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128-593: Originally from Carniola , an apparent (or illegitimate ) branch of the House of Meinhardin , the family spread in neighboring countries. The earliest known members of the Graben family, Konrad and his brother Grimoald von Graben, lived around 1170. During the middle ages family went on to rule some Carinthian , Lower Austrian , Tyrolian , East Tyrols , Styrian , Gorizian and modern Italian districts as Burggrafen (a sort of viscount ) and Herren (lords) from

256-757: A blue background. This family today shows the same coat of arms as the De Graeff family. However, the Dutch Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographical Woordenboek doubts this family constellation: A certain Wolfgang von Graben, who came to Holland around 1483, is said to have married there and had a son Pieter, who is said to be the progenitor of the Dutch family... That diplome dadet from 19 July 1677. Diplom loaned to Andries de Graeff: In 1627/1636 Andries de Graeff inherited

384-424: A distant descendant of De Graeff, used Rembrandt's painting of Andries in his painting "Im herbstlichen Wald" (In the autumn forest) and Quellinus' bust in his painting "Morbide Zeiten" (Morbid times) as part of his diploma series. De Graeff also dealt very intensively with the genealogy of his house and its lineage, about which Van den Vondel wrote a treatise personally dedicated to him. Van den Vondel also decided

512-477: A lawsuit he won, earning him his claimed payment of over 500 guilders. Since then, however, he has not been given any more commissions by the Amsterdam patrician class and has been ignored when it comes to prestigious public contracts. On the other hand, De Graeff was associated with the poet Van den Vondel as a patron and supporter into old age, and after the bankruptcy in 1656 he got him a job as an accountant at

640-498: A lion statue was erected, and which was then called Leeuwenberg. Another country estate was added in 1675 when he and his nephews Pieter de Graeff and Gerard Bicker (I) van Swieten bought Valkenburg (the former Valckeveen of his grandfather Dirck Jansz Graeff ) near Heemstede for 7,480 guilders from his sister Christina de Graeff (1609 –1679). Andries de Graeff had an art collection that included masterpieces by Rembrandt, Gerard ter Borch, Govaert Flinck and other Dutch masters of

768-1383: A member of the Graben family. Andries de Graeff and his son Cornelis became Free Imperial knights of the Holy Roman Empire . That diploma dates from 19 July 1677: Fide digis itegur genealogistarum Amsteldamensium edocti testimoniis te Andream de Graeff [Andries de Graeff] non paternum solum ex pervetusta in Comitatu nostro Tyrolensi von Graben dicta familia originem ducere, qua olim per quendam ex ascendentibus tuis ejus nominis in Belgium traducta et in Petrum de Graeff [Pieter Graeff], abavum, Johannem [Jan Pietersz Graeff], proavum, Theodorum [Dirck Jansz Graeff], avum, ac tandem Jacobum [Jacob Dircksz de Graeff], patrem tuum, viros in civitate, Amstelodamensi continua serie consulatum scabinatus senatorii ordinis dignitabitus conspicuos et in publicum bene semper meritos propagata nobiliter et cum splendore inter suos se semper gessaerit interque alios honores praerogativasque nobilibus eo locorum proprias liberum venandi jus in Hollandia, Frisiaque occidentale ac Ultrajectina provinciis habuerit semper et exercuerit. The Kornberg line died out in 1664 with

896-678: A new line, the Stein Line at Castle Stein. Two other lines of the Graben family can be found in Tyrol, and one in Switzerland. A detailed list of the lines and branches can be found here: The Grabner zu Kornberg came from Styria in Graz and belonged to the same tribe as the Grabner zu Rosenburg. The first important member of the family was Ulrich II von Graben (named between 1300–1361), who

1024-443: A number of citizens went to De Graeff's home, denounced him as a coward and threatened that they would raise an army of up to 20,000 men to kill him and any suspects, i.e. supporters of the statesmen to attack De Witt. Valckenier was also asked by a citizen delegation whether he was aware of traitors within the city government, to which Valckenier denied. Since this group had murderous intentions towards De Graeff, Valckenier said that he

1152-543: A portion of Lower Styria and Carinthia; the remaining portion of Carniola was attached to Aquileia, later on to Gorizia and Trieste . At the redistribution of dioceses (1787 to 1791) not all the parishes in Carniola were included in the Diocese of Ljubljana, but this was accomplished in 1833, by taking two deaneries from the Diocese of Trieste, one from Gorizia, and one parish from the Diocese of Lavant, so as to include all

1280-416: A role which the younger De Graeff could not play on an equal footing. As a result, De Witt lost the substantial support for his policy from Amsterdam. In 1669 there was a first break with Valckenier, who opposed the De Graeff faction, prevented the appointment as burgomaster of De Graeff and also wanted to break their power. As a result, he increasingly lost ground in government at Valckenier. When that 1670

1408-656: A seat on the Council of State . This caused a definitive split between De Witt and the Orangist Amsterdam group of regents around Valckenier. However, De Witt and the state-minded party faction De Graeff (including Andries de Graeff, his nephew Pieter de Graeff , his brother-in-law Lambert Reynst and his distant cousin Cornelis van Vlooswijck among others) and the faction Henrick Hooft succeeded in 1671 together in excluding Valckenier and his comrades-in-arms from

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1536-414: A single chamber of thirty-seven members, among whom the prince-bishop sits ex-officio. The emperor convened the legislature, and it is presided over by the governor. The landed interests elected ten members, the cities and towns eight, the commercial and industrial boards two, the village communes sixteen. In 1907, instead of these rules, universal and equal suffrage for all men was introduced. The business of

1664-529: A single person. Instead of a sovereign (or stadtholder) the political and military power was lodged with the States General and with the regents of the cities in Holland. During the two decades the De Graeff family had a leading role in the Amsterdam administration, the city was at the peak of its political power. This period was also referred to by Republicans as the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ (True Freedom). It

1792-776: A small part in Italy , around Fusine in Valromana . Carniola in its final form, established in 1815, encompassed 9,904 km (3,824 sq mi). In 1914, before the beginning of World War I, it had a population of slightly under 530,000, of whom 95% were Slovenes. The region is crossed by the Julian Alps and the Karawanks . The highest mountain peaks are Nanos , 4,200 feet (1,300 m); Vremščica , 3,360 feet (1,020 m); Snežnik , 5,900 feet (1,800 m); and Triglav , 9,300 feet (2,800 m). The main rivers are

