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49-576: In 1864 a group of citizens led by Christiaan Pieter van Eeghen established the Vereeniging tot Aanleg van een Rij- en Wandelpark (English: Association for the Construction of a Park for Riding and Walking ). They bought several hectares of grass-land and marshes at the rim of the city of Amsterdam, in order to create the new park. They assigned its design to the architect Jan David Zocher , and in 1865 "Het Nieuwe Park" (English: "The New Park")

98-1024: A borough or county council , a council member chosen by the elected members themselves rather than by popular vote , or a council member elected by voters. The title is derived from the Old English title of ealdorman , which literally means "elder person", and which was used by the chief nobles presiding over shires . Similar titles exist in other Germanic languages, such as ålderman in Swedish , oldermann in Norwegian , rådmand in Danish and Low German , Olderman in West Frisian , ouderman in Dutch , and Ältermann in German . Finnish also has oltermanni , which

147-569: A sheriff of the City of London . The title "Alderman" is used for both men and women and may be prefixed to a person's name (e.g., Alderman John Smith, Alderman Smith, or for women; Alderman Mrs (or Miss) Smith). In Scotland , the office of " baillie " bore some similarities to that of alderman in England and Wales. Depending on the jurisdiction, an alderman could have been part of the legislative or judicial local government. A "board of aldermen"

196-524: A "mayor" and "aldermen". Since 1994, all local and regional government areas in Queensland elect a "mayor" and "councillors". (Australian capital cities usually have a Lord Mayor ). An example of the use of the term alderman is evident in the City of Adelaide . Aldermen were elected from the electors in all the wards . Historically, in Canada , the term "alderman" was used for those persons elected to

245-477: A general ban, it was hardly encouraged in this period. Justinian was one of the last Emperors to have a full-size statue made, and secular statues of any size became virtually non-existent after iconoclasm ; and the artistic skill for making statues was lost in the process. Italian Renaissance sculpture rightly regarded the standing statue as the key form of Roman art , and there was a great revival of statues of both religious and secular figures, to which most of

294-418: A growing population of feral rose-ringed parakeets . Statue A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry

343-614: A lighted candle in the big pond to remember those who have died in the last year(s). The park is referenced in Acda en De Munnik 's song "Vondelpark vannacht" from the album Acda en De Munnik (1997), in Omar Rodríguez-López 's song "Vondelpark bij nacht" from the album Omar Rodriguez (2005) and in John Craigie 's song "Vondelpark" from the album Working On My Farewell (2015). 1990s ' 2009 album 'Kicks' opens with

392-403: A long term of service (commonly 20 years), or a combination of term of service along with leadership positions held within the council. In some councils the title is automatically conferred on the mayor regardless of their term of service. Although the term originated in England, it had no single definition there until the 19th century, as each municipal corporation had its own constitution. It

441-490: A municipal council to represent the wards. As women were increasingly elected to municipal office, the term " councillor " slowly replaced "alderman", although there was some use of the term "alderperson". Today, the title of "alderman" is rarely used except in some cities in Alberta and Ontario , as well as some smaller municipalities elsewhere in the country, that retain the title for historical reasons. The title "alderman"

490-546: A subsidy from the city government. And although all performances have free entrance, visitors are asked for a donation of one euro . In the park are several food service ( horeca ) facilities (listed in alphabetical order): There are some statues in the park: Every Friday there is the Fridaynightskate that starts in front of the Filmmuseum . Yearly events include the golf tournament Vondelpark Open and

539-473: A successful Greek or Roman politician or businessman (who donated considerable sums to public projects for the honour), having a public statue, preferably in the local forum or the grounds of a temple was an important confirmation of status, and these sites filled up with statues on plinths (mostly smaller than those of their 19th century equivalents). Fragments in Rome of a bronze colossus of Constantine and

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588-722: A term of six years, which allowed a party that narrowly lost an election to retain control by choosing aldermen. This was changed by the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act 1910, so that outgoing aldermen were no longer allowed to vote. County councils , created in Great Britain in 1889 and in Ireland in 1899, also elected aldermen, but rural district and urban district councils did not. The Local Government Act 1972 finally abolished Aldermen with voting rights, with effect from 1974, except in

