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123-587: The Chevrolet Volt is a compact car that was produced by General Motors . The first generation of the Chevrolet Volt , it was manufactured at the Detroit facility until it was succeeded by the second and final generation of the Volt in 2015. It is a five-door liftback with a range-extending generator. In 2006, under the direction of GM Vice President Robert Lutz , General Motors began development of

246-787: A bachelor's degree in production management in 1961, followed by an MBA with a concentration in marketing with highest honors in 1962, both from the University of California, Berkeley . He earned the latter when he was flying in the United States Marine Corps Reserve 's 4th Marine Aircraft Wing and supporting two of four young daughters by selling vacuum cleaners in Walnut Creek, California. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Law from Boston University in 1985, and an honorary degree of Doctor of Management from Kettering University in 2003. He

369-403: A shaker table to replicate potholes and a thermal chamber, to simulate real-world temperatures varying from 116 °F (47 °C) to −40 °F (−40 °C). In April 2008, the lithium-ion battery pack was integrated into Chevrolet Malibus equipped with the Volt powertrain, serving as test mules for further real-world assessments. In October 2008, GM selected CPI (LG Chemical) to provide

492-632: A "compact car" target that was larger than what has become known as the "light car" or the kei car . One of the first compact cars that met those requirements was the Toyota Publica with an air-cooled two-cylinder opposed engine, the Datsun 110 series , and the Mitsubishi 500 . The Publica and the Mitsubishi 500 were essentially "kei cars" with engines larger than regulations permitted at

615-568: A 16 kWh energy storage capacity was selected to provide a target all-electric range of 40 miles (64 km). The Volt concept car became the first application of the E-Flex propulsion system. This drivetrain comprises an electric motor , a lithium-ion battery pack, and a genset with a small combustion engine . Official series manufacture of the car at the Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly began on November 30, 2010. In place of

738-538: A January 2011 interview, Pamela Fletcher, the Global Chief Engineer of the Chevrolet Volt, described it as "an electric car with extended range". The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) states that the Volt qualifies as a plug-in hybrid vehicle due to its combination of an internal combustion engine, two electric motors , and a battery capable of accepting off-board energy. Functioning as

861-472: A car to rebuild their "environmentally-friendly, technologically advanced" image following the setback of the unsuccessful EV1 program. The project sought to establish a new family of common powertrain components for electric propulsion, known as the "E-Flex Systems" or "Voltec". This powertrain was versatile enough to accommodate various electricity-generating systems, such as gasoline, diesel, ethanol, or fuel cell-powered engines. A lithium-ion battery pack with

984-677: A collection of motorcycles that included a Suzuki Hayabusa , a BMW K1200RS, a BMW K1200S, a BMW R1100S, a BMW K-1 and a BMW HP2 Sport. Bob Lutz is married to Terri (Smith) Lutz and both reside at their home in Ann Arbor, MI; along with their adoptive four-legged family; which includes, two pigs, one dog and three cats (inside); along with Rowan (horse) and Cassie (rescue donkey) outside. Children: (first marriage) four daughters: Jacqueline Lutz-Geiger {Greg Geiger}, Caroline Lutz-Mannelli, Catherine Lutz-Houlden {Tom Houlden}, Alexandra (Lutz) Bernardi {Andrew Bernardi}. His younger brother Mark A. Lutz

1107-555: A combination of all-electric, gasoline and electric operation, and gasoline only, akin to a conventional hybrid vehicle . In August 2009, General Motors released an estimated city fuel economy rating for the Volt, stating it as 230 mpg ‑US (1.0 L/100 km; 280 mpg ‑imp ) of gasoline plus 25 kWh/100 mi (160 Wh/km) of electricity, using the EPA's proposed method for evaluating plug-in hybrids. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued

1230-493: A daily commute of less than that distance would exclusively use electric mode provided they recharged their vehicle at work or home overnight. In November 2010, the EPA issued an official rating that included separate fuel economy ratings for the Volt's all-electric and gasoline-only modes. The overall combined city/highway gasoline-electricity fuel economy rating was stated as 60 mpg ‑US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg ‑imp ) equivalent (MPG-e). To address

1353-464: A family car. A major design decision was to develop the concept car based on a new family of common powertrain components for electric propulsion, which initially was called the E-Flex Systems, but was later renamed Voltec drive system. This powertrain was designed to establish a standardized framework for various components within potential future electrically driven vehicles, facilitating

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1476-485: A fuel capacity of 12 US gal (45 L; 10.0 imp gal), which provides the vehicle with a total driving range of approximately 640 mi (1,030 km), the car combines a gasoline fuel efficiency of approximately 50 mpg ‑US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg ‑imp ) and an all-electric range of 40 mi (64 km). General Motors estimated that a daily drive of 60 mi (97 km), coupled with an overnight recharge to support

1599-459: A full charge takes from approximately 10 hours (with the 12   A setting) to as much as 14 hours (8   A setting) from a standard North American 120-volt receptacle. From a 240-volt source, a full charge takes around 4 hours. Assembly of the Volt was assigned to Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant following the UAW–GM conclusion of the 2007 contract negotiations . For the initial production phase,

1722-465: A gasoline engine should categorize the Volt as a hybrid electric vehicle rather than an electric car , as asserted by General Motors. If subjected to the same EPA tests applied to other hybrids, the Volt's EPA fuel economy rating would be about 48 mpg ‑US (4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg ‑imp ) due to the EPA test for hybrids, prohibiting vehicles from boosting their mpg rating using stored battery power. General Motors argued that

1845-518: A genset consisting of a small 1.0   L, 3-cylinder turbocharged flex-fuel capable engine linked to a 53 kW (71 hp) generator. General Motors referred to this genset as an electric vehicle (EV) range extender. The vehicle is synergized by an electric motor with a peak output of 120 kW (160 hp) delivering 236 lb⋅ft (320 N⋅m) of motoring torque . Various advanced materials from GE Automotive Plastics were incorporated, effectively reducing vehicle weight by up to 50%. With