1920-591: A time in 1653. During this time he held positions as Commissioner of the Haarlemmermeer , Hoofdingeland (highest rank in dike management) of the Watergraafsmeer and Dikemaster of Nieuwer-Amstel . In 1657 he finally resigned as Rekenmeester of the Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland. From 1657 Andries de Graeff devoted himself to his political activities in Amsterdam, where he

2048-403: Is a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia . Although as a whole it does not exist anymore, Slovenes living within the former borders of the region still tend to identify with its traditional parts Upper Carniola , Lower Carniola (with the sub-part of White Carniola ), and to a lesser degree with Inner Carniola . In 1991, 47% of the population of Slovenia lived within

2176-784: Is also to be understood as a statement of opposition and against the return to the Oranian stadtholdership. De Graeff's choice of this subject was based on its quality as a signer and co-initiator of the Perpetual Edict and is not surprising. The ominous thing is that these ceiling paintings at Rampjaar were completed in 1672. Here came the True freedom - the era of the First Stadtholderless Period - to an abrupt end, as did burgomaster De Graeff's political career. In 2007, Austrian artist Matthias Laurenz Gräff ,

2304-626: Is now the province of Flevoland on behalf of the city of Amsterdam. In 1660/1661 the De Graeff brothers and other politicians of Holland pursued a pro-English strategy which secured them military support against Spain and free trade ( vrij schip, vrij goed ). For this reason, Andries and Cornelis de Graeff, in 1660 founded a commission that presented the English King Charles II with the Dutch Gift , consisting of numerous valuable paintings and works of art. The sculptures for

2432-407: Is reported as Peter's mother, but this cannot be correct, since she is mentioned as the wife of a Wolfgang von Graben, but only in the 16th century, which therefore applies to a later Wolfgang von Graben. Wolfgang entered the military service and was assigned to the archduke. Peter took the name Pieter (de) Graeff (or De Graaff), and also appears as the progenitor of the De Graeff family. De Graeff

2560-517: Is striking that twelve of these politicians were among those who expelled Valckenier and his faction from the Vroedschap in 1671. This event marked the end of Andries de Graeff's Wittians (Johan de Witt), but by contrast Hooft and his fellow factions were able to remain in the Vroedschap. It was probably the reward for Hooft having served the Orangeman well and owed his subservience to him. In

2688-562: Is the right of the three figures standing on the roadside to the right of center. In 1671, Gerard de Lairesse painted the three ceiling painting Triomf der Vrede (Triumph of Peace) for De Graeff. They had a clear message: the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ of the Republic was only protected by the republican regents of Amsterdam. The paintings glorify the De Graeff family's role as the protector of the Republican state, defender of ‘True Freedom’. It

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2816-597: The Avar rule, but most probably enjoyed partial autonomy. Carniola was governed by the Franks about the year 788, and was Christianized by missionaries from the Patriarchate of Aquileia and others. When Charlemagne established the margraviate of Friuli , he added to it a part of Carniola. After the division of Friuli , it became an independent margraviate , having its own Slavic margrave residing at Kranj , subject to

2944-473: The Bank van Lening with a salary until the end of his life. In literature, Andries de Graeff is often considered an art lover or patron . His patronage consisted of commissions to artists such as Quellinus, Rembrandt and Ter Borch for the portraits of himself and his family. Also the remarks of the writer and painter Arnold Houbraken , beginning 18th century have contributed to this picture. In one of his works,

3072-672: The Court of Audit of the Dutch Republic at The Hague and was thus able to audit the administration of the Republic and the chambers of the Admiralty on behalf of the States General. In 1652, through the mediation of his brother Cornelis, he became the chartered Statutory auditor ( Rekenmeester der Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland Meester ordinaris der Grafelijke domeinen van Holland en West-Friesland ) of

3200-541: The Henrick Hooft faction, which stood as a middle party between the two opposite poles. Between 1661 and 1663 Andries de Graeff acted as a councilor of States of Holland and West Friesland at The Hague. After the death of his brother Cornelis in 1664, he had a dominated force in Amsterdam and chaired the moderate De Graeff faction in the Vroedschap, which included members of the De Graeff and Bicker regent families among others, which were considered moderate. It

3328-552: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ). The western part of the duchy, with the towns of Postojna , Ilirska Bistrica , Idrija , and Šturje , was annexed to Italy in 1920, but was subsequently also included in Yugoslavia in 1947. Since 1991, the region has been part of an independent Slovenia . Andries de Graeff Andries de Graeff (19 February 1611 – 30 November 1678)

3456-652: The Orange family's influence. Together with the Republican political leader Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt , the De Graeff-family strove for the abolition of stadtholderships , but also try to keep a good relationship with them and their sympathizers. They desired the full sovereignty of the individual regions in a form in which the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands was not ruled by

3584-529: The Ottomans and rebellions by local residents against Habsburg rule from the 15th to the 17th centuries. From about 900 AD until the 20th century, Carniola's ruling classes and urban areas spoke German , while the peasantry spoke Slovene . The capital of Carniola, originally located at Kranj ( German : Krainburg ), was briefly moved to Kamnik ( German : Stein ) and finally to the current capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana ( German : Laibach ). Before

3712-471: The Perpetual Edict created in 1667 - the abolition of the (Oranian) stadtholdership, which was also initiated five years earlier by De Graeff - and decided that William III of Orange as the new stadtholder of Holland. Also, De Graeff voted for the appointment of Willem III to the Captain general and Admiral-General of Holland. He continued to take on the task of bringing the resolution to The Hague. As he

3840-552: The Roman patricians and Amsterdam as the successor to the Roman Republic. The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam explains more about this bust: This is impressively expressed in this impressive portrait bust by Andries de Graeff. Wearing a cloak resembling a classical toga, he had himself immortalized in marble in the guise of a Roman consul, as indicated by the letters "COS" (the abbreviation for a consul in ancient Rome) after his name on

3968-713: The Sava , Tržič Bistrica , Kokra , Kamnik Bistrica , Sora , Ljubljanica , Mirna , Krka , and Kolpa rivers. Notable lakes include Black Lake ( Slovene : Črno jezero ), Lake Bohinj , Lake Bled , and Lake Cerknica . Nearby is the Ljubljana Marsh , and a series of hot and mineral springs which can be found at Dolenjske Toplice , Šmarješke Toplice , and Izlake . Agriculture thrived more in Upper Carniola than in Lower Carniola. The Vipava Valley

