdal county). The municipality (originally

2784-400: The name of the municipality to Volda . The original coat of arms was granted on 19 June 1987 and they were in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was greatly enlarged. The official blazon was " Azure , a downwards pointing fountain pen nib argent " ( Norwegian : På blå grunn ein nedvend sølv pennesplitt ). This means the arms had a blue field (background) and the charge

2842-539: The old Hornindal Municipality joining Volda in 2020. Population density Population density (in agriculture : standing stock or plant density ) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans , but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by total land area , sometimes including seas and oceans, as appropriate. Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and further reduce fertility. This

2900-401: The population centre Volda by ferry . In February 2008, the underwater Eiksund Tunnel connected the municipalities of Ulstein , Hareid , Herøy , and Sande to Ørsta and Volda. The tunnel is the deepest undersea tunnel in the world. The Kviven Tunnel was completed in 2012, connecting Fyrde to the village of Grodås to the south on the other side of a large mountain. This tunnel led to

2958-568: The science for policy support to the European Commission Directorate Generals and Services and as support to the United Nations system. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states , microstates and urban dependencies . In fact, 95% of the world's population is concentrated on just 10% of the world's land. These territories have a relatively small area and

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3016-641: The south. The dominant centre, both in terms of population and administration, is the village of Volda , in the northernmost part of the municipality. Other population concentrations include Mork, Ekset, Folkestad, Fyrde , Steinsvika, Lauvstad, Bjørkedal, Grodås , and Straumshamn . Some of the mountains in Volda include Hornindalsrokken , Kvitegga , and Jakta . Volda Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

3074-548: The tool has become associated with the Grim Reaper. In Romania, for example, in the highland landscape of the Transylvanian Apuseni Mountains , scything is a very important annual activity, taking about 2–3 weeks to complete for a regular house. As scything is a tiring physical activity and is relatively difficult to learn, farmers help each other by forming teams. After each day's harvest,

3132-620: Was born in Volda. The Norsk Landboeblad newspaper was based in Volda in the 1800s. Volda landsgymnas (established 1910) was the first Norwegian secondary school outside a major city. Among the most important institutions today is the Volda University College. Volda University College (HVO) is one of 25 university colleges in Norway. HVO, with an enrollment of about 3,000 students, specializes in education of teachers, animators, and journalists. This has attracted or incubated several animation companies to Volda, whose work

3190-471: Was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The original municipality was the same as the parish ( prestegjeld ) of Volden, including the sub-parishes of Ørsta and Dalsfjord . On 1 August 1883, the sub-parish of Ørsta (population: 2,070) was separated from Volden to form a new municipality of its own. This left Volden with 3,485 residents. On 1 January 1893, the Ytrestølen farm in

3248-475: Was the tip of a fountain pen . The charge had a tincture of argent which means it was commonly colored white, but if it was made out of metal, then silver was used. This design was chosen to symbolize the long history of education in Volda–;it was the site of the first secondary school outside of a major city in Norway. The arms were designed by Inge Rotevatn. The municipal flag has the same design as

3306-660: Was usually spelt sithe or sythe . However, in the 15th century some writers began to use the sc- spelling as they thought (wrongly) the word was related to the Latin scindere (meaning "to cut"). Nevertheless, the sithe spelling lingered and notably appears in Noah Webster 's dictionaries. A scythe consists of a shaft about 170 centimetres (67 in) long called a snaith , snath , snathe or sned , traditionally made of wood but now sometimes metal . Simple snaiths are straight with offset handles, others have an "S" curve or are steam bent in three dimensions to place

3364-577: Was well known in the wider region. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. The Church of Norway has six parishes ( sokn ) within the municipality of Volda. It is part of the Søre Sunnmøre prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Møre . Volda's main geographical feature is the Voldsfjorden which branches off into the Austefjorden , Kilsfjorden , and Dalsfjorden . It

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