1968-452: A larger battery capacity of 17.1 kWh. While driving, when the Volt's battery level diminishes to a predetermined threshold from full charge, a compact naturally aspirated 1.4-liter 4-cylinder gasoline fueled internal combustion engine (Opel's Family 0 ) with approximately 80 hp (60 kW), powers a 55 kW generator to extend the Volt's range. The vehicle also has a regenerative braking system. The electrical power from

2091-525: A license plate number beginning with "5". In the past, the small size category has received tax benefits stipulated by the Japanese government regulations , such as those in the 1951 Road Vehicle Act . In 1955, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set forth a goal to all Japanese makers at that time to create what was called a "national car". The concept stipulated that

2214-427: A lithium manganese oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ) cell manufactured by its parent company, LG Chemical . In contrast Continental Automotive Systems uses lithium iron phosphate -based cylindrical cells developed by A123Systems . By the end of October 2007, CPI had delivered their finalized prototype battery packs, while A123 had delivered theirs by January 2008. GM's testing was conducted at the laboratory established for

2337-511: A more general style, Opel had to forgo distinctive design elements including the "side blade" and "wing" motifs. However, front and rear bumper assemblies are unique to each car, and thus the team specifically focused on these areas. Bob Boniface served as the design director for the concept and production iterations of the Volt. In April 2007, Ed Welburn , vice president of global design, established an E-Flex studio in Detroit, with Boniface at

2460-419: A need to produce fuel efficient vehicles, backing the 2010 Chevrolet Volt . Lutz maintained the "Fastlane" blog hosted at GM Blogs. In 2008, Lutz said that "the electrification of the automobile is inevitable". On February 9, 2009, GM announced that Lutz would step down on April 1, 2009, from his position as vice chairman of Global Product Development, to take an advisory role. He was to retire from GM at

2583-782: A new market segment and the U.S. automobile industry soon adopted the "compact" term. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of America's other independent automakers, although none enjoyed the long-term success of the Rambler. Other early compact cars included the Kaiser-Frazer Henry J (also re-badged as the Allstate ), the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet . In 1954, 64,500 cars sold in

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2706-784: A plant in the Detroit suburb of Brownstown Township responsible for battery packs; US$ 37   million for the Bay City powertrain plant; and US$ 27   million for the GM Tech Center housing the Volt's battery laboratory. After the concept was put into the pipeline for production, General Motors began searching for a partner to develop the Volt's lithium-ion battery pack. They scrutinized about 25 battery cell chemistries and constructions from around 24 lithium-ion battery manufacturers globally. In June 2007, Compact Power (CPI) and Continental Automotive Systems were selected due to their more promising battery cell technologies. CPI uses

2829-445: A plug-in hybrid, the Volt can operate as a purely electric vehicle for the first 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km) in charge-depleting mode. When the battery capacity drops below a pre-established threshold from full charge, the vehicle enters charge-sustaining mode. In this mode, the Volt's control system selects the most efficient combination of its two electric motors—one powered by the propulsion system battery pack reserve and one by

2952-429: A predefined threshold from full charge. At that point, its internal combustion engine activates an electric generator to extend the vehicle's range as necessary. During high-speed operation on gasoline, the engine may be mechanically linked to a generator set through a clutch, improving efficiency by 10% to 15%. The Volt's regenerative braking system also contributes to on-board electricity generation. According to

3075-566: A price drop of more than NZ$ 10,000. Due to low sales of the first-generation model, the second-generation Volt was not available in New Zealand. In 2008, General Motors expressed concerns regarding the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing procedures for the Volt's official fuel economy rating. The focal point of the controversy revolved around whether the inclusion of

3198-546: A statement clarifying that they had not tested a Chevy Volt and, therefore, could not confirm the fuel economy values claimed by GM. GM later explained in July 2010 that their estimate relied on a formula that had not been officially approved, and they were awaiting the EPA's decision on how to officially estimate the equivalent fuel economy of plug-in hybrids. The official EPA rating was eventually issued in November 2010, becoming

3321-680: A successor electric vehicle in Europe. Despite sharing European Car of the Year with the Volt in 2012, the Ampera faced challenges in gaining widespread commercial success since its launch. In 2013, sales experienced a 40 per cent decline, totaling 3,184 cars. The deceleration continued into the following year, with sales plummeting by 67 percent in the first five months to 332 cars. GM hinted at Ampera's forthcoming discontinuation in early 2013, as then-vice chairman Steve Girsky expressed frustration regarding

3444-558: A technology that General Motors promised would be a significant step in weaning America and its motorists from their dependence on imported oil." Robert Lutz (2010) The Chevrolet Volt concept car debuted at the January 2007 North American International Auto Show . The Volt concept featured a four-door layout with a rear liftgate and seating for four. This design contrasted with the former EV1 which seated two to minimize weight and accommodate its lead-acid battery pack. Top speed

3567-611: A total of 246 units had been sold, depleting the stock of the first generation. In response to General Motors' announcement that the second generation Volt would not be produced in a right-hand-drive configuration, the Volt was discontinued in Australia upon the sale of the remaining stock. The Holden Volt was introduced in New Zealand through three dealerships in Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington, with deliveries starting in late 2012. By mid-2015, only 16 units were registered despite

3690-494: Is a retired economics professor. Lutz was featured in the 2007 coffee table book published by Motorbooks International [(The Quarto Group]), "Motor City Dream Garages." Chapter 2, "Maximum Bob's Car Park," features Lutz's car collection near Ann Arbor, Michigan. Rex Roy, of Detroit, is the book's author. Lutz was interviewed in the 2011 documentary, Revenge of the Electric Car . In 2012, Lutz reconfirmed his denial of

3813-728: Is a trustee of the Marine Corps University Foundation and the Marine Military Academy . After leaving the Marines, Lutz spent eight years with GM Opel in Europe before joining BMW serving as executive vice president of sales at BMW for three years. He takes some credit in the development of the BMW 3 Series as well as their Motorsport division. Lutz was also an executive vice president at Ford Motor Company . At Ford of Europe , he led