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4096-595: The University of Poitiers in 1634 and reached a degree in canon and civil law. In 1646 he became Schepen and a member of the Vroedschap of Amsterdam, a position he retained until 1650. For the first two decades of his career, Andries de Graeff was politically overshadowed by his older brother Cornelis and their cousin Andries Bicker . During the 1640s the republican elite of the province of Holland,

4224-568: The child of the State . In 1666, together with the burgomasters Valckenier, Hendrick Dircksz Spiegel and Gerard Claesz Hasselaer , he presented the French Foreign Minister Hugues de Lionne with a representative painting of Amsterdam by Ludolf Backhuysen . The regents of Amsterdam hoped for the benevolent support of France. In 1667, Andries de Graeff was the initiator of the Perpetual Edict alongside De Witt and

4352-643: The 14th century the Duchy of Carniola was declared, a status which was formally recognised in the 16th century. As a hereditary possession of the Habsburgs (one of the so-called Erblande ), Carniola was part of the Austrian Circle of the Empire from the early 16th century. Informally it was part of Inner Austria . It was subdivided into Upper , Lower , and Inner Carniola . In 1804 it became part of

4480-797: The 16th and 17th centuries. The historian Peter Burke , in his book Venice and Amsterdam: Study of Seventeenth-century Elites , mentions a large collection without giving any references. Probably the most famous painting in De Graeff's collection was Rembrandt van Rijn's Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph , which hung above De Graeff's fireplace in his Amsterdam cityhouse on the Herengracht. The painting shows De Graeff's sister Wendela de Graeff , her husband Willem Schrijver and her two sons in as biblical characters. Also in De Graeff's collection were Rembrandt's painting Minerva and Ter Borch's Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff - depicting Andries' son Cornelis. In

4608-569: The Amsterdam Vroedschap on September 10 to expel Republicans, who were undesirable in the Orange Party, from the government. This affected 16 former burgomasters, Vroedschapen and Schepen of the city, mostly members of the De Graeff parliamentary group, including De Graeff, Hooft, Bontemantel, De Graeff's brother-in-law Lambert Reynst and his two nephews Pieter and Jacob de Graeff , the sons of his late brother Cornelis. It

4736-495: The Amsterdam government. Andries de Graeff was once again put forward as burgomaster and managed to gain control with his Republican faction. During the winter of 1671 it seemed as if – at least in Amsterdam – the Republicans were winning. It was an exceptionally opportune moment to commission a monumental three ceiling painting Triomf der Vrede (Triumph of Peace) by Gerard de Lairesse on Amsterdam's independent position for

4864-650: The Austrian part of Austria-Hungary . It remained so until 1918, when it seceded as part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , becoming part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia); it ceased to exist de jure with the passing of the Vidovdan Constitution in 1921. Nowadays, its territory (in the extent at its dissolution) is almost entirely located in Slovenia, except for

4992-509: The British historian Peter Burke compares the elites of Venice and Amsterdam in the 17th century. In it he mentions that Andries de Graeff had paintings of Ceres, Flora, Juno, Venus and the reclining Diana in his cityhouse. De Graeff liked to show himself in princely garb. The marble bust of Quellinus depicts him as a Roman consul . The burgomasters of Amsterdam were inspired by the ancient Roman Republic and saw themselves as successors to

5120-583: The City house op de Dam with the help of the Citizens' Guard. After a speech to the crowd by burgomasters Cornelis de Vlaming van Oudshoorn and Henrick Hooft , De Graeff was able to pass through the Haarlemmerpoort , accompanied by Hooft and De Vlaming van Oudshoorn and the military guard commanded by his brother-in-law, Colonel Cornelis Geelvinck be smuggled out of town. A contemporary report states

5248-630: The De Graeff family has shown they had an eye for national politics and tried to find some balance between the House of Orange and the Republicans. They were against too much influence of the church on political issues. Together with his brother Cornelis de Graeff he became an illustrious Patron and Art collector of various artists and poets of the Dutch Golden Age. His patronage consisted of commissions to artists such as Rembrandt , Artus Quellinus , Gerard ter Borch and Govert Flinck for

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5376-614: The De Witts were brutally murdered in The Hague by a popular mob, incensed by Orange party members and the ongoing pamphlets. After these internal political upheavals, the people stood united behind the Orangers. As in other cities, large crowds demanded that the Amsterdam Vroedschap be purged of the De Witts' confidants and partisans. De Graeff's ally, burgomaster Henrick Hooft, was threatened with stoning if he did not resign. On walls in

5504-602: The Dukes of Austria asserted their claim as successors to the Bohemian kingdom. When Henry died 1335 Jan, King of Bohemia, renounced his claims, and Albrecht, Duke of Austria, received Carniola; it was proclaimed a duchy by Rudolf IV , in 1364. Emperor Frederick III united Upper, Lower, and Central Carniola as Metlika and Pivka into one duchy. The union of the dismembered parts was completed by 1607. French revolutionary troops occupied Carniola in 1797, and from 1805 to 1806. Under

5632-460: The French. The States of Holland planned to establish a Holland line for protection. On behalf of Amsterdam, Andries de Graeff pushed ahead with the protective structure and was on duty as fortress commissioner. Contrary to De Graeff, whose close relationship to Johan de Witt was well known, his rival Valckenier was held in high esteem by the population. A July 1 event epitomizes this exactly, when

5760-849: The Kornberg line, was the most important family at the court of the Meinhardins of Gorizia in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The family was mentioned from Vom Graben instead of Von Graben only in Upper Carinthia and East Tyrol. During the later Middle Ages, the success of that family arose from the steady accumulation of land, and loyalty to the Counts of Görz and later to the Habsburg Emperor. The line resided in Lienz , East Tyrol and Carinthia, and became "the most prominent of

5888-416: The Lordship of Urk and Emmeloord from the States of Holland for the city of Amsterdam. Oddly enough, he received the fief as a heritage fief ( tot eenen erfleenen binnen after zusters kindt, niet te versterven, ende althoos te commen op den oudsten ende naesten, alzoo wel van manhooft als van wijfhoofde ). He held this administration until the Rampjaar 1672. Andries de Graeff's coat of arms of origin

6016-437: The Middle Ages the Church held much property in Carniola, and thus in 974 in Upper and Lower Carniola the Bishop of Freising became in 974 a feudal lord of the town of Škofja Loka , the Bishop of Brixen held Bled and possessions in the Bohinj Valley, and the Bishop of Lavant received Mokronog . Among secular potentates, the Dukes of Meran , Gorizia , Babenberg , and Zilli held possessions given to them in fief by