637-460: A track entitled "Vondelpark", which is a tour diary from one of the band's trips to the Netherlands. The English dream pop band Vondelpark took their name from the park. English Indie musician Jess Kemp has a single titled 'Vondelpark' There is also the map version named "Vondel" in 2022 video game Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0 in season 4 based on Vondelpark. Since the 1970s the park has

686-715: Is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat , India. Ancient statues often show the bare surface of the material of which they are made. For example, many people associate Greek classical art with white marble sculpture, but there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colors. Most of the color has weathered off over time; small remnants were removed during cleaning; in some cases small traces remained that could be identified. A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works, alongside 35 original statues and reliefs,

735-437: Is a statuette or figurine , whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as a colossal statues . Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art . The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity ,

784-512: Is claimed to be the oldest known statuette. However, researchers are divided as to whether its shape is derived from natural erosion or was carved by an early human . The Venus of Tan-Tan , a similar object of similar age found in Morocco , has also been claimed to be a statuette. The Löwenmensch figurine and the Venus of Hohle Fels , both from Germany , are the oldest confirmed statuettes in

833-673: Is essentially an upper house of a bicameral legislature (as it was in New York City until the 20th century). In Illinois , the Illinois Municipal Code allows for the formation and existence of an aldermanic-city form of municipal government. As an example, in Chicago , the Chicago City Council is composed of fifty aldermen (not councilors). As of 2021, Chicago aldermen are legally referred to by

882-600: Is little used in England and Wales, but is used more often in Northern Ireland, where councils may also designate up to a quarter of their elected councillors as aldermen. In the City of London , but not elsewhere in London , aldermen are still elected for each of the wards of the City by the regular electorate. To be a candidate to be Lord Mayor of the City of London , it is necessary to be an alderman and to have been

931-467: Is the governing executive or legislative body of many cities and towns in the United States. Boards of aldermen are used in many rural areas of the United States as opposed to a larger city council or city commission ; its members are typically called "alderman". The term is sometimes used instead of city council , but it can also refer to an executive board independent of the council, or to what

980-497: The Greater London Council and the London borough councils , where they remained a possibility until 1978. Councils in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland still have the power to create honorary aldermen and alderwomen, as a reward for their services as a councillor, but must do so at a special meeting, and in each case the granting of the title needs to be approved by two-thirds of those attending. This power

1029-608: The Old Kingdom , the oldest being for Djedefre ( c.  2500 BC ). The oldest statue of a striding pharaoh dates from the reign of Senwosret I ( c.  1950 BC ) and is the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (starting around 2000 BC) witnessed the growth of block statues which then became the most popular form until the Ptolemaic period ( c.  300 BC ). The focal point of

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1078-541: The State of Illinois as alderpersons, though the terms alderman and aldermanic remain in common use. Some cities such as, Ithaca, New York identify aldermen as 'alderpersons'. Others, including New Haven, Connecticut , use the term "alders". Historically the term could also refer to local municipal judges in small legal proceedings (as in Pennsylvania and Delaware ). Pennsylvania's aldermen were phased out in

1127-583: The Vereniging tot aanleg van een rij- en wandelpark (English: "Association for the creation of a park for riding and strolling"), due to an intensified use, and in 1953 the association donated the park to the city of Amsterdam. The landscape architect Egbert Mos renovated the Vondelpark for the city in the 1950s. The purpose was improve the park for both usage and maintenance. Small bushes were grouped into larger bushes, superfluous paths were removed, and

1176-471: The cella or main interior space of a Roman or Greek temple was a statue of the deity it was dedicated to. In major temples these could be several times life-size. Other statues of deities might have subordinate positions along the side walls. The oldest statue of a deity in Rome was the bronze statue of Ceres in 485 BC. The oldest statue in Rome is now the statue of Diana on the Aventine . For

1225-502: The 1880s and 1890s cycling in the park was causing problems. The park management tried to resolve this with restrictive measures against cyclists, such as special bike paths, limited opening hours, and fines for cyclists that were going faster than a horse's trot . It was only after mediation of the Algemene Nederlandsche Wielrijders-Bond (English: "General Dutch Cyclists Union"), that helped fund