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3936-497: Is about his personal experiences with leaders and their leadership talents and foibles. It is a compendium from Lutz's more than sixty years of observation of inspirational leaders and an analysis of what made the great ones successful at what they did. Lutz is known as a collector of classic automobiles and military jets. Among other aircraft, he owned and piloted an Aero L-39 Albatros (an advanced Czechoslovakian jet fighter trainer) and an MD-500 helicopter . Further, he maintained

4059-646: Is also chairman of The New Common School Foundation, a member of the board of trustees for the U.S. Marine Corps University Foundation, and vice chairman of the board of trustees for the Marine Military Academy in Harlingen, Texas. He joined the Transonic Combustion , Inc. board of directors on May 24, 2010. On August 6, 2012, The NanoSteel Company, a nano-structured steel materials designer, announced an investment by GM Ventures in

4182-465: Is equipped with its cooling circuit that resembles the engine cooling system. For the 2011 and 2012 model years, the 16   kWh battery was controlled by the energy management system to use only 10.3   kWh, maximizing the life of the pack. Consequently, the battery is prevented from reaching full charge or complete depletion, as the embedded software confines its operation within a specific State of Charge (SoC) window set at 65%. Once this threshold

4305-633: Is partially based on his experience as a US Marine Corps aviator. His 2011 book, Car Guys vs. Bean Counters: The Battle for the Soul of American Business , is about his experiences in the US automobile industry. It attained third place in the New York Times "Business Hardcover" category and fifth on the Wall Street Journal list. His 2013 book, Icons and Idiots: Straight Talk on Leadership

4428-414: Is reached, the engine engages and maintains the charge near the lower level. The minimum SoC varies depending on operating conditions. In situations where the vehicle requires increased power, such as during mountain mode, the lower threshold of the states of charge (SoC) is increased to 45% to ensure an ample supply of power. The battery capacity was increased to 16.5   kWh for the 2013 model year , and

4551-662: The Detroit Hamtramck Assembly Plant , which served as a test for the production line and quality control purposes, evaluating both tooling and pre-production vehicles before series production commenced. The manufacture-ready vehicle was officially unveiled on the morning of September 16, 2008, as part of the General Motors centennial celebration at the Wintergarden headquarters in Detroit. The production model differed greatly in design from

4674-472: The GM EV1 program. The battery packs incorporated monitoring systems designed to keep the batteries cool and operating at an optimal capacity across the diverse range of ambient temperatures. To ensure the battery pack's longevity over a 10-year and 150,000 mi (240,000 km) warranty, the Volt team decided to use only half of the 16   kWh capacity to minimize the rate of capacity degradation, limiting

4797-686: The Recession of 1958 , the only exception to the sales decline was American Motors with its compact, economy-oriented Ramblers that saw high demand among cautious consumers. By 1959, sales of small imported cars also increased to 14% of the U.S. passenger car market, as consumers turned to compact cars. By this time, smaller cars appealed to people with a college education and a higher income whose families were buying more than one car. Customers expected compact cars to provide improved fuel economy compared to full-sized cars while maintaining headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Between 1958 and 1960,

4920-527: The Society of Automotive Engineers ' (SAE) definition of a hybrid vehicle, they are characterized by the presence of "two or more energy storage systems, both of which must provide propulsion power, either together or independently". General Motors has refrained from using the term "hybrid" in reference to its Voltec designs, even following the disclosure that, in certain instances, the combustion engine offers assistance at very high speeds. This contribution from

5043-695: The state of charge (SoC) to 80% of capacity and never depleting the battery below 30%. GM also anticipated the battery to withstand 5,000 full discharges without losing more than 10% of its charge capacity. In April 2008, General Motors began extensive testing on its batteries. Over the subsequent two years, the engineering team subjected the battery packs to the equivalent of 150,000 real-world miles (240,000   km) and 10 years of usage. The project involved extensive battery assessments and validation testing at GM's laboratory in Warren, Michigan . This facility has 160 test channels and 42 thermal chambers that subject

Chevrolet Volt (first generation) - Misplaced Pages Continue

5166-658: The "Chevrolet Volt" nameplate, the Australasian markets received the Holden Volt , which was produced between 2012 and 2015. In numerous European markets, the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was introduced, featuring various visual modifications to differentiate it from the Volt. Nevertheless, the Chevrolet Volt continued to be sold in Europe, albeit in lower volumes. The Chevrolet Volt functions as a battery electric vehicle until its battery capacity diminishes to

5289-472: The "small Ford" and produced the Ford Vedette . The first U.S.-produced postwar compact car was the 1950 Nash Rambler . It was built on a 100-inch (2,540 mm) wheelbase, which was nonetheless still a large car by contemporary European standards. The term "compact" was coined by a Nash executive as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches (2,794 mm) or less. It established

5412-760: The 1980s that American cars were being downsized to truly international dimensions. In the 1985 model year, compact cars classified by the EPA included Ford's Escort and Tempo as well as the Chevrolet Cavalier. For the 2019 model year, the best sellers were the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic. In Japan, vehicles that are larger than kei cars , but with dimensions smaller than 4,700 mm (185.0 in) long, 1,700 mm (66.9 in) wide, 2,000 mm (78.7 in) high and with engines at or under 2,000 cc (120 cu in) are classified as "small size" cars. Small-size cars are identified by

5535-420: The 2011 Volt weighs 435 pounds (197 kg) and comprises 288 cells organized into nine modules. Pairs of lithium-ion cells are secured within plastic frames, which sandwich an aluminum cooling fin . The design and construction of this aluminum plate were crucial to maintaining a consistent temperature distribution, preventing the occurrence of hot or cool spots across the flat, rectangular cells. The battery pack