6144-465: The Republicans did not want. This intensified the conflict between them and the stadtholder Frederick Henry of Orange and the Reformed Church of Holland . In 1648, due to the immense political pressure from the entire Bicker-De Graeff clan , the United Netherlands ( States General ) entered into peace negotiations with Spain in order to end the Eighty Years' War with the Peace of Münster . In 1650, Andries de Graeff took up his position as member of

6272-452: The Rosenburg and Pottenbrunn as well as in Moravia and was one of the advocates of Protestantism during the Reformation in Lower Austria. In the 16th century the Grabner Rosenburg made a center of the Austrian Reformation history. During the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Grabner were among the richest and most respected families in Austria, and one of the country's dominant Protestant noble families. The Sommeregg line which came from

6400-612: The Sommeregg line. The family was mentioned from Vom Graben instead of Von Graben only in Upper Carinthia and East Tyrol. The family held the title Lord of Stein . The Tyrolian line came from Carinthia and East Tyrol and sprang out of the Sommeregg line. In 2013 the worldwide Family Association Gräff-Graeff (Familienverband Gräff-Graeff e.V.) was founded for the claimed Graeff lineage of Wolfgang von Graben . Carniola Carniola ( Slovene : Kranjska [ˈkɾàːnska] ; German : Krain [kʁaɪn] ; Italian : Carniola ; Hungarian : Krajna )

6528-434: The State Accounting Chamber at The Hague. He got this lucrative job because Cornelis thwarted the already established appointment of recently retired 74-years old Grand pensionary Jacob Cats . During his time as Meester ordinaris he also lived in the Vredenhof estate near Voorschoten, bought by his grandfather Dirck Jansz Graeff in 1581. There he had the manorial right to breed swans. De Graeff moved back to Amsterdam for

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6656-448: The Treaty of Vienna, Carniola became part of the Illyrian provinces of France (1809–1814), with Ljubljana as its capital, and Carniola formed a part of the new territory from 1809 to 1813. The defeat of Napoleon restored Carniola to Austrian Emperor Francis I , with larger boundaries, but at the extinction of the Illyrian Kingdom Carniola was confined to the limits outlined at the Congress of Vienna , 1815. From 1816 to 1849 Carniola

6784-462: The Von Graben family of the Kornberg line bore the coat of arms with the shovel (silver shovel on red). However, the derived line Von Graben zu Sommeregg ( Andreas von Graben , d. 1463) adopted the oblique beam coat of arms (red, divided by blue and silver) at the time when it was converted into Ortenburger services came. A distinction is made between the family coat of arms with the blue diagonal left bar on silver (also variant with diagonal right bar),

6912-473: The behest of the Oranger, treacherous pro-De Witt city regents were to be identified and forced to resign. In Amsterdam the Vroedschap in person of Schepen Jan Six delayed this result in order to achieve a reconciliation between De Graeff and Hooft with Valckenier. However, there was no reconciliation between De Graeff and Valckenier, since the Orangeman saw no advantage in it, and Valckenier himself would have no interest in it, since he wasted his popularity with

7040-441: The borders of the former Duchy of Carniola . The March of Carniola was a state of the Holy Roman Empire , established as an immediate territory in the 11th century. From the second half of the 13th century it was ruled by the Habsburgs and its capital was Ljubljana (Laibach); previous overlords had their seats in Kranj (Krainburg) and Kamnik (Stein), which are therefore sometimes referred to as its earlier capitals. In

7168-408: The brothers Cornelis and Johan de Witt , the leaders of Holland's pro-state faction, which was reinforced by their close collaboration and mutual kinship. Andries de Graeff was one of the leading figures seeking to end the Eighty Years' War between the United Netherlands and the Kingdom of Spain. This took place in 1648 with the Peace of Münster . After his brother's death in 1664, he took over

7296-424: The brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff, Jacob de Witt and the brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker , advocated an end to the war with the Spanish Kingdom of Spain and a reduction in land forces. This ongoing state of war prevented the economic growth and social development of the United Netherlands. Also, this state of war strengthened the stadtholder's power as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, something

7424-462: The chamber was restricted to legislating on agriculture, public and charitable institutions, administration of communes, church and school affairs, the transportation and housing of soldiers in war and during manoeuvres, and other local matters. The land budget of 1901 amounted to 3,573,280 crowns ($ 714,656). In 1918, the duchy ceased to exist and its territory became part of the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and subsequently part of

7552-450: The city the inscription could be read: Beware citizens, the traitors are active again. They are: Reinst , Vlooswijk , de Graeff, Outshoorn , Hooft , Pol , Bontemantel . On August 30, at the behest of the Oranger, treacherous pro-De Witt city regents were to be identified and forced to resign. In Amsterdam the Vroedschap delayed this result in order to achieve a reconciliation between De Graeff and Hooft with Valckenier. On August 30, at

7680-438: The cityhouse Huis van der Graeff in Amsterdam's Herengracht - in its most magnificent part, the so-called Gouden Bocht (now No. 446) - which is decorated on its top with his coat of arms. It also housed his collection of paintings with paintings by great Dutch masters from the Golden Age. He also owned the three large ceiling frescoes Triomf der Vrede (Triumph of Peace) by Gerard de Lairesse . These paintings were present in

7808-416: The coming of the Romans ( c.  200 BC ), the Taurisci dwelt in the north of Carniola, the Pannonians in the southeast, the Iapodes or Carni , a Celtic tribe, in the southwest. Carniola formed part of the Roman province of Pannonia ; the northern part was joined to Noricum , the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of Aemona to Venice and Istria . In the time of Augustus all

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7936-412: The commercial interests for which Valckenier campaigned and at the same time accused his rival Andries de Graeff of wasteful politics. Likewise, the anti-French policies of Valckenier and Coenraad van Beuningen arose from their belief that trade would benefit them. This makes her conflict with Johan de Witt, the epitome of the "French Connection", and also De Graeff, understandable. It can be assumed that it

8064-404: The death of Anna von Graben. The Lords of Stadl were heirs to their extensive Estate. The inheritance included the possessions of Marburg / Maribor, Kornberg, Rohrbach an der Lafnitz , Grabenhofen with Alt-Grabenhofen Castle, Liechtenberg and Krottenhofen. The Grabner zu Rosenburg came from Styria in Graz and belonged to the same tribe as the Kornberger Graben. They had extensive property with