1274-661: The Zochers has been roughly maintained, although in the late 19th century the elongated park had a stream of water running through it with many paths and bushes alongside it. In 1878, the Pavillon (English: "Pavilion") was built to replace a wooden chalet built by Louis Paul Zocher. The Pavillon is currently known as the Vondelparkpaviljoen (English: "Vondelpark Pavilion"). The park's name officially became "Vondelpark" (English: "Vondel Park") in 1880. Already in

1323-436: The crucified Christ. As yet, full-size standing statues of saints and rulers were uncommon, but tomb effigies , generally lying down, were very common for the wealthy from about the 14th century, having spread downwards from royal tombs in the centuries before. While Byzantine art flourished in various forms, sculpture and statue making witnessed a general decline; although statues of emperors continued to appear. An example

1372-413: The first several candidates elected were styled "alderman" and the rest "councillor". Someone co-opted to fill a seat vacated by an alderman would be styled "councillor". In the Netherlands, an alderman (Dutch: wethouder ) is part of the municipal executive and not of the municipal council , which controls the aldermen's actions in office. The alderman is comparable to the office of minister at

1421-731: The leading figures contributed, led by Donatello and Michelangelo . The equestrian statue, a great technical challenge, was mastered again, and gradually statue groups. These trends intensified in Baroque art , when every ruler wanted to have statues made of themself, and Catholic churches filled with crowds of statues of saints, although after the Protestant Reformation religious sculpture largely disappeared from Protestant churches, with some exceptions in large Lutheran German churches. In England, churches instead were filled with increasing elaborate tomb monuments , for which

1470-706: The marble colossus of Constantine show the enormous scale of some imperial statues; other examples are recorded, notably one of Nero . The wonders of the world include several statues from antiquity, with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . While sculpture generally flourished in European Medieval art , the single statue

1519-400: The national level. However, the alderman can not propose bills to the council. The alderman can be forced to resign by a vote of no confidence by the council. In South Africa, the term alderman refers to senior members of municipal councils . They are distinguished from ordinary councillors for their "long and distinguished service as a councillor". The title may be awarded on the basis of

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1568-492: The park, that a park guard was installed and cyclists were again permitted to cycle normally. In 1936, a rose garden was created in the center of the park. One year later in 1937, the Blauwe Theehuis (English: "Blue Tearoom") was opened. This tearoom is a round modernist building , designed by the architectural office Baanders. In the following years the overall maintenance of the park became too expensive for

1617-462: The position of the hooves of horses in equestrian statues indicated the rider's cause of death has been disproved. Alderman An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law with similar officials existing in the Netherlands (wethouder) and Belgium (schepen). The term may be titular, denoting a high-ranking member of

1666-406: The rose garden was renovated. Also the stream of water in the "trunk" near the northern entrance of the park was removed. In the 1960s children's playgrounds were created. During the flower power era in the 1960s/1970s the Vondelpark became a symbol of a place where "everything is possible and (almost) everything is allowed". In the 1980s an open-air theatre was built. The Vondelpark received

1715-430: The running contest Vondelparkloop. The King's Day celebrations on 27 April in the Vondelpark focus specifically on children. There is a "freemarket" ( Dutch : vrijmarkt ) and there are games and other activities for children. From June until August there are music and dance performances in the open-air theatre . Since 2011 on the evening of All Soul's Day people gather and float many small "remembrance" boats with

1764-646: The security of resident animals. Starting in September 2008, adults were legally allowed to have sex in the park, as long as they "[took] their garbage with them afterwards and never [had] intercourse near the playground. Sexual activities were to be limited to the evening hours and night.", in the words of current Amsterdam Alderman Paul Van Grieken . The Vondelpark Openluchttheater is an open-air theatre with shows from June until August. There are performances of classical music , pop music , world music , dance , musical theatre , and cabaret . The theatre receives

1813-460: The status of rijksmonument (English: "state monument") in 1996. In the 1990s the number of visitors grew to approximately 10 million visitors annually. The grassy areas are used as sports field and the paths as bike paths . Consequently, the city renovated the park from 1999 to 2010. The purpose was to beautify the park and lessen the need for maintenance. The renovation took more than ten years in order to increase convenience for visitors and for