5658-452: The 2012 production, General Motors anticipated the production of 10,000 Amperas for sale in Europe, with 6,000 allocated for Opel and 4,000 for Vauxhall in the UK. Additionally, 2,000 Volts were designated for the region. However, by early 2012, GM abandoned its sales target to deliver 45,000 Volts in the U.S. and instead announced that production in 2012 would be contingent on demand. By March 2012,

5781-592: The Chevrolet Volt during a presentation at the assembly plant situated on the border between Detroit and Hamtramck. The plant underwent a significant upgrade amounting to US$ 336   million, encompassing the installation of new machinery and equipment. GM's investment in Volt-related initiatives extends to several key projects, including the allocation of US$ 202   million for a new plant in Flint dedicated to manufacturing engine generators; US$ 43   million for

5904-829: The Chevrolet Volt in Europe took place in November 2011. The Opel Ampera, a rebadged Volt with stylistic modifications, became available to retail customers in Europe in February 2012. Deliveries of the right-hand drive Vauxhall Ampera for the United Kingdom began in May 2012. The Holden Volt was released for the Australian market in December 2012. Designers at General Motors sought to make the Volt's design as conventional as possible. Engineers were dedicated to minimizing aerodynamic drag, but they intentionally avoided incorporating

6027-482: The Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant for approximately one month. This pause was undertaken to implement important upgrades, including the installation of new tooling, equipment, and overhead conveyor systems across the facility. These allowed GM to triple the production rate of the Volt, facilitating the plant's readiness for the manufacturing of the 2012 Volt and Ampera. After the plant retooling,

6150-714: The Honda City, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Corolla Altis 1.6, and the Changan Alsvin. Bob Lutz (businessman) Robert Anthony Lutz (born February 12, 1932) is a Swiss-American automotive executive. He served as a top leader of all of the United States Big Three automobile manufacturers , having been in succession executive vice president (and board member) of Ford Motor Company , president and then vice chairman (and board member) of Chrysler Corporation , and vice chairman of General Motors . Lutz

6273-575: The Opel Alternative Propulsion Center Europe in Mainz-Kastel, Germany. The production version of the Ampera was unveiled at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show . While the Volt and Ampera share the same powertrain and battery pack, their primary distinctions lie in their styling. The Ampera has boomerang-shape headlamps that integrate with the fog lamps and a thinner light strip at the rear with a large cut-out at

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6396-454: The SoC window was increased to use 10.8   kWh of the total battery energy, and the buffer to ensure battery life longevity. These adjustments extend the Volt's all-electric range, albeit with a marginal increase in charging duration. General Motors achieved improved battery performance and durability by making subtle alterations to the material composition of the battery cell chemistry. Despite

6519-407: The U.S. were imports or small American cars, out of a total market of five million cars. Market research indicated that five percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car, suggesting a potential market size of 275,000 cars. By 1955, the Nash Rambler that began as a convertible model became a success and was now available in station wagon , hardtop , and sedan body styles. During

6642-417: The Volt allows three distinct drive options available to the driver: normal, sport, and mountain. The mountain mode, which is expected to be required only under unusual power demand conditions, increases minimum battery state of charge (SOC) to around 45%, thus maintaining performance on steep and long grades. However, the higher power generation rate in this mode results in increased engine noise. In sport mode,

6765-498: The Volt and the Ampera. The inclusion of the ELR at the plant involved an investment of US$ 35   million, contributing to a cumulative product expenditure of US$ 561   million since December 2009. The first 2014 ELRs were produced in late May 2013, serving as pre-production units designated for testing before retail production began by the close of 2013. Official manufacture of the first generation ended on May 21, 2015; assembly of

6888-543: The Volt plant had a global production capacity of 60,000 vehicles per year. The battery cells for the Volt are manufactured by LG Chem in South Korea and then transported to the U.S., where the battery packs are assembled at a specialized facility in Brownstown Charter Township , Michigan, owned and operated by General Motors. In mid-June 2011, General Motors (GM) temporarily halted production at

7011-733: The Volt underwent numerous modifications to enhance its suitability for Australian roads, although the test vehicles remained left-hand drive . The Holden Volt was made accessible through 49 selected Holden dealerships across metropolitan and rural areas of Australia. Of these, 18 were located in Victoria, 11 in New South Wales, 9 in Queensland, 7 in Western Australia, and 4 in South Australia. By mid-April 2015,

7134-481: The Volt was an entirely new vehicle type not adequately assessed by the EPA's existing fuel economy tests. They advocated for the creation of a new test tailored to the emerging class of hybrid-electrics. General Motors also advocated for a more simplified mpg calculation method to take into account the range of a plug-in hybrid while running solely on electricity. Given the Volt's ability to travel 40 miles (64 km) on batteries alone, GM contended that most drivers with

7257-565: The Volt's battery, covering all 161 battery components. The Volt's battery management system runs more than 500 diagnostics at 10 times per second, allowing it to keep track of the Volt's battery pack in real-time, 85% of which ensure the battery pack is operating safely and 15% monitor battery performance and life. The Volt employs the J1772 charging plug, a standard connector for electric cars in North America. Depending on in-car settings,

7380-495: The agency's first fuel economy label for a plug-in hybrid . According to the EPA, the 2011 Volt had a combined fuel economy rating of 93  mpg‑e (36 kWh/100 mi; 230 Wh/km) in all-electric mode and 37 mpg ‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg ‑imp ) in gasoline-only mode, resulting in an overall combined fuel economy rating of 60 mpg ‑US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg ‑imp ) equivalent. The label also provided

7503-424: The batteries to real-world driving conditions and varying temperatures. It features 32 battery cyclers, dubbed "treadmills", designed for repetitive pack depletion and charging. Engineers inspected packs for shorts, corrosion, and crash impact, conducting various real-life scenarios involving flooding, crushing, and penetration. The durability assessment included exposure to various extreme ambient conditions, including