8192-427: The early Middle Ages until the 16th-17th centuries. The last member was Felix Jakob von Graben zum Stein who lives in Tyrol († 1776 / 1781). There are three forms of representation of the gender coat of arms, Von Graben, which have their connection to one another through the established family genealogy. Originally, the family carried the coat of arms with the blue oblique beam to silver. From 1328 (until 1556/1564),

8320-416: The early 14th century, the family split into four main lines, the Styrian Grabenhofen line , the Grabner (zu Rosenburg ) line in Lower Austria, the Kornberg line and their Dutch offspring (De) Graeff , and according to another unverfivied family tradition the Op den Graeff family as well, and during the earlier 15th century in the Carynthian-Lienzer Sommeregg line . In 1500, the family split into

8448-540: The end, despite his best efforts, Andries de Graeff failed to take over from his late brother Cornelis and thus ensure a stable Amsterdam (Dutch) government and the support of Johan de Witt. This meant the political exit of the De Graeff faction in the government of Amsterdam and its influence on Holland. The conflicts between Wilhelm III of Orange and the patricians of Amsterdam in the Rampjaar 1672 showed that neither Gillis Valckenier nor Henrick Hooft can be considered convinced Orangists. The decisive factors here were mainly

8576-462: The family". Family members held the noble titles as the Burgraves of Sommeregg , Heinfels and Lienz . After the death of Leonhard of Gorizia in 1500, they became his successors as stadtholders of Lienz and East Tyrol . The Lienzer line died out in the year 1534, and the zum Stein in 1664. They were linked by marriage with the Lords of Auersperg , Saurau and Breuner . The line at Stein came from Carinthia and East Tyrol and sprang out of

8704-409: The following: de Graff, Bürgermeister von Amsterdam / wird von dem gemeinen Pöbel angefallen / wird aus der Stadt convoyiret. ( de Graff, mayor of Amsterdam / is attacked by the common mob / is convoyed out of the city. ) On August 12, William III to visited Amsterdam. At the Vroedschap session, he was courted "with great zeal" by Hooft, who also led him to the seat of the president-burgomaster. When

8832-399: The garden room of this house until 1900 and today they are in the Peace Palace in The Hague. In 2008, the two fashion designers Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren from Viktor & Rolf took over the old palace. De Graeff had country estates with the Vredenhof near Voorschoten and Graeffenveld near Oud-Naarden ( Naarden ), where he had a hill built, the Venusberg, on the top of which

8960-421: The gift were selected by the pre-eminent sculptor in the Netherlands, Artus Quellinus , and Gerrit van Uylenburgh , the son of Rembrandt 's dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh , advised the De Graeff's and the States General of the Netherlands on the purchase. The Dutch Gift was a collection of 28 mostly Italian Renaissance paintings and 12 classical sculptures, along with a yacht, the Mary, and furniture. Most of

9088-419: The government and from all offices until September 11 (September 10 session). On September 5, the ongoing uproar and popular anger caused the Amsterdam Vroedschap, due to community unrest and to prevent massacres and looting, the new governor to change the law to allow certain regents to be replaced by those more friendly to Stadtholder William III, thus restoring order within the city government. This law allowed

9216-453: The government mint at the town of Kostanjevica , and finally (in 1268) willed to Ottokar II , King of Bohemia , all his possessions and the government of Carinthia and Carniola. Ottokar was defeated by Rudolph I of Germany , and at the meeting at Augsburg in 1282, he gave in fief to his sons Albrecht and Rudolf the province of Carniola, but it was leased to Meinhard, count of Gorizia-Tirol . Duke Henry of Carinthia claimed Carniola; and

9344-652: The governor of Bavaria at first, and after 976 to the Dukes of Carinthia . Henry IV gave it to the Patriarch of Aquileia (1071) and it formed part of the Patriarchal State of Friuli . Several sources from the High Middle Ages suggest that there was a common Carantanian (that is, Carinthian) identity that slowly vanished after the 14th century and was replaced by a regional Carniolan identity. In

9472-404: The home parliament to enact all laws not reserved to the imperial diet, at which it was represented by eleven delegates, of whom two elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, commercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia by secret ballot, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age has the right to vote. The home legislature consisted of

9600-556: The influential Amsterdam burgomasters and statesmen Andries , Cornelis , Jan Bicker who were his cousins, and burgomaster Frans Banning Cocq (captain of Rembrandt 's painting The Night Watch ), who was his brother-in-law. A more distant relative für example was his second cousin burgomaster Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen The De Graeff family therefore never boasted about the age of their own family in Amsterdam. But Andries and his brother Cornelis de Graeff together with their cousins Andries and Cornelis Bicker , saw themselves as

9728-569: The lakes at the Amstel river and Pilotagemaster on the river Maas . De Graeff was also instrumental in the artistic decoration of the new Amsterdam City Hall op de Dam . The awarding of the art commissions was shared between a number of painters, including Jacob Jordaens and Jan Lievens, by principal burgomasters De Graeff and his 2nd cousin Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen . In 1660 he became Ambachtsheer of Urk and Emmeloord in what

9856-608: The later prince-loving statesmen Gaspar Fagel and Valckenier, which contained the abolition of the ( Oranian ) stadtholdership of Holland, and the incompatibility of a stadtholdership with the captain generalship of the Republic of the United Netherlands. At approximately the same time a majority of provinces in the States-General of the Netherlands agreed to declare the office of stadtholder (in any of

9984-402: The leadership of the De Graeff faction and continued his politics. Andries was called the last mayor from the dynasty of the "Graven", who was powerful and able enough to ruled the city of Amsterdam. His political stance was characteristic of his family: on the one hand libertine and state-minded, on the other hand, if only to a limited extent, loyal to the House of Orange . The proponents of

10112-543: The leading patriciat was very close. Three of Andries' siblings married members of the Bicker family, and so did Andries as the fourth. His older sister Agneta de Graeff van Polsbroek married Jan Bicker . The couple had Wendela Bicker and Jacoba Bicker among others; Wendela married to Grand pensionary Johan de Witt and Jacoba to De Graeffs nephew Pieter de Graeff . His close relatives included also Hollands writer and poet Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft as one of his uncles,