1862-672: The ultimate models were continental extravagances such as the Papal tombs in Rome, those of the Doges of Venice , or the French royal family. In the late 18th and 19th century there was a growth in public open air statues of public figures on plinths. As well as monarches, politicians, generals, landowners, and eventually artists and writers were commemorated. World War I saw the war memorial , previously uncommon, become very widespread, and these were often statues of generic soldiers. Starting with

1911-498: The work of Maillol around 1900, the human figures embodied in statues began to move away from the various schools of realism that had been followed for thousands of years. The Futurist and Cubist schools took this metamorphism even further until statues, often still nominally representing humans, had lost all but the most rudimentary relationship to the human form. By the 1920s and 1930s statues began to appear that were completely abstract in design and execution. The notion that

1960-461: The world, dating to 35,000-40,000 years ago. The oldest known life-sized statue is Urfa Man found in Turkey which is dated to around 9,000 BC. Throughout history, statues have been associated with cult images in many religious traditions, from Ancient Egypt , Ancient India , Ancient Greece , and Ancient Rome to the present. Egyptian statues showing kings as sphinxes have existed since

2009-602: Was abolished for local authorities in the Republic of Ireland by the Local Government Act 2001 , with effect from the 2004 local elections . Early usage of the term mirrored that of England and Wales . Local elections since the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 have used the single transferable vote in multiple-member electoral areas. In each electoral area of a borough or county borough ,

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2058-554: Was borrowed from Swedish. All of these words mean "elder person" or "wise man". Many local government bodies used the term "alderman" in Australia. As in the way local councils have been modernised in the United Kingdom and Ireland , the term alderman has been discontinued in a number of places. For example, in the state of Queensland before 1994, rural "shires" elected "councillors" and a "chairman", while "cities" elected

2107-512: Was built. In the same year, brewer Gerard Adriaan Heineken was denied permission to open a bar in the park, so he built the Bierhuis Vondel (English: "Beer House Vondel") in a nearby street in what is now Vondelstraat 41. The last part of the park was designed by Louis Paul Zocher , Jan David Zocher's son, and was realized from 1876 to 1877. The park then arrived at its current size of 47 hectares . The English garden style design of

2156-611: Was held in Europe and the United States in 2008: Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity. Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats, how finely the pigments were ground or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case—all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece—are not known. Gisela Richter goes so far as to say of classical Greek sculpture, "All stone sculpture, whether limestone or marble,

2205-513: Was not one of the most common types, except for figures of the Virgin Mary , usually with Child, and the corpus or body of Christ on crucifixes . Both of these appeared in all size up to life-size, and by the late Middle Ages many churches, even in villages, had a crucifixion group around a rood cross . The Gero Cross in Cologne is both one of the earliest and finest large figures of

2254-408: Was opened free for members of the association and with other citizens paying an entrance fee. Two years after the park opened, in 1867, a statue of writer and playwright Joost van den Vondel by sculptor Louis Royer was placed in the park on a stand designed by architect Pierre Cuypers As a result, people started to call the park "Vondelspark" (English: "Vondel's Park"). In 1873, a bandstand

2303-559: Was painted, either wholly or in part." Medieval statues were also usually painted, with some still retaining their original pigments. The coloring of statues ceased during the Renaissance, since excavated classical sculptures, which had lost their coloring, became regarded as the best models. The Venus of Berekhat Ram , an anthropomorphic pebble found on the Golan Heights and dated to at least 230,000 years before present,

2352-587: Was the statue of Justinian (6th century) which stood in the square across from the Hagia Sophia until the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century. Part of the decline in statue making in the Byzantine period can be attributed to the mistrust the Church placed in the art form, given that it viewed sculpture in general as a method for making and worshiping idols . While making statues was not subject to

2401-528: Was used in England, Wales and Ireland / Northern Ireland (all of Ireland being part of the United Kingdom from January 1801 until December 1922), but was not used in Scotland . Under the Municipal Reform Act 1835 , municipal borough corporations consisted of councillors and aldermen. Aldermen would be elected not by the electorate, but by the council (including the outgoing aldermen), for

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