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7626-634: The battery systems for the first production version of the Volt. In July 2008, the company disclosed that a 1.4-liter 4-cylinder engine would serve as the range extender, with plans for production in Flint, Michigan . In April 2009, General Motors allowed journalists to test the Volt powertrain without the range-extending generator in Chevrolet Cruze (J300) sedans used as test mules at the GM Technical Center in Warren, Michigan . After

7749-411: The battery would be used until the state of charge reached 30%, ensuring operational performance across various conditions and minimizing the battery degradation , achieving a minimum ten-year lifespan. The initial target range for the gasoline engine/generator was set between 250 and 300 miles (400 and 480 km), and the vehicle had to accommodate four or five passengers, conforming to the standards of

7872-783: The beginning of a downsizing of all vehicles so that cars such as the AMC Concord and the Ford Fairmont that replaced the compacts were re-classified as mid-size, while cars inheriting the size of the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega (such as the Ford Escort and Chevrolet Cavalier ) became classified as compact cars. Even after the reclassification, mid-size American cars were still far larger than mid-size cars from other countries and were more similar in size to cars classified as "large cars" in Europe. It would not be until

7995-406: The bumper. The Ampera comes with stylized alloy wheels as a standard feature, and its body-colored side skirts distinguish it from the Volt, which has black side skirts. One key operational difference is that the Ampera offers four drive modes, one more than the 2011/12 model year Volt. The additional option is City Mode, tailored to the needs of commuter travel. City Mode, or "battery hold," activates

8118-528: The business fleet market and local government agencies, where Opel has a strong customer base, while the Volt is aimed at retail customers. The first deliveries of the Chevrolet Volt in Europe took place on November 30, 2011, to the U.S. Embassy in France. Distribution of the Opel Ampera to dealerships began in December 2011, but deliveries to customers were delayed until February 2012, as Opel decided to await

8241-477: The calendar year 2011 and 45,000 units for 2012, surpassing the initially announced 30,000 units. In May 2011, the production targets were revised upwards, with Volt and Ampera production capacity increased to 16,000 units in 2011, including 3,500 units for export, 2,500 demonstration units for U.S. dealerships, and the remainder for U.S. sales. However, in November 2011 GM's sales chief announced that they would not meet its sales goal of 10,000 vehicles in 2011. Out of

8364-575: The car manufacturing industry, anticipating large-scale fleet ownership, removal of dealerships and an eventual ban on human driving of vehicles for transport. Lutz has authored four books. Guts: the 7 Laws of Business that Made Chrysler the World's Hottest Car Company in 1998, later revised in 2003 to the management and leadership book, Guts: 8 Laws of Business from One of the Most Innovative Business Leaders of Our Time

8487-471: The car to a 120–240 VAC residential electrical outlet using the provided SAE J1772 -compliant charging cord. The Volt is powered by an electric motor that has a peak output of 111 kW (149 hp) delivering 273 lb⋅ft (370 N⋅m) of torque. Capacity of the battery pack was increased to 16.5 kWh (10.9 kWh usable) for 2013 models, which enhanced its all-electric range from 35 to 38 mi (56 to 61 km). Upgrades for 2015 models included

8610-435: The car's unenthusiastic reception in Europe. "All the governments in Europe said, 'We want EVs, we want EVs'. We show up with one, and where is everybody?", stated Girsky. Deliveries of the Holden Volt in the Australian market began in December 2012, with the first unit delivered to the U.S. Ambassador in Canberra . In November 2011, the first Holden Volt arrived in Australia for a series of evaluation tests. Holden stated that

8733-551: The combined city-highway fuel economy in all-electric mode using traditional energy consumption units, rating the Volt at 36 kWh/100 mi (220 Wh/km). Compact car In Japan, small size passenger vehicle is a registration category that sits between kei cars and regular cars, based on overall size and engine displacement limits. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year (dated July 1996) includes definitions for classes of automobiles. Based on

8856-529: The combined passenger and cargo volume, compact cars are defined as having an interior volume index of 100–109 cu ft (2.8–3.1 m ). The beginnings of U.S. production of compact cars were the late 1940s prototypes of economy cars, including the Chevrolet Cadet and the Ford Light Car. Neither car reached production in the U.S., however Ford SAF in France bought the plans of

8979-420: The combustion generator—to enhance performance and boost high-speed efficiency. "When the car's cover was removed, I remember thinking I really didn't care what sort of power source might be inside this compact sedan. I liked the car's design and hoped it would find its way to the road as quickly as possible. But the big news wasn't the package, it was the powertrain. This stunning vehicle was designed to showcase

9102-478: The company back to profitability after receiving loans from private banks backed by the U.S. Government in 1979, said he should have picked Lutz as his successor rather than Bob Eaton upon Iacocca's retirement at the end of 1992, but at the time Iacocca and Lutz were not getting along. Eaton was responsible for the sale of Chrysler to Daimler-Benz in 1998 which Daimler ended up backing out of in 2007 when it sold Chrysler to Cerberus Capital Management . Referring to

9225-528: The company. On October 10, 2012, NanoSteel announced the appointment of Bob Lutz to its board of directors. The Providence, RI-based company said that it "has achieved a significant breakthrough in the development of nano-structured sheet steel with exceptional strength and ductility" for the automotive industry . In 2015, Lutz was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career. In late-2017 Lutz wrote an article for Automotive News predicting upheaval within

9348-630: The conclusion of the NHTSA investigation into the Volt's battery fire risk following a crash. From May 2012 onward, the Vauxhall Ampera became available through the Zipcar carsharing club in London, Bristol , Cambridge , and Oxford . In July 2014, Opel announced the discontinuation of the Ampera, citing a slowdown in sales. They further outlined that between 2014 and 2018, they planned to introduce

9471-400: The cost of a conventional car of that size with a four-cylinder engine. Additionally, an extra US$ 8,000 was estimated for the lithium-ion battery. Engineers faced cost escalation when they realized that the Volt could not share components from General Motors' compact car platform such as power steering, power brake, and air-conditioning compressor, each of which was driven by a belt running off