10240-600: The major part of Carniola on the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and the remainder on the Diocese of Trieste . In 1100 that patriarchate was divided into five archdeaconries, of which Krain was one. The diocese of Ljubljana or Laibach was established by Emperor Frederick III on 6 December 1461. It was directly subject to the pope. This was confirmed by a Bull of Pope Pius II, 10 September 1462. The new diocese consisted of part of Upper Carniola, two parishes in Lower Carniola, and

10368-573: The manor Vredenhof ( Voorschoten ) from both his uncle Jan Dircksz Graeff (?–1627) and his father Jacob Dircksz de Graeff. There he had the manorial right to breed swans. He also bought large plots of land in the Oud-Naarden ( Naarden ) area and thus built his country estate Graeffenveld . He had a hill built there, the Venusberg, on the top of which a lion statue was erected, and which was then called Leeuwenberg. In 1660 De Graeff received

10496-489: The meeting was almost over, De Graeff went straight for the prince with outstretched hand, but it was noticeable that Willem "did not accept him aen sach". The cards seemed to have already been reshuffled, and Hooft had succeeded in gaining the Orangeman's favor against De Graeff. The brothers Johan and Cornelis de Witt were accused in pamphlets by Oranian partisans of wanting to replace the House of Orange with that of De Witt together with Louis XIV of France . On August 20,

10624-464: The mid-18th century, Gerrit de Graeff , a descendant of De Graeff's brother Cornelis, sold various masterpieces, including Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph and Rembrandt's full length portrait of De Graeff to a Hamburg art dealer. Landgrave William VIII of Hesse-Kassel bought the paintings from him and furnished his picture gallery, today's Old Masters Picture Gallery, with them. In Peter Greenaway 's film Nightwatching from 2007, Andries de Graeff

10752-651: The newly established Austrian Empire and in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved. In 1809 it was ceded to the First French Empire , becoming part of the Illyrian Provinces ; it was returned to Austria in 1815 , forming part of the Kingdom of Illyria . In 1849 Illyria was dissolved and Carniola became a crown land in its own right; the three traditional subdivisions were also abolished. In 1867 it became part of Cisleithania ,

10880-700: The paintings and all the Roman sculptures were from the Reynst collection , the most important seventeenth-century Dutch collection of paintings of the Italian sixteenth century. The collection was given to Charles II to mark his return to power in the English Restoration , before which Charles had spent many years in exile in the Dutch Republic during the rule of the English Commonwealth . It

11008-404: The patriarchs of Aquileia. The dukes governed the province for nearly half a century. Finally Carniola was given in fief with the consent of the patriarch to Frederick II of Austria , who obtained the title of duke in 1245. Frederick was succeeded by Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia, who married Agnes of Andechs , a relative of the patriarch, and he endowed the churches and monasteries, established

11136-399: The pedestal. Around 1660, Andries de Graeff was also painted at The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate by Thomas de Keyser and Jacob van Ruisdael . The painting Show his brother Cornelis and his wife Catharina Hooft and their sons Pieter and Jacob on horsebacks. Alongside his brothers-in-law Pieter Trip and Willem Schrijver , he

11264-529: The people and with the Orangeman precisely because of his opposition to De Graeff, the Wittiaanse (Johan de Witt), thanked. During the Vroedschaps meeting on 3 September, De Graeff offered his support to Amsterdam's new powerful politician, Valckenier, who vehemently refused, swearing at both him and his late Cornelis de Graeff. De Graeff resigned from politics that same day, but was not expelled from

11392-470: The poem Op den edelen en gestrengen Heer Andries de Graeff, Ouden Raet en Rekenmeester der Graeflijckheit van Hollant, en West-Vrieslant, nu Out-Burgermeester, en Zeeraedt t'Amsterdam to De Graeff. Andries de Graeff belonged to the richest persons of the Dutch Golden Age and in 1674 he owned 700,000 guilders which put him at rank 34 of the 250 richest persons. Andries de Graeff lived in

11520-429: The poets Joost van den Vondel Jan Vos , Caspar Barlaeus , and Gerard Brandt , he was also a patron of Rembrandt at a young age. But this support ended abruptly when Rembrandt received a commission for a portrait from De Graeff, which, according to his family, represented "drunk and unfinished". De Graeff refused to pay him the immensely high sum of 500 guilders for this work. Eventually, Rembrandt sued De Graeff in

11648-439: The political heirs of the old regent family Boelens , whose main lineage, which had remained catholic, had died out in the male line in 1647. They had received the very significant first names Andries and Cornelis from their Boelens ancestors. As in a real dynasty, members of the two families frequently intermarried in the 17th century in order to keep their political and commercial capital together. Its great historical ancestor

11776-510: The portraits of himself and his family. He was also sung about by poets such as Joost van den Vondel and Jan Vos . Andries de Graeff was born in Amsterdam , the third son of Jacob Dircksz de Graeff and Aaltje Boelens Loen , great-great-granddaughter of the important late medieval Amsterdam city regent and burgomaster Andries Boelens . His father was of free-thinking, republican sentiment, but also known for his obsession with fame. He

11904-479: The private Irgens Estate , which was a huge part of Northern Norway . The couple Andries and Elisabeth had four children: Andries de Graeff was also tempted to marry off his children to people from different circles. The marriages of his daughters, especially Arnoldina's with Baron Van Voorst, showed a conscious rapprochement with the Orangism camp in the republic even after his political end. Andries de Graeff

12032-599: The provinces) incompatible with the office of Captain general of the Dutch Republic. Despite the Perpetual edict, De Graeff pursued a moderate policy, for it was extremely good relations with the Orange Court in The Hague. However, the younger De Graeff did not manage to be as active in maintaining the state as his brother Cornelis. Support for Grand pensionary Johan de Witt was also weakened; Cornelis de Graeff had been an excellent comrade-in-arms and adviser to De Witt,

12160-613: The region called by Latin writers Carnia , or Carniola meaning 'little Carnia'; i.e., part of greater Carnia. The Latin name was later borrowed into Slavic, becoming Kranjska , and into German as Chrainmark, Krain . The new inhabitants, to whom modern historiography frequently refers to as Alpine Slavs , were subjected to the Avars , but around 623 they joined the Slavic tribal union of Samo . After Samo's death in AD 658, they fell again under

12288-703: The region from Aemona to the Kolpa River (Culpa) belonged to the province of Savia . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), Carniola was incorporated into Odoacer 's Kingdom of Italy, and then in 493, under Theodoric, it formed part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom . Between the upper Sava and the Soča rivers lived the Carni, and towards the end of the sixth century Slavs settled