9594-538: The creation of the Ford Escort III , and Ford Sierra , and upon returning to the US in 1985, initiated development of the original Ford Explorer , and was a member of Ford's board of directors. He was a frequent internal political rival of eventual Ford CEO Red Poling . Lutz became head of Chrysler Corporation 's Global Product Development, including the successful Dodge Viper and LH series cars. Former Chrysler chairman and CEO Lee Iacocca , who helped steer

9717-525: The distinctive roofline and silhouette of the second-generation Prius , considering it synonymous with the 'hybrid' aesthetic. The Volt and Ampera share a common 2,685 mm (105.7 in) wheelbase and are comparable in length to the Opel Astra J and Cruze J300 , with which they also share their fundamental body structures. While front and rear bumpers are unique to each car, the doors, fenders, hood panels, and interiors are interchangeable. In adopting

9840-417: The effort to better guide GM's brands, and the automaker's marketing, advertising, and communications teams would report to Lutz in an effort to develop a more consistent message and results. Lutz would report directly to Fritz Henderson, and be part of the newly formed executive committee. Lutz retired from General Motors May 2, 2010. As of 2021 , Lutz was head of the consulting firm Lutz Communications. He

9963-827: The end of 2009. Lutz said that one reason for his decision was the increasing regulatory climate in Washington that would force GM to produce what federal regulators wanted, rather than what customers wanted. Lutz has expressed skepticism on the issue of global warming . During a July 10, 2009, press conference, GM stated that Lutz would remain at GM as vice chairman responsible for all creative elements of products and customer relationships and that his role as vice chairman of Global Product Development would be assumed April 1, 2009, by Thomas G. Stephens, then executive vice president of Global Powertrain and Global Quality. Lutz, Stephens, and design chief Ed Welburn would work together to guide all creative aspects of design. Lutz would also lead

10086-522: The energy of each battery pack being nearly identical (±0.5   kWh), the Volt's battery pack is over 70% lighter than the EV1 's original 1,310 lb (590 kg) 16.5   kWh AC Delco lead-acid battery pack, primarily because of its higher specific energy lithium-ion batteries. Li-ion batteries were expected to become less expensive as economies of scale take effect. General Motors provides an eight-year or 100,000 miles (160,000 km) warranty for

10209-400: The engine operates at a higher RPM, providing a more responsive reaction to the throttle pedal. Additionally, the Ampera introduces a functionality known as "City Mode" or "battery hold", allowing drivers to conserve energy stored in the battery for urban travel or restricted zones. This feature was introduced to the 2013 model year Volt and is known as "Hold". The lithium-ion battery pack in

10332-452: The engine. This, coupled with the inclusion of a compact 110 kW (150 hp) electric motor and specialized microprocessors to control energy flow to the motor, led to a base price of around US$ 40,000. General Motors stated on December 7, 2009, that US$ 700   million would be spent at eight Michigan facilities to prepare the Chevrolet Volt for production. GM officials provided a comprehensive overview of their investment strategy for

10455-445: The first 40 all-electric miles, would result in an effective gasoline fuel economy of 150 mpg ‑US (1.6 L/100 km; 180 mpg ‑imp ). General Motors underscored the potential to further reduce dependence on imported oil by using E85 ethanol instead of gasoline to power the onboard generator engine. General Motors also noted that actual production of the Volt depended on advancements in battery development, as

10578-423: The frontal air intake is redirected through a horizontal opening below the grille instead of the grille itself. Boniface claimed that specific attention was given to the rear spoiler, rocker panels, and A- and C-pillars to minimize turbulence over the roof and reduce overall drag. The 2011 Chevrolet Volt featured a 16 kWh / 45 A·h (10.4 kWh usable) lithium-ion battery pack. It can be charged by connecting

10701-498: The fuel economy variability based on miles driven between charges, the EPA incorporated a table on the Volt's fuel economy label , showing fuel economy and electricity consumed for five different scenarios driven between a full charge, and a never-charge scenario. According to this table, the Volt's fuel economy could reach up to 168 mpg ‑US (1.40 L/100 km; 202 mpg ‑imp ) equivalent (MPG-e) if driven 45 miles (72 km) between full charges. Recognizing

10824-402: The gas engine is limited to high-speed scenarios, as during normal driving, there is no such facilitation, and the vehicle operates solely on electric power. General Motors instead describes the Volt as an electric vehicle equipped with a " range extender " gasoline-powered internal combustion engine (ICE) functioning as a genset and calls it an " e xtended r ange e lectric v ehicle" . In

10947-557: The gasoline engine was sourced from the Opel engine plant in Aspern , Austria. In November 2010, General Motors began investing US$ 138.3   million at its engine operations plant in Flint, Michigan , to support increased production of the Ecotec 1.4-liter engine used in the Chevrolet Cruze , the upcoming 2012 Chevrolet Sonic , and the variant used in the Chevrolet Volt. The Flint plant

11070-421: The generator is sent primarily to the electric motor, with the excess going to the batteries, depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack and the power demanded at the wheels. The drivetrain enables the Volt to operate as a pure battery electric vehicle until its battery capacity has been depleted to a defined level. At this time, it functions as a series hybrid , where the gasoline engine propels

11193-404: The generator, maintaining the battery at a minimum charge level and supplying power to the electric motors. The full charge of the battery is exclusively replenished by connecting it to the electrical grid . While in this series mode at higher speeds and loads, (typically above 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) at light to moderate loads) the gasoline engine can engage mechanically to the output from

11316-407: The helm. The primary objective of this studio was to focus on the body development of the Volt, simultaneously while working on the design of future electrified vehicles. The E-Flex group expanded to include 50 designers and engineers who dedicated more than a year of aerodynamic development. When the Volt was approved for production, I decided we needed a dedicated mix of designers and engineers from

11439-440: The integration of multiple interchangeable electricity-generating systems. The E-Flex powertrain was designed to configure vehicles for battery electric , fuel cell-powered , or alternative energy sources for onboard electricity generation, including engine-generator sets (genset) powered by gasoline, diesel , biodiesel , ethanol fuel ( E100 ), or flex-fuel ( E85 ). The incorporation of regenerative braking further improves

11562-866: The job performance of Eaton, Iacocca claimed that Lutz "would eat him for lunch". While at General Motors, Lutz championed the import of the Holden Monaro to the United States as the Pontiac GTO . Other cars such as the Cadillac Sixteen Concept; Saturn Sky and Pontiac Solstice ; Pontiac G8 ; Chevrolet Malibu ; Cadillac CTS ; Buick Enclave ; Cadillac Converj Concept; Cadillac CTS Coupe Concept; Chevrolet Camaro ; Chevy Beat, Groove and Trax Concept Studies; and 2010 Buick Lacrosse , Chevrolet Equinox , and Cadillac SRX are said to be Lutz initiatives. Lutz has also emphasized

11685-474: The limitations observed in the EV1 program. The majority of the Volt's initial design parameters defined for the development of the concept car then referred to as the "iCar" in homage to the iPod , were kept throughout the process up to the final production version. A major design parameter was a target of 40 miles (64 km) for the all-electric range to keep the battery size compact and lower costs. This decision

11808-533: The major U.S. car manufacturers made a push toward compact cars, resulting in the introduction of the Studebaker Lark , Chevrolet Corvair , Ford Falcon , and Plymouth Valiant . These models also gave rise to compact vans built on the compact car platforms, such as the Studebaker Zip Van, Chevrolet Corvair Greenbrier , Ford Econoline , and Dodge A100 . During the 1960s, compacts were

11931-410: The multiple operating modes possible for plug-in hybrids (all-electric, blended, and gasoline-only), the EPA and NHTSA issued separate labels for the new mandatory fuel economy and environment labels beginning in model year 2013. One label was designed for extended-range electric vehicles, such as the Volt, with two modes: all-electric and gasoline-only. The second label was for blended mode, including

12054-521: The onboard electricity. In October 2006, General Motors selected the E-Flex powertrain as the new propulsion architecture. They chose the name Volt. The Volt concept car served as the first application of the E-Flex drive system with a combination of an electric motor —similar to that of the one used in the Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell —a 16  kWh (58  MJ ) lithium-ion battery pack with 136   kW of peak power, and

12177-422: The original concept car. The use of General Motors' new global compact vehicle platform, Delta II , shared with the 2010 model year Chevrolet Cruze , was to keep costs reasonable, for "both the company and customers", as described by design director Bob Boniface . Another significant difference from the concept car is the seating, as the production Volt accommodates four passengers in place of five. This adjustment

12300-699: The passenger and cargo compartments were introduced in the late 1970s. In the early 1970s, the domestic automakers introduced even smaller subcompact cars that included the AMC Gremlin , Chevrolet Vega , and Ford Pinto . In 1973, the Energy Crisis started, which made small fuel-efficient cars more desirable, and the North American driver began exchanging their large cars for the smaller, imported compacts that cost less to fill up and were inexpensive to maintain. The 1977 model year marked

12423-640: The popular Volkswagen Beetle . Compact cars were also the basis for a new small car segment that became known as the pony car , named after the Ford Mustang , which was built on the Falcon chassis. At that time, there was a distinct difference in size between compact and full-size models. Early definitions of vehicle size class were based on wheelbase, with models under 111 inches as compact, 111 to 118 inches intermediate, and over 118 inches as full size, at least until EPA classes based on interior volume of

12546-416: The powertrain layout, estimated the vehicle weight and battery requirements, he decided a range extender design was more appropriate. He convinced Lutz that adopting a smaller battery pack and a small combustion engine to drive a generator, serving as a range-extender, would address concerns related to expensive batteries, range anxiety , and the lack of public charging infrastructure , thereby circumventing

12669-560: The pre-production second generation units began in March. In February 2012, GM introduced a low-emission version tailored for the Californian market. It features a package that classifies it as an "enhanced, advanced technology – partial zero-emissions vehicle " (enhAT-PZEV), granting it access to California's high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV). Updates encompass alterations to its engine and exhaust components. The catalytic converter

12792-619: The production rate reached 150 units per day four days a week by August 2011. The Volt plant also underwent a shutdown in January 2012 to prepare for the production of the California lower-emission version. A four-week hiatus due to slow sales occurred between March and April 2012. GM, citing around 3,600 Volts in inventory, desired to reduce dealer inventories as production was expected to meet market demand. From September 17 to October 15, 2012, GM closed its Detroit-Hamtramck plant, affecting approximately 1,500 workers during downtime. This closure

12915-457: The range-extender immediately, enabling the preservation of energy stored in the battery. When switched off, the range-extender halts, allowing the Ampera to utilize the saved energy for pure electric driving, particularly useful in urban areas, restricted zones like European low emission zones, or to qualify for exemptions such as the London congestion charge . The carmaker targeted the Ampera for

13038-425: The required rechargeable batteries needed to make the Volt a viable vehicle did not exist in the market and were yet to be developed. The prototype vehicle is propelled by a pair of standard 12-volt conventional car batteries , which provides the vehicle with a sufficient amount of energy to operate at low speeds while stationary. Lutz initially claimed that the Volt was expected to sell for around US$ 30,000, based on

13161-469: The resultant design featured a more conventional design, incorporating a taller greenhouse and departing from the Camaro-like one seen in the concept. However, more significant aerodynamic enhancements were evident at the corners. The leading edges at the front fenders were rounded to create consistent laminar airflow along the car's sides. The production model's front fascia features a flush design and

13284-557: The show-car team, working together with people from vehicle aerodynamics and the production side, and they needed their own creative space. Necessary aerodynamic adjustments were implemented to reduce the concept car's high drag coefficient of 0.43   C d down to 0.28   C d ; although this figure is still higher than that of the Toyota Prius ' 0.25. Boniface and his team dedicated approximately 500   hours (21   days) to wind tunnel development. As intended,