12416-615: The region were Kamnik , Kranj , Tržič , Vrhnika , Vipava , Idrija , Turjak , Ribnica , Metlika , Novo Mesto , and Vače . After the fall of the Roman Empire , Lombards settled in Carniola, followed by Slavs around the sixth century AD. As a part of the Holy Roman Empire , the area was successively ruled by Bavarian , Frankish and local nobility, and eventually by the Austrian Habsburgs almost continuously from 1335 to 1918, though beset by many raids from

12544-601: The return to the Oranian stadtholdership. However, these paintings were not in the town hall, but in his Huis van der Graeff until 1900. When the situation in the republic became more and more precarious in the Rampjaar of 1672 due to the invading French troops, the Orange-leaning party of Valckenier and the statesmen Coenraad van Beuningen , Nicolaes Witsen and Johannes Hudde , who had become Orangists in July of

12672-421: The same year, succeeded in seizing the power of the opposing party To seize the De Graeff faction again and to gain a majority in the Vroedschap (Amsterdam city parliament). In early summer, the population threatened by the French invasion refused to follow Grand pensionary Johan de Witt and thus played themselves into the hands of the Orange Party. Amsterdam did everything it could to avoid surrendering Holland to

12800-580: The silver shovel on red coat of arms and the coat of arms split from red, and divided three times by blue and silver (or black). Originally from Carniola, a line settled in Styria around Graz . This line is named "Line Am Graben". During the later 13th century the later princely family Orsini-Rosenberg descended from a member of the family who lived at the Grazer Castle Alt-Grabenhofen , between Reinerkogel and Rosenberg . During

12928-548: The territory within the political boundaries of the crownland. The Austrian Empire reorganized the territory in 1849 as a duchy and a Cisleithanian crownland in Austria-Hungary known as the Duchy of Carniola . It was bounded on the north by Carinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the south-east and south by Croatia, and on the west by Trieste, Goritza, and Istria; with area of 3,857 square miles (9,990 km ) and population of 510,000. The capital, Ljubljana ,

13056-484: The ‘Sael’ of his burgomaster's hall at the Amsterdam City Hall . De Graeff had a clear message in mind for the ceiling painting: the ‘Ware Vrijheid’ of the Republic was only protected by the republican regents of Amsterdam. The paintings glorify the De Graeff family's role as the protector of the Republican state, defender of ‘True Freedom’. It is also to be understood as a statement of opposition and against

13184-579: The ‘state oriented’, the Dutch States Party , as opposed to the Orangisten and opponent of the political ambitions of the House of Orange . At the height of the Dutch Golden Age, during the First Stadtholderless Period from 1650 to the Rampjaar 1672, political power within Holland rested primarily with two republican and state-minded families. In Amsterdam this lay with the brothers Andries and Cornelis de Graeff , and in The Hague with

13312-549: Was Andries Boelens (1455-1519), the city's most influential medieval mayor. Both families, Bicker and De Graeff, descend in the female line from Boelens. He was allowed to hold the highest office in Amsterdam fifteen times. Shortly before Andries, the "Edle Herr von Graef(f)", died in end of 1678, he and his only adult son, Cornelis de Graeff , were raised to the German Imperial Knighthood by Emperor Leopold I and their coat of arms improved. The reason

13440-487: Was quartered and showed the following symbols: The personal coat of arms of Andries de Graeff between around 1638 and 1677 is quartered and shows the following symbols: In 1677 Andries de Graeff was awarded the imperial knighthood and his coat of arms increased . His coat of arms was crowned , and the two shovels in the coat of arms were also gilded and additionally hung with golden crowns. In 1646 Andries de Graeff married Elisabeth Bicker van Swieten (1623-1656), who

13568-615: Was a regent and burgomaster (mayor) of Amsterdam and leading Dutch statesman during the Golden Age . He came from the De Graeff family, which, together with the Bicker family by marriage, held political power in Amsterdam, Holland , and ultimately in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces . He was a member of a family of regents who belonged to the republican political movement also referred to as

13696-481: Was a relationship claimed by De Graeff to the noble family Von Graben , but this was doubted by his political opponents during De Graeff's lifetime. With Wolfgang von Graben and his son Peter von Graben (* around 1450/1460), family members from Laibach came to Holland around 1476 [reported also in 1483] in the entourage of Archduke Maximilian of Austria [the later Emperor]. The latter had just acquired Holland by marrying Mary of Burgundy . Margarethe von Croppenstein

13824-420: Was about to leave, he was stoned by a crowd incited by one of his political opponents, who wanted to assassinate him. His wig was torn off and he was almost stabbed with a sword afterwards. The main reason for this was that De Graeff, like Johan de Witt, was accused of treason and believed that he wanted to hand over the important documents and money for The Hague to the French. De Graeff managed to escape back to

13952-541: Was both his full niece and the daughter of his cousin burgomaster Cornelis Bicker van Swieten . This connection was possibly promoted by his brother Cornelis de Graeff and his cousin Andries Bicker. Through his marriage he became a brother-in-law of burgomaster and statesman Cornelis Geelvinck , burgomaster Lambert Reynst and his own nephew Gerard Bicker (I) van Swieten . He also became a cousin-in-law to later Danish baron Joachim Irgens von Westervick , owner of

14080-501: Was buried in the family plot in Amsterdam's Oude Kerk . However, since his son Cornelis died young on October 16, half of his inheritance went to his son-in-law Diederik van Veldhuyzen, the husband of his older daughter Alida. In 1681 the husband of his younger daughter Arnoldina, Transisalanus Adolphus Baron van Voorst tot Hagenvoorde van Bergentheim, received estates from the De Graeff family worth 556,000 guilders, organized by Van Veldhuyzen. Like his brother Cornelis, Andries de Graeff

14208-624: Was elevated to the Styrian title of Burggraf of Hohenwang . The Styrian line's residence between 1328 and 1556 was at Schloss Kornberg . Between 1456 and 1564, the Kornberg line was owned the important Lordship Marburg with Obermarburg and the Marburg Castle . They were linked by marriage with the Lords of Windisch-Graetz , Auersperg , Stubenberg , and Guttenberg . The Dutch family De Graeff claimed descent from Wolfgang von Graben ,

14336-458: Was especially famous for its wine and vegetables, and for its mild climate. The average temperature was 56 °F (13 °C) in spring, 77 °F (25 °C) in summer, 59 °F (15 °C) in autumn, and 26 °F (−3 °C) in winter. In 1910 the main railroads were the Southern, Prince Rudolf, Bohinj, Kamnik, Lower Carniola, and Vrhnika railroads. The principal cities and towns in

14464-403: Was first elected burgomaster (mayor). In totally he acted burgomaster seven from 1657 to 1671 in the difficult times of the First Stadtholderless Period . At that time the De Graeff faction , under his brother Cornelis de Graeff, held the government of the city in their hands. Between 1658 and 1659 Andries de Graeff was advisor of the Admiralty of Amsterdam . Other offices where Dijkgraaf of

14592-610: Was gaining momentum, particularly among commoners. A number of Amsterdam regents had started to realise that they needed to seek rapprochement with the Orangists. This put increasing pressure on De Witt's position. In 1670, the Amsterdamse Vroedschap (Amsterdam City Council) led by the burgomasters Valckenier and Coenraad van Beuningen decided to enter into an alliance with the Orangists and to offer William III

14720-657: Was increased to 700,000 guilders (equivalent to the sum of six million euros in 2009) through the influence of his old adversary Gillis Valckenier 2009 ), while Valckenier's son Wouter Valckenier , who married a rich heiress, only had to pay tax on the sum of 10,000 guilders himself (which corresponded to the average wealth of a notary or pharmacist). The historian Kees Zandvliet estimates De Graeff's fortune in 1678 at 1,100,000 guilders. In 1676 De Graeff moved to Utrecht , whereupon Valckenier reported him for tax evasion, after which he returned to his native city after only one year. In 1678, Andries de Graeff died on November 30 and

14848-554: Was intended to strengthen diplomatic relations between England and the Republic, but only a few years after the gift the two nations would be at war again in the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–67. From the beginning of the 1660s, two other leading groups emerged in the Amsterdam Vroedschap, in addition to the influential pro-state faction De Graeff ; the faction of Gillis Valckenier , who was considered coarse, cunning and scheming and in later years Orange-minded, and

14976-477: Was not a traitor. The citizens would have "weighed and shrugged their shoulders" and thus spared De Graeff. This event does not fit well with the theory of bitter enemy factions, for Valckenier held his hand protectively over De Graeff, to whom Valckenier later boasted that De Graeff owed his life. In July, due to the immense pressure from the population, the Amsterdam Vroedschap decided to rescind

15104-499: Was not of primary interest to Valckenier whether the Oranger would become stadtholder. When he advocated the continuation of the war with France after 1674, there were arguments with Valckenier because Amsterdam was now benefiting from the peace. Andries Graeff initially stayed in Amsterdam. De Graeff was one of the 250 richest people of the Dutch Golden Age and was initially posted a fortune of 292,000 guilders in 1674, but this sum

15232-490: Was now up to Andries de Graeff to take over his brother's role as a balancing and pragmatic manager. This was difficult to achieve in the later 1660s in the incipient power struggle between the Republicans and the Orangists. From now on, Andries de Graeff, together with his nephew Grand pensionary Johan de Witt and Valckenier, directed the development and education of the Prince of Orange and later King of England William III ,

15360-409: Was one of the greatest patrons of art and culture of his time and surrounded himself with art and beauty. He was painted by various artists of the Dutch Golden Age , Rembrandt van Rijn , Gerard ter Borch , Govert Flinck and Thomas de Keyser . Jan Lievens did a drawing and Arthus Quellinus a bust of him. In addition to his friendships and patronage with Flinck, ter Borch, Lievens, Quellinus and

15488-473: Was one of the leading Remonstrant and state-loving patricians, who was nevertheless not a principled anti- Orangist (supporters if the House of Orange-Nassau). He honored the inheritance of his father, Dirck Jansz Graeff , who was on friendly terms with William the Silent of Orange . The young De Graeffs were influenced by their father's antagonistic attitude towards political issues. The relationship between

15616-526: Was openly on the side of the Prince of Orange, and in Paris secret negotiations with Wiliam III of Orange-Nassau , which had the purpose of bringing the Orangers back to power, led to an open break with De Graeff. At the early 1670s the Dutch Republic was in a dangerous position and war with France and England seemed imminent. The call for the return of a strong military leader from the Orange-family

15744-533: Was part of the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria with capital in Ljubljana. In early Christian times the duchy was under the jurisdiction of the metropolitans of Aquileia (who became Patriarchs), Syrmium, and Salona. In consequence of the immigration of the pagan Slovenes, this arrangement was not a lasting one. After they had embraced Christianity in the seventh and eighth centuries Charlemagne conferred

15872-564: Was probably not as anti-Orangist as his politics would suggest. The historian Rob van der Laarse looks at these two connections, this deliberate approach to the Orange camp, but as forced marriages. The De Graeff family was in the circle of the Amsterdam oligarchy of the Golden Age and belonged to the ruling states oriented patriciate of the province of Holland. Both, Andries and his older brother Cornelis de Graeff , were critical of

16000-457: Was the First Stadtholderless Period which lasted from 1650 to 1672. During these twenty years, the regents from Holland and in particular those of Amsterdam, controlled the republic. The city was flush with self-confidence and liked to compare itself to the famous Republic of Rome. Even without a stadtholder, things seemed to be going well for the Republic and its regents both politically and economically. Andries de Graeff finished his studies at

16128-532: Was the Dutch spelling of Von Graben during the 14th and 15th century. In the Diploma of Nobility loaned to Andries de Graeff, it was affirmed that the family de Graeff was formerly called von Graben, which is the same as de Graeff. He also appears as the first known bearer of the Graeffsche/Grabenschen (family) coat of arms with the silver spade on a red background and the silver bird [swan] on

16256-405: Was the residence of the imperial governor. The districts were: Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, the neighbourhood of Ljubljana, Logatec, Postojna, Litija, Krsko, Novo Mesto, Crnomelj, and Gotschee or Kocevje. There were 31 judicial circuits. The duchy was constituted by rescript of 20 December 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February 1861, modified by legislation of 21 December 1867, granting power to

16384-461: Was the see of a prince-bishop , population, 40,000; it was known to the Romans as Aemona, and was destroyed by Obri in the sixth century. Carniola was divided into Upper Carniola (Slovenian name: Gorenjska), Lower Carniola (Slovenian: Dolenjska), and Inner Carniola (Slovenian: Notranjska). Politically the province was divided into eleven districts consisting of 359 municipalities; the provincial capital

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