13407-553: The smallest class of North American cars, but they had evolved into only slightly smaller versions of the 6-cylinder or V8-powered six-passenger sedan. They were much larger than compacts (and sometimes even mid-sizers) by European manufacturers, which were typically five-passenger four-cylinder engine cars. Nevertheless, advertising and road tests for the Ford Maverick and the Rambler American made comparisons with

13530-605: The success of the Toyota Prius and become a leapfrog product like Apple's iPod . Inspired by the Tesla Roadster sports car and the rapid advances in lithium-ion battery technology, Lutz advocated for the development of a new car after the 2006 Detroit Auto Show despite internal opposition stemming from the billion-dollar loss experienced in the 1990s with the EV1 . Lutz's initial idea was to develop an all-electric car . Still, when Jon Lauckner, General Motors vice president for global program management, briefly sketched out

13653-525: The tests, the prototypes, with the packs integrated into the cars, underwent similar assessments while on the road. The first pre-production test car , based on the final design, were assembled in June 2009 in Warren, Michigan. By October 2009, 80 pre-production Volts had been built and subjected to testing under various conditions. On March 31, 2010, the first factory-built example rolled off the assembly line at

13776-842: The time, while the Datsun was an all-new vehicle. These vehicles were followed by the Hino Contessa in 1961, the Isuzu Bellett , Daihatsu Compagno and Mazda Familia in 1963, the Mitsubishi Colt in 1965, and the Nissan Sunny , Subaru 1000 , and Toyota Corolla in 1966. Honda introduced its first four-door sedan in 1969, called the Honda 1300 . In North America, these cars were classified as subcompact cars . By 1970, Nissan released its first front-wheel-drive car which

13899-455: The transmission and assist both electric motors in driving the wheels, in which case the Volt operates as a power-split or series-parallel hybrid . After its all-electric range has been depleted, at speeds between 30 and 70 miles per hour (48 and 113 km/h), the Volt is programmed to select the most efficient drive mode, which improves performance and boosts high-speed efficiency by 10% to 15%. While operating modes are switched automatically,

14022-399: The vehicle be able to maintain a maximum speed over 100 km/h (62 mph), weigh below 400 kg (882 lbs), fuel consumption at 30 km/L (85 mpg ‑imp ; 71 mpg ‑US ) or more, at an average speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) on a level road, and not require maintenance or significant service for at least 100,000 km (62,000 mi). This established

14145-778: Was born in Zürich , Switzerland, the son of Margaret and Robert Harry Lutz. His father was a vice chairman of Credit Suisse . Lutz emigrated from Switzerland to the United States aged seven, spending time in Scarsdale, New York , becoming a U.S. citizen in 1943, and returned to Switzerland in 1947 to attend school in Lausanne . He is fluent in English , French , and German . He has modest fluency in Italian . Lutz received

14268-547: Was for retooling to accommodate the assembly of the all-new tenth generation Chevrolet Impala alongside the 2013 Volt. In July 2012, production officially began for the 2013 model year Volt; deliveries commenced in the same month. In October 2012, GM announced that the Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant would serve as the manufacturing site for the Cadillac ELR luxury range-extender coupe, alongside

14391-414: Was increased on the Volt, from the electronically limited 80 miles per hour (130 km/h) to 101 miles per hour (160 km/h). Additionally, there was a reduction in battery size, from approximately 10.6 cubic feet (300 L) in volume, to 3.5 cubic feet (100 L) in the Volt. Led by then-vice-chairman for global product development at General Motors Robert Lutz , the Volt project sought to emulate

14514-406: Was largely based on research which indicated that 78% of daily commuters in the United States travel 40 miles or less. This target range allows drivers to effectively use its zero-emissions system, assuming that charging takes place at home overnight. To meet these requirements, a lithium-ion battery pack with a 16   kWh energy storage capacity was selected. The choice took into account that

14637-659: Was modified to add a secondary air-injection pump that introduces ambient air into the exhaust stream to help remove pollutants. The European version of the Volt, the Opel Ampera (known as the Vauxhall Ampera in the United Kingdom), debuted at the Geneva Auto Show in March 2009 and was also exhibited at the 2009 Frankfurt Auto Show . Opel developed the battery control modules for the Ampera at

14760-536: Was necessitated by the heightened central tunnel, extending from the front console to the rear seat, which houses the vehicle's T-shaped battery pack. On November 30, 2010, General Motors hosted a ceremony at its Detroit Hamtramck Assembly Plant to unveil the first Chevrolet Volt produced on the assembly line. The first Volt designated for retail distribution was slated for exhibition at GM's Heritage Center museum in Sterling Heights, Michigan . The second unit

14883-615: Was originally developed by Prince Motor Company which had merged with Nissan in 1966. This was introduced in 1970 as the Nissan Cherry . In 1972, the Honda Civic appeared with the CVCC engine that was able to meet California emission standards without the use of a catalytic converter . In Pakistan, the concept of compact cars is significant. The most common cars tend to be Kei cars . Popular compact cars in recent times are

15006-632: Was placed up for public auction, with an opening bid of US$ 50,000 . The auction was won by Rick Hendrick , who secured the vehicle for US$ 225,000 . The proceeds from this auction were directed towards supporting mathematics and science educations in Detroit through the Detroit Public Schools Foundation. The first delivery in the United States took place on December 15, 2010 to retired pilot Jeffrey Kaffee. Canadian deliveries commenced in September 2011. The first deliveries of

15129-453: Was projected to commence production at a rate of 400 engines per day in early 2011, escalating to 800 engines daily by late 2011, and ultimately reaching a capacity of 1,200 engines per day by late 2012. In May 2011, an additional investment of US$ 84 million at the Flint plant was decided upon by General Motors to further increase the production capacity of the 1.4-liter engine. In 2010, General Motors initially planned to produce 10,000 Volts